Mitochondria. Medical search. FAQ

Mitochondria are highly dynamic and structurally complex organelles that provide multiple essential metabolic functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria are double membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. (news-medical.net)
This book is the eagerly awaited second edition of the best-selling Mitochondria , a book widely acknowledged as the first modern, truly comprehensive authored work on the important, scientifically fundamental topic of the cellular organelles known as mitochondria. (google.com)
Mitochondria are self- replicating double-walled organelles in all eukaryotic cells. (everything2.com)
Mitochondria, the plural of mitochondrion , are organelles which function as the powerhouse of the cell . (everything2.com)
Mitochondria are organelles in each cell outside the nucleus and are the energy source of all cells. (springer.com)
Mitochondria are organelles in a cell that convert energy from food (glucose) into a form of energy that can be used by cells called adenosine triphosphate. (ucsd.edu)
Prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea - are single-celled microbes without mitochondria nor other organelles aside from ribosomes. (giantmicrobes.com)
One remarkable theory, called endosymbiosis, holds that the first eukaryotes engulfed smaller, free-living prokaryotic cells, which then became mitochondria and other organelles inside of more complex cells. (giantmicrobes.com)
Mitochondria are very versatile organelles and they are involved in a plethora of cellular functions, such as energy production, regulation of death pathways, calcium buffering. (hupo.org)
Mitochondria, the organelles responsible for cellular energy production and metabolism, constantly get recycled. (eurekalert.org)
Although proteins involved in the early steps of mitophagy increased in the axons, autophagosomes and lysosomes -- the organelles that do the digesting -- failed to appear around the damaged mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
Meet mitochondria: cellular compartments, or organelles, that are best known as the powerhouses that convert energy from the food we eat into energy that runs a range of biological processes. (livescience.com)
As you can see in this close-up of mitochondria from a rat's heart muscle cell, the organelles have an inner membrane that folds in many places (and that appears here as striations). (livescience.com)
An in vitro assay as well as genetic and biochemical evidences support a model in which mitofusin 2 on the ER bridges the two organelles by engaging in homotypic and heterotypic complexes with mitofusin 1 or 2 on the surface of mitochondria. (nih.gov)
mitochondrion ), are rod-shaped organelles that are responsible for the lions share of energy metabolism within a cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into Carbon dioxide and water and synthesizing ATP in the process. (conservapedia.com)
The number of mitochondria present in a cell depends upon the metabolic requirements of that cell , and may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands of the organelles . (conservapedia.com)
Mitochondria are generally oblong organelles , which range in size between 1 and 10 micrometers in length, and occur in numbers that directly correlate with the cell's level of metabolic activity. (conservapedia.com)
The organelles are quite flexible, however, and time-lapse studies of living cells have demonstrated that mitochondria change shape rapidly and move about in the cell almost constantly. (conservapedia.com)
Mitochondria (singular - mitochondrion) are rod-shaped or kidney-shaped, membrane-enclosed organelles, ranging in size from 1 to 10 micrometers, that are found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. (brighthub.com)
All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and little organelles - and one of the most famous was the mitochondrion. (nhpr.org)
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that function as power plants for the cell, generating energy in the form of ATP from glucose, oxygen, and other molecules. (cshlpress.com)
Mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because these small organelles take energy that is ingested in the form of sugars or fats and convert it to fuel for the cell in a process called respiration. (nih.gov)
In eukaryotic cells, two organelles, peroxisomes and mitochondria, are the major sites of oxygen utilization. (jove.com)
mitochondrion) are organelles , or parts of a eukaryote cell . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical organelles. (wikipedia.org)
This ATP is released from the mitochondrion, and broken down by the other organelles of the cell to power their own functions. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria: totally real cell organelles that convert sugars, fats and oxygen into usable energy for cells. (livescience.com)
Mitochondria are organelles which contain their own DNA. (reference.com)
Mitochondria are organelles that are about 1 to 10 micrometers long. (reference.com)
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that exchange a multiplicity of signals with other cell compartments, in order to finely adjust key biological routines to the fluctuating metabolic needs of the cell. (frontiersin.org)
In this scenario, genetic, biochemical and clinical evidences place mitochondria as key actors in cancer metabolic restructuring, not only because these organelles have a crucial role in the energy and biosynthetic intermediates production but also because occurrence of mutations in metabolic enzymes encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA has been associated to different types of cancer. (europa.eu)
The American Society for Microbiology states that scientists believe that both mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria and were once free living prokaryotes without a nucleus and/or organelles. (reference.com)

