Mitochondria adenosine triphosphate. Medical search. Frequent questions

Within the mitochondria, the holocytochrome c-type synthase enzyme helps produce a molecule called cytochrome c. (medlineplus.gov)
Higher density of mitochondria results in greater levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy molecule in cells. (lifehack.org)
Most of the energy (ATP) generated in the mitochondria requires oxygen, but in the absence of oxygen some energy can be generated in the cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria by glycolysis , wherein a glucose molecule produces two molecules of ATP and lactate. (benbest.com)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), a molecule found in all living organisms is the immediate source of usable energy for body cells and their function. (hypertextbook.com)
Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism 12 through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), whose main product is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fundamental energy molecule for cells 12 . (nature.com)
These organelles are often called the "energy factories" of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy-carrying molecule, by conducting cellular respiration. (coursehero.com)
Cellular respiration is a fundamental biological process in which an oxygen molecule is converted into water to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - the biological currency of energy. (helsinki.fi)
Mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell because they produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the oxidative phosphorylation chemical reaction. (acs.org)
In the nonstressed physiologic state, adequate oxygen and glucose are delivered intracellularly to mitochondria that generate 36 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules per glucose molecule via aerobic metabolism and the Krebs cycle. (medscape.com)
Cardiac muscle has abundant mitochondria that depend on aerobic respiration primarily to generate adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the molecule that provides energy for cellular function (see the images below). (medscape.com)

[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are organelles that provide most of the energy necessary for the cell. (pasteur.fr)
Mitochondria are essential adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating cellular organelles. (ucl.ac.uk)
Take mitochondria , the organelles considered the power generators of the cell. (inverse.com)
Mitochondria are the small organelles in the cell that function as batteries. (enerex.ca)
Mitochondria are interesting organelles as they carry their own genetic blueprint and can replicate independently of the nucleus. (enerex.ca)
Mitochondria are sub-cellular structures, called organelles, which are found in almost all human cells. (acsh.org)
Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA. (coursehero.com)
For this reason, cardiomyocytes - contractile cells of the myocardium - need to activate the mitochondria, organelles that generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate or adenosine triphosphate) that support the cell's bioenergetic routes. (ub.edu)
Mitochondria are organelles enclosed by a double membrane that play a central role in energy production. (bmglabtech.com)

by which mitochondria generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
They generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's energy currency. (ashdin.com)

Known as the "powerhouses of the cell," mitochondria are responsible for energy production through cellular respiration. (ashdin.com)
Our molecules differ from conventional antifungals in that they specifically target what we call the powerhouses of the cell, that is, the mitochondria," she continued. (sflorg.com)

In silico prediction analysis with IPA predicted that upregulation of mitochondria depolarization, ROS generation, cardiomyopathy, suppression of Ca 2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and ATP synthesis occurred in PM 2.5 -treated HL-1 cells. (nih.gov)

Using bioinformatic analysis with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, we found that the changes in the transcriptome and metabolome are highly related to changes in biological functions, including homeostasis of Ca 2+ , depolarization of mitochondria, the function of mitochondria, synthesis of ATP, and cardiomyopathy. (nih.gov)
However, mitochondria produce free radicals during ATP synthesis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Proton-translocating ATPases responsible for ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE synthesis in the MITOCHONDRIA. (bvsalud.org)
Isolated mitochondria demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of ATP synthesis in the presence of H2O2, with a decrease of about 50% seen at a concentration of 0.5mM H2O2. (cdc.gov)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

The multiply-folded inner membrane of a cell's mitochondrion that are finger-like projections. (enchantedlearning.com)
Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria both have a double phospholipid membrane layer-the inner and outer membrane. (nature.com)
The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) located at the mitochondrial outer membrane play a crucial role in regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria and are primarily responsible for the ATP/ADP flux across the outer mitochondrial membrane. (jefferson.edu)
The new company's name alludes to the squiggly membrane folds within the organelle it targets: the mitochondria. (acs.org)
Positively charged CTAC could actively target mitochondria by interacting with the negatively charged mitochondria membrane, and then lead to the dysfunction of mitochondria by decreasing mitochondrial potential and intracellular ATP levels, resulting in the necrosis and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. (rsc.org)
Mitochondrion is a common membrane-coated organelle that participates in energy conversion, homeostasis of calcium, cell signaling and cell death. (rsc.org)
4 The mitochondrial membrane potential of cancer cells (∼−220 mV) is more negative than that of normal cells (∼−160 mV). 5 Therefore, mitochondria have been regarded as a novel target for cancer therapy. (rsc.org)
9 Although the design of nanoparticles with triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP, the mitochondrion-targeting moiety) offers potential for mitochondrion-targeting therapeutics, it is still a challenge to actively deliver therapeutic agents to mitochondria due to the selective permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. (rsc.org)