Biological energy conversion in mitochondria is carried out by the membrane protein complexes of the respiratory chain and the mitochondrial ATP synthase in the inner membrane cristae. (biomedcentral.com)
Cristae also divide a mitochondrion into two internal compartments. (news-medical.net)
Mitochondria are approximately 7 micrometre s long and consist mainly of a double phospholipid envelope , the inner membrane of which is infolded into projections called cristae . (everything2.com)
Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane: a smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane that has many folds called cristae. (jove.com)
In typical liver mitochondria, for example, the surface area, including cristae, is about five times that of the outer membrane. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded into cristae has a large surface area. (purchon.com)

Miranda Robertson explains how the changing perception of the structure and function of mitochondria is reflected in the inaugural reviews published in BMC Biology for the series on mitochondria, and will inform future contributions to the series. (biomedcentral.com)
The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy through aerobic respiration. (news-medical.net)
What Is The Function Of Mitochondria . (reference.com)

Together, the various compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony to generate ATP in a complex multi-step process. (conservapedia.com)
Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. (wikipedia.org)

This interaction is important for rapid uptake of calcium by mitochondria through Voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs), which are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). (wikipedia.org)
Permeability transition pore (PTP) opening induces mitochondrial swelling and outer membrane of the mitochondria (OMM) rupture. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen ions from NADH are transferred across from the interior of the mitochondria to the external matrix , generating a potential difference across the internal membrane . (everything2.com)
By tagging Hid and Reaper fluorescently, Sandu could visualize Hid and Reaper acting in a complex and gathering at the membrane of the mitochondria. (redorbit.com)
The outer membrane of a mitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein porin and acts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. (conservapedia.com)
The mitochondrion is a double membrane bound organelle. (jove.com)
Then, oxidative phosphorylation through the electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, resulting in the production of a significant amount of ATP. (jove.com)
When Valente and colleagues stressed mitochondria expressing the exon 4 mutant, they found that the membrane potential decreased by 44 percent, whereas that of wild-type mitochondria fell by only 8 percent under the same conditions. (alzforum.org)
Similarities shared between mitochondria and chloroplasts include having both an inner and outer membrane and a phospholipid bilayer. (reference.com)

The end product of beta oxidation is acetyl-CoA, which can enter mitochondria along with pyruvate from carbohydrates to generate ATP via the citric acid cycle in oxidative phosphorylation. (jove.com)
Mitochondria are metabolic hubs that harbor enzymes responsible for several biochemical circuitries, including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), fatty acid oxidation (FAO), biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides and maintenance of homeostatic levels of Ca 2+ and of reducing equivalent carriers. (frontiersin.org)
Mattiazzi M, D'Aurelio M, Gajewski CD, Martushova K, Kiaei M, Beal MF, Manfredi G . Mutated human SOD1 causes dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of transgenic mice . (alzforum.org)

This fragmentation (fission) results in the formation of one healthy mitochondrion and one damaged or bad mitochondrion, the latter of which is quickly broken down (catabolized) and dissolved in the cell's cytoplasm. (ucsd.edu)
In a series of biochemical experiments, the researchers also found that Reaper must travel to the mitochondria, the cell's energy factories, to effectively deliver its death sentence, and that to get there, it must hitch a ride on the Hid protein, with which it interacts. (redorbit.com)
Mitochondria have been described as "the powerhouses of the cell" because they generate most of a cell's supply of chemical energy. (nhpr.org)
Usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochondria, which can occupy up to 25 percent of the cell's cytoplasm . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Mitochondria are organelle s found in nearly all eukaryotic cell s. (everything2.com)
The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to the functioning of the organelle . (conservapedia.com)
So even if a microbe powers itself in a different way and has a limited form of the organelle that isn't the same as the mitochondria found in people, Karnkowska says, "it's still a mitochondrion and it has some important function for the cell. (nhpr.org)
Mitochondria contain their own DNA, encoding genes necessary for the organelle to do its work. (yeastgenome.org)
DJ-1 can localize to mitochondria under some circumstances, and a fraction of parkin is also found in this organelle. (alzforum.org)
The 2020 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)

Interestingly, about the same amount of mutant SOD1 localized to the mitochondria irrespective of the protein's concentration in the cytoplasm of motor neurons. (alzforum.org)
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to form acetyl coenzyme A, takes place in the cytoplasm outside mitochondria. (purchon.com)

Mitochondria also contain DNA and ribosomes packed with RNA. (giantmicrobes.com)
Therefore both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes. (purchon.com)

The Kreb's Cycle, also called the Tri-Carboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle, takes place inside mitochondria. (purchon.com)

The resulting product-acetyl-CoA-is released into the cytosol and can travel to the mitochondria, where it is used to produce ATP. (jove.com)

Here we analyse how mitochondria orchestrate the profound metabolic rewiring required for neoplastic growth. (frontiersin.org)
TRANSMIT aims to dissect the metabolic remodeling in human cancers, placing the focus on the role of mitochondria and bridging basic research to the improvement/development of therapeutic strategies. (europa.eu)

Transfer of calcium from ER to mitochondria depends on high concentration of calcium macrodomes in the intermembrane space, and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) accumulates of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix for electrochemical gradient. (wikipedia.org)

As in that seminal first edition, the second edition tackles the biochemistry, genetics, and pathology of mitochondria in different organisms. (google.com)
Mitochondria are wonderful, yet most organisms do not have any at all. (giantmicrobes.com)
These defense and recycle pathways of the mitochondria are essential in organisms, from the worm C. elegans all the way to humans," says Vincenzo Sorrentino, first author of the paper. (eurekalert.org)
The scope of Mitochondrion is broad, reporting on basic science of mitochondria from all organisms and from basic research to pathology and clinical aspects of mitochondrial diseases. (elsevier.com)
Mitochondria have their own DNA , and, according to the generally accepted endosymbiotic theory , they were originally derived from external organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Consider then how much of the physiology of higher organisms is dictated by the demand of our mitochondria for a supply of oxygen. (diabetesjournals.org)
And yet without the supply of energy provided by mitochondria as ATP, the evolution of higher organisms would not have been possible. (diabetesjournals.org)

The researchers say this is the first example of any eukaryote that completely lacks mitochondria. (nhpr.org)
The observation is significant, in that it clearly demonstrates that a eukaryote can still be a eukaryote without having a mitochondrion," he tells Shots via email. (nhpr.org)
At some time ago, there might have been a bacterium 'mitochondrion' migrating to a eukaryote. (wikibooks.org)

It is now a well established fact that mitochondria did evolve from free living bacteria being the common ancestor of both, eukaryotic mitochondria and α-proteobacteria. (springer.com)
G. Von Jagow, W. D. Engel and H. Schägger, On the mechanism of proton translocation linked to electron transfer at energy conversion site 2, in: "Vectorial Reactions in Electron and Ion Transport in Mitochondria and Bacteria", F. Palmieri, E. Quagliariello, N. Siliprandi, E. C. Slater, eds. (springer.com)

Now decades later, Taylor and her colleagues have further expanded the field of epigenetics into a new area of research they created by discovering enzymes in mitochondria that were previously known to exist only in nuclei. (eurekalert.org)
Taylor's team is currently working to force into mitochondria more of the enzyme responsible for forming the silencing mark, and to identify enzymes responsible for removing it. (eurekalert.org)
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, similar enzymes and co-enzymes that aid in vital processes, such as electron transport and ATP production, are found. (reference.com)

Hydrogen peroxide is then converted to water by glutathione peroxidase, the most abundant peroxidase in the cytosol and mitochondria. (jci.org)

The scientists identified two mechanisms that control the quality of mitochondria: First, the "mitochondrial unfolded protein response" (UPRmt), which protects mitochondria from stress stimuli. (eurekalert.org)
Scientists funded by the National Institutes of Health are discovering there's more to mitochondria than meets the eye, especially when it comes to understanding and treating disease. (livescience.com)
Indeed, the scientists found that, in mitochondria from both mutant SOD1 mice and human spinal cord, but not from liver, SOD1-containing aggregates trap significant amounts of Bcl-2. (alzforum.org)

Mitophagy is a selective form of macro-autophagy in which mitochondria are selectively targeted for degradation in autophagolysosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Second, mitophagy, a process that recycles defective mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
Defects in mitophagy, or autophagy of mitochondria, have already been implicated in a number of neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. (eurekalert.org)

A single mitochondrion can contain 2-10 copies of its DNA. (wikipedia.org)

The increased ability to produce energy that mitochondria provide is probably one of the reasons for us eukaryotes being up here and prokaryotes never getting round to discovering fire , inventing the wheel , forming civilisation , that sort of thing. (everything2.com)
In order for your organs to function properly, they require energy, and that energy is produced by the mitochondria. (mercola.com)
To produce energy, your mitochondria require oxygen from the air you breathe and fat and glucose from the food you eat. (mercola.com)
That's what the mitochondria use to generate energy in the form of ATP. (mercola.com)
Mitochondria started out being described as the generators of energy-rich ATP molecules,' says NIH's Vernon Anderson. (livescience.com)
In the fertilization process, the sperm is propelled towards the egg with energy it gets from the mitochondrion in its tail. (brighthub.com)
In last week's mitochondria post , I explained how burning fat for energy was the foundation for keeping your mitochondria plentiful, happy, and robust. (marksdailyapple.com)
Yeah, if you want mitochondria to do one of their most basic jobs - break down fatty acids for energy - you better consume ample amounts of meat, or supplement with L-carnitine. (marksdailyapple.com)
It is known that the DNA of mitochondria is damaged during aging, causing failure in the power generators, lack of energy, and disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
An international team 1 including MIRCen showed that within the energy-voracious brain (close to 20% of total glucose consumption in humans), neuronal mitochondria produce more ATP than astrocytic mitochondria, but inversely, astrocytic mitochondria produce much more ROS than neuronal mitochondria 2 . (cea.fr)
Cytochrome c is a small enzyme that plays an important role in the production of energy by mitochondria. (phys.org)
Mitochondria specializes its energy and DNA of mitochondria are maternal. (wikibooks.org)
What they mean is that mitochondria get the energy out of glucose in respiration: they use this energy to make a wonderful chemical called ATP. (purchon.com)