Commenting on the research for Medscape Medical News , James Beck, PhD, chief scientific officer at the Parkinson's Foundation, noted that the role of mitochondria in PD is "like a starlet that burst onto the scene in the 80s, faded into obscurity, and through diligence and continued research has moved beyond being a solid character actor and is reemerging as a force to reckon with. (medscape.com)

The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria, with rare exceptions, are found in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)

This pump is driven by the energy stored in ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) molecules manufactured in the mitochondria. (benbest.com)
By targeting the mitochondria, our molecules disrupt the cell's metabolism, resulting in an overall energy imbalance that leads to an uncontrolled flow of water and ions such as calcium into the cell, eventually causing the cell to explode," Santos explained. (sflorg.com)
They subsequently observed that the population of older cells displayed more youthful characteristics once their mitochondria was gone such as reduced levels of inflammatory molecules, oxygen-free radicals and expression of age-related genes all the conditions observed in younger cells. (acsh.org)
These energy factories produce a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and without these molecules cells cannot function properly. (garnierusa.com)

A major site of oxidative stress in cells is in mitochondria, Bottje said. (feedstuffs.com)
Lack of neuronal IFNβ or disruption of its downstream signaling causes the accumulation of damaged mitochondria with excessive oxidative stress and insufficient adenosine triphosphate production. (medscape.com)

Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In times of high metabolic demand and adequate availability of oxygen, elevated calcium in mitochondria can increase ATP production by stimulation of three enzymes in the Krebs citric acid cycle: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate and isocitrate dehydrogenase. (benbest.com)
The body uses acetyl l-carnitine for energy by facilitating fatty acid transport to the mitochondria and powering the citric acid cycle. (purebulk.com)
The citric acid cycle requires coenzyme A (CoA) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which cells use to power many reactions. (purebulk.com)

A new study reports boosting the transport of mitochondria along axons enhances the ability for mouse nerve cells to replace themselves following injury. (neurosciencenews.com)
In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
Mitochondria are responsible for powering the body's cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
This red light exposure may produce a positive biochemical effect in your cells that strengthens the mitochondria, which is where the cell's energy is created. (healthline.com)
By increasing the energy of the mitochondria, cells may function more efficiently, as well as rejuvenate and repair themselves. (healthline.com)
5] The energy producing factories of our cells - the mitochondria - work much better on a ketogenic diet as they are able to increase energy levels on a stable, long-burning, efficient, and steady way. (sott.net)
This is a sign that the mitochondria in your muscle cells are not as plentiful as they were when you were exercising regularly, and it is vitally important for several reasons. (saveourbones.com)
Mitochondria act as your cells' organs, essentially. (saveourbones.com)
With the exception of red blood cells, mitochondria are found in every cell in the body, including your bone cells. (saveourbones.com)
Muscle cells contain the most mitochondria of any cell, because so much ATP is required for exercise and motion. (saveourbones.com)
After all, mitochondria are also found in bone cells, and the action of healthy muscle on bone stimulates bone strength and renewal. (saveourbones.com)
Fission and fusion of the mitochondria within these cells allow them to adapt to changing demands over the lifespan of the organism. (ucl.ac.uk)
The respiratory chain (RC) is the area of the mitochondria where the chemical energy for cells (ATP) is generated, and decreasing the RC function is associated with aging. (acsh.org)
By inducing autophagy, the research team effectively eliminated all the mitochondria from within the cells they studied. (acsh.org)
We already had some clues that mitochondria played a role in the ageing of cells, but scientists around the world have struggled to understand exactly how and to what extent these were involved. (acsh.org)
Continuing, Dr. Joao said, These new findings highlight that mitochondria are actually essential to the ageing of cells. (acsh.org)
Prior to this study , it was recognized that mitochondria were involved with regulation of lifespan, however, when damage had occurred to the mitochondria, it increased the lifespan of the cells. (acsh.org)
The results of this study will hopefully provide future therapeutic value to counteract the ageing of cells utilizing mitochondria as a target. (acsh.org)
She explained their technology allows the rays to go 6mm into the skin and be absorbed by the mitochondria of the cells. (euronews.com)
Repairing free-radical damage and producing new cells takes energy, and producing this fuel is the job of each cell's mitochondria. (garnierusa.com)
AST delivers substrate to the mitochondria for energy production as part of the malate shuttle, and CK is involved in the utilization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) throughout cells. (globenewswire.com)
These highly concentrated lasers stimulate cells to support the mitochondria, known as the "power generators" of the cell. (erchonia.com)
In the mitochondria of the cells, electrical circuitry carries out complicated oxidation-reduction reactions, which eventually leads to the generation of ATP. (helsinki.fi)
Once RXR detects maternal GLA, it launches genetic programs that equip the mitochondrion - the energy center of cells - with the proteins needed to start consuming lipids, the main source of energy in the mature heart. (ub.edu)
The mitochondria of cells require CoQ10 to convert energy from food into the main cellular fuel known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (lifestylemarkets.com)
Another unresolved problem in photo-energy is that the source of NADH as a fuel for mitochondria (the major ATP synthesizing organelle in cells) to produce ATP during photosynthesis is unclear. (hku.hk)
1 It has become increasingly evident that mitochondria play a key role in the generation, proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. (rsc.org)
2 Mitochondria of cancer cells are different from those of normal cells in many ways. (rsc.org)
Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy of molecular oxygen, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (udemy.com)

By developing innovative methods to visualize energy changes in subcellular compartments in live plants, the team of Dr Boon Leong LIM, Associate Professor of the School of Biological Sciences of The University of Hong Kong, after showing how chloroplasts optimizes its energy efficiency 2 years ago, recently solved a controversial question in photosynthesis: what is the source of NADH (Reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) for mitochondria to generate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)? (hku.hk)

The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. (wikipedia.org)
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, it creates ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the energy of the cell. (euronews.com)

Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria have folding to increase surface area, which in turn increases ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. (wikipedia.org)
The effects include mitochondrial swelling and inhibition of respiratory function and energy (adenosine triphosphate) production. (medscape.com)
Interval training is proven to boost athletic performance by increasing the size and number of mitochondria (2), the energy production components of a cell. (lifehack.org)
Not only that, a ketogenic diet induces epigenetic changes [6] which increases the energetic output of our mitochondria, reduces the production of damaging free radicals, and favors the production of GABA - a major inhibitory brain chemical. (sott.net)
Molecular machines bind to fungal mitochondria, decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and impairing the function of energy-dependent transporters that control the movement of ions, such as calcium. (sflorg.com)
Amongst their many roles, mitochondria play a crucial function in energy production, iron homeostasis, and the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
They are responsible for oxygen-dependent metabolism, which leads to energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (acsh.org)
As laser therapy is performed, the mitochondria absorb the light and increase the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's fuel. (erchonia.com)
Pretzel Therapeutics aims to treat mitochondrial dysfunction using three approaches: editing the mitochondrial genome, regulating mitochondrial gene expression, and what chairman and CEO Jay Parrish calls "mitochondrial quality control"-regulating production and sorting of mitochondria so defective ones are sent to the cell's disposal system. (acs.org)
In addition to less ATP production and higher levels of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease show mitochondrial abnormalities that include altered shape, decreased density, and impaired respiration. (bmglabtech.com)
On the other hand, some researchers proposed that during photorespiration glycine decarboxylase generates a large amount of NADH in mitochondria for ATP production and surplus reducing equivalents carried by NADH is exported by the mitochondrial malate-OAA shuttle to the cytosol. (hku.hk)
Additionally, excess nitric oxide is converted to peroxynitrite, a free radical that damages mitochondria and decreases ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) production. (msdmanuals.com)

Altered mitochondrial dynamics, including excessive fission and fusion of mitochondria, also contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. (bmglabtech.com)

The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy transferred is used to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. (wikipedia.org)
The liberation of phosphate from ATP is a source of cellular energy that results in ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) and hydrogen ion (acid). (benbest.com)
The net breakdown of ATP from glycolysis results in ADP, AMP (Adenosine MonoPhosphate), phosphate, lactate and acid accumulation (acidosis). (benbest.com)
Three phosphate units (triphosphate), each made up of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms, are attached to the ribose. (hypertextbook.com)
Some researchers suggested that excess reducing equivalents carried by surplus NADPH (Reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) can be exported to the cytosol in the form of malate, which can then enter mitochondria through the malate-OAA shuttle, and converted into OAA and NADH in the mitochondrial matrix. (hku.hk)

The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)
In this way, mitochondria are constantly communicating important information to the rest of the cell. (feedstuffs.com)
The key of these miraculous healing effects relies in the fact that fat metabolism and its generation of ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) by the liver can only occur within the mitochondrion, leaving chemicals within the cell but outside the mitochondria readily available to stimulate powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants. (sott.net)
Chronic lack of exercise and aging both contribute to a decline in mitochondria, leading to cell death. (saveourbones.com)
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. (nature.com)
In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)
Approximately 1.5 billion years ago endosymbiosis between archaebacteria and a prokaryotic cell, driven by increased oxygen levels, led to the formation of mitochondria that we know nowadays [ 4 ]. (nature.com)
Mitochondria are the power plants of the cell. (acsh.org)
A recent paper by researchers at Newcastle University, which appeared in the EMBO journal, reported, for the first time, that there is now proof that mitochondria are essential for cell aging. (acsh.org)
Given their fundamental function within each cell in the body, mitochondria are implicated in a broad swath of diseases, including cognitive disorders, cancer, and aging-related ailments. (acs.org)
Mitochondria play an important role in supplying cellular energy, cell signaling and governing cell death. (rsc.org)