Members of the Faculty of Biology and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, a unit of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, have tested on a mouse model a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, helping to treat diabetic wounds. (news-medical.net)
Dr. Roman Zinovkin, a Senior Researcher at the A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, a unit of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and one of the article coauthors reported: 'In the current project we've tested the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on a mouse model of diabetes mellitus type II. (news-medical.net)
Meanwhile, the Journal of Molecular Biology and Techniques (not to be confused with the Journal of Molecular Biology) simply asked that 'midichlorians' be changed to 'mitochondria' and that the paper be resubmitted. (livescience.com)

S. Papa, M. Lorusso, D. Boffoli and E. Bellomo, Redox-linked proton translocation in the b-c1 complex from beef-heart mitochondria reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. (springer.com)

However, there is some evidence that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination . (wikipedia.org)

Consistent with the decrease in muscle mitochondria in the muscle-R1KO mice, adiponectin caused an increase in mitochondrial DNA in C2C12 myocytes. (sciencemag.org)
If you want to improve your exercise performance by increasing the effectiveness of your muscle mitochondria, this post is for you. (marksdailyapple.com)
Slow twitch muscle fibers, the ones employed in endurance training, contain the most mitochondria, so it's natural that training that targets slow twitch fibers will also target more muscle mitochondria . (marksdailyapple.com)

Like the wand-wizard pairing in Harry Potter's world, the combination of a specific mitochondrial genome (the wand) with a particular nuclear genome (the wizard) is important for making a healthy mitochondrion. (yeastgenome.org)

Neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation are two prominent pathological features increasingly realized as important pathogenic mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. (jneurosci.org)
To explore the significance of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of neuroinflammation, male and female transgenic mice with forced overexpression of Mfn2 specifically in neurons were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely used approach to model neurodegeneration-associated neuroinflammation. (jneurosci.org)
Together, these results reveal an unrecognized possible role of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of microglial activation, and propose neuronal Mfn2 as a likely mechanistic linker between neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. (jneurosci.org)

K + efflux-independent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by small molecules targeting mitochondria. (nature.com)
By targeting mitochondria, NR and other molecules that stimulate their 'defense and recycle' systems could perhaps succeed where so many drugs, most of which aim to decrease amyloid plaque formation, have failed," says Vincenzo Sorrentino. (medindia.net)

Mitochondria are intracellular stores of calcium, which is an important signalling molecule. (news-medical.net)
In a second model, of calcium overload in neurons, the neurotoxicity of glutamate depends on mitochondrial calcium uptake, but the toxicity to mitochondria also requires the generation of nitric oxide. (diabetesjournals.org)

Since mitochondrial function is at the very heart of everything that occurs in your body, optimizing mitochondrial function - and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction by making sure you get all the right nutrients and precursors your mitochondria need - is extremely important for health and disease prevention. (mercola.com)
A couple weeks ago, I wrote about how becoming an efficient fat-burner helps mitochondrial function , and last week I went over some of the nutrients and supplements most important for your mitochondria . (marksdailyapple.com)
Our research indicates that errors in gene expression could be unfolding in mitochondria, possibly contributing to loss of mitochondrial function typical of cancer and a host of other age-related diseases. (eurekalert.org)

Finally, the subgroup's annual Young Investigator Award recognizes excellence in the field of bioenergetics and mitochondria by investigators at different stages of their careers. (biophysics.org)

Your mitochondria have a series of electron transport chains in which they pass electrons from the reduced form of the food you eat to combine it with oxygen from the air you breathe and ultimately to form water. (mercola.com)
That we must breathe oxygen to stay alive is simply the consequence of the demand of our mitochondria for oxygen. (diabetesjournals.org)
Some eukaryotes lacking mitochondria cannot consume oxygen. (wikibooks.org)

The proportion of parkin that localizes to mitochondria is small, but experiments in mice and flies suggest that there are mitochondrial effects of parkin knockout. (alzforum.org)
Moreover, mutant SOD1 binds to Bcl-2 in spinal cord mitochondria from both mutant SOD1-transgenic mice and human ALS. (alzforum.org)

Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, takes place outside mitochondria. (purchon.com)

Recent evidence indicates that mitochondria lie at the heart of immunity. (nature.com)

Anatomy 32

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Diseases 1

Chemicals and Drugs 145

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 15

Phenomena and Processes 48

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Information Science 3