The authors conclude that H2O2 affects cellular respiration by damaging mitochondria, interfering in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and inhibiting glucose uptake and glycolysis. (cdc.gov)

RLT may do this by increasing the transportation of electrons, oxygen consumption, and your levels of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). (healthline.com)
They convert oxygen and nutrients into a chemical energy fuel called adenosine triphosphate. (inverse.com)
These DAMPs include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides (NFPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
The addition of carbonyl- cyanide -m- chlorophenylhydrazone to H2O2 or untreated mitochondria resulted in an increase in oxygen consumption in the presence of succinate. (cdc.gov)

[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphorus (P) are produced in the process. (hypertextbook.com)

The space between the two membranes is referred to as the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria and the intermembrane space in mitochondria [ 6 ]. (nature.com)

In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. (udemy.com)

A night cream that contains adenosine can give mitochondria a helping hand and boost cellular energy levels so the skin can repair and regenerate itself. (garnierusa.com)

They derive energy from the respiratory chain-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the intermembranous space of the mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)

To do this, they use CoQ10 to produce the chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (medicalnewstoday.com)

Mitochondria are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which drives cellular metabolism. (sflorg.com)
ATP is built up by the metabolism of food in cell's mitochondria. (hypertextbook.com)

Mitochondria "support all of the body's functions," says Marni Falk, a clinical geneticist at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (acs.org)

Notably, mitochondria in the youngest animals were large and irregular shaped with a loose cristae architecture, but by 8 dpf they had reduced in size and expanded in number with more defined cristae. (ucl.ac.uk)

Mitochondria have recently gained recognition for their essential role in longevity and health, which has encouraged scientists to view them as vital targets for therapeutic intervention. (acsh.org)

By employing these energy sensors, we found that photorespiration supplies a large amount of NADH to mitochondria during photosynthesis, which exceeds the NADH-dissipating capacity of the mitochondria. (hku.hk)

In a 2018 review of 23 animal studies, researchers found that acute and chronic stress influenced how well mitochondria could function, especially in the brain. (inverse.com)
However, when mitochondria fail to function properly different neurodegenerative diseases can take hold. (bmglabtech.com)
Loss of function of the Parkin gene (PARK2) leads to impaired mitophagy (destruction of mitochondria by the cell's homeostatic machinery) which produces a buildup of damaged mitochondria. (bmglabtech.com)

When our mitochondria uses fat as an energetic source, its toxic load is decreased, expression of energy producing genes are increased, its energetic output is increased, and the load of inflammatory energetic-end-products is decreased. (sott.net)

According to its leadership team, Pretzel Therapeutics stands out from other mitochondria-targeting companies because it's working at the early stages where mitochondria go haywire: at the gene and gene expression level. (acs.org)
Thus, mitochondrion-targeting therapeutics and treatments have emerged as promising strategies against cancer. (rsc.org)
These results demonstrate the potential of CTAC@MSNs-HSA in cancer therapeutics as well as providing insights into mitochondrion-targeting treatment. (rsc.org)
6 Numerous research studies have been carried out to construct mitochondrion-targeted therapeutics. (rsc.org)

Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (nature.com)
In addition, mitochondria harbour many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can initiate a variety of inflammatory signalling pathways [ 3 ]. (nature.com)

The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)

The status of our mitochondria is the ultimate key for optimal health and while it is true that some of us might need extra support in the form of nutritional supplementation to heal these much needed energy factories, the diet still remains the ultimate key for a proper balance. (sott.net)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine are the immediate substrates for processes involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, Ca2+ handling, and phosphorylation. (jefferson.edu)

An emerging concept is that mitochondria may be an intersection point between psychosocial experiences and biological stress response. (inverse.com)

If there's a problem in the mitochondria, the organs don't work. (acs.org)

Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms12

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Chemicals and Drugs159

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Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

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Molecule10

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Generate adenosine triphosphate3

Powerhouses of the cell2

Mitochondrial function1

Synthesis5

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Oxidative stress2

Citric acid4

Cells31

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Powerhouse of the cell2

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Oxygen4

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DiPhosphate1

Intermembrane space1

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CoQ101

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