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MethylationHistonesCytosineDNA MethylationHistone-Lysine N-MethyltransferaseDNA-Cytosine Methylases5-MethylcytosineSulfitesDNA (Cytosine-5-)-MethyltransferaseEpigenesis, GeneticProtein MethyltransferasesHistone DemethylasesCpG IslandsBase SequenceLysineMolecular Sequence DataHistone DeacetylasesJumonji Domain-Containing Histone DemethylasesChromatinAcetylationMicroRNAsMethyltransferasesGene SilencingDNAUracilPromoter Regions, GeneticHistone Deacetylase InhibitorsAzacitidineDinucleoside PhosphatesHistone AcetyltransferasesChromatin ImmunoprecipitationOxidoreductases, N-DemethylatingEpigenomicsTranscription, GeneticAmino Acid SequenceCytosine DeaminasePolycomb Repressive Complex 2PentoxylHeterochromatinMutationDeoxyribonuclease HpaIIBinding SitesDNA-Binding ProteinsHistone CodeChromatin Assembly and DisassemblyNucleic Acid ConformationSubstrate SpecificityRepressor ProteinsAdenineEuchromatinCell LineEscherichia coliNucleosomesGene Expression RegulationProtein-Arginine N-MethyltransferasesGuanineHydroxamic AcidsGenomic ImprintingTranscription FactorsNuclear ProteinsProtein BindingProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalProtein Structure, TertiaryGene Expression ProfilingKineticsPolycomb-Group ProteinsOligodeoxyribonucleotidesRetinoblastoma-Binding Protein 2Cell Line, TumorPolymerase Chain ReactionNucleic Acid DenaturationModels, MolecularChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneHydroxylaminesHistone Deacetylase 1Epigenetic RepressionGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisGene Expression Regulation, PlantDNA Modification MethylasesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHeLa CellsCloning, MolecularSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsHistone Deacetylase 2Base CompositionArabidopsisRNA, MessengerRetinoblastoma-Binding Protein 4RNA InterferenceHistone ChaperonesDNA, BacterialSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA Polymerase IIArabidopsis ProteinsMutagenesis, Site-DirectedGenome, HumanBlotting, WesternRNA, Small InterferingEmbryonic Stem Cells

AcetylationProteinsModificationsModificationDeacetylationPhosphorylationRNAsGuanineGene expressionEpigenetic mechanismsLysineMethyl groupProteinEukaryotesDeacetylaseMethyltransferaseCysteineDNMTsGenomeMRNAEnzymesPromoterInhibitorRegulationAberrantGenesDemethylationOverexpressionMechanismMoleculesDiseasesSignaturesMicroRNAPatternsTissueInvolvesAcidExpressionCellsRoleSpecificTypes

Acetylation5

• Acetylation of histone tails typically leads to weaker interactions between the histones and the DNA, which is associated with gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
• For example, histone acetylation generally correlates with gene activation, while histone methylation can either activate or repress gene expression, depending on the specific histone residue being modified and the extent of methylation [ 4 ]. (scitechnol.com)
• Therefore, changes in histone acetylation (epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing), activation of transcription factors by phosphorylation, increased RNA stability, increased translational control, and protein modification can all be detected at some point in various cancer cells. (edu.vn)
• Histone proteins that surround that region lack the acetylation modification that is present when the genes are expressed in normal cells. (edu.vn)
• The most common PTMs which are well-studied and understood in the context of DNA repair, gene expression, and regulation are acetylation and methylation. (troscriptions.com)

Proteins11

• In general, DNA methylation attracts proteins which fold that section of the chromatin and repress the related genes. (wikipedia.org)
• Histones are proteins which are involved in the folding and compaction of the chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
• Adding chemical groups to the DNA backbone and modifying histone proteins impart distinct characteristics on chromatin architecture. (frontiersin.org)
• His fields of research comprise RNA-mediated gene silencing processes with a focus on epigenetic phenomena, including studies on RNA-directed DNA methylation, the characterization of virus silencing suppressor proteins, the development of plant bioreactor platforms and viroid research. (degruyter.com)
• Histones are proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form chromatin. (scitechnol.com)
• There are characteristic modifications to histone proteins and DNA that are associated with silenced genes. (edu.vn)
• These epigenetic mechanisms are mediated by chemical modifications of DNA, proteins (most commonly histones), and RNA. (activemotif.com.cn)
• Histones are the most highly conserved eukaryotic proteins, a family of small, positively charged proteins. (troscriptions.com)
• Similar to DNA and histone methylation, m 6 A modifications are dynamic and reversible and exert biological effects that are mainly mediated by 'writers', 'erasers' and 'reader' proteins (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
• Bromodomains recognize acetylated histone lysine residues and function as 'readers' of these epigenetic histone marks to regulate chromatin structure and gene expression by linking associated proteins to the acetylated nucleosomal targets. (activemotif.com)
• and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)

Modifications17

• The second category is histone modifications. (wikipedia.org)
• Histones can be modified in many positions, with many different types of chemical modifications, but the precise details of the histone code are currently unknown. (wikipedia.org)
• Here, we summarize the different types of epigenetic enzymes which target corresponding protein domains, emphasize DNA methylation , histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated cooperation with epigenetic modification, and highlight recent achievements in developing targets for epigenetic inhibitor therapy. (frontiersin.org)
• Recent achievements highlight the accelerated development of epigenetics, such as the definition of a human DNA methylome at single-nucleotide resolution, the various discoveries of histone variants and modifications, the study of the CpG island in the genome, and the progress of genome-wide nucleosome positioning maps ( Baldi, 2019 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Instead, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules, influence the accessibility of specific genomic regions to transcriptional machinery. (scitechnol.com)
• Histone modifications also play a critical role in cell fate determination. (scitechnol.com)
• In addition to DNA methylation and histone modifications, noncoding RNAs have emerged as crucial epigenetic regulators in cell fate determination. (scitechnol.com)
• This combination of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation (epigenetic modifications that lead to gene silencing) is commonly found in cancer. (edu.vn)
• Kong M, Yu X, Guo W, Guo R. The bidirectional interplay between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in gastrointestinal tumors. (ijbs.com)
• The aberrant expression of methylation and ncRNAs, two crucial regulators of epigenetic modifications, has been widely demonstrated in cancer. (ijbs.com)
• Therefore, we summarize the interrelation process between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in GI tumors, including the detailed mechanism of methylation enzyme regulation of ncRNAs, the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs regulation of methylation modifications, and the correlation between the interactions between ncRNAs and methylation modifications and clinical features of tumors. (ijbs.com)
• Finally, we discuss the potential value of ncRNAs and methylation modifications in clinical diagnosis and therapy. (ijbs.com)
• DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic modifications that play a role in regulating genes. (troscriptions.com)
• The histones are subjected to various post-translational modifications (PTMs), which play a vital role in gene expression. (troscriptions.com)
• Typically, transcriptional regulation is fine-tuned by epigenetic mechanisms, comprising histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
• Furthermore, peptide mapping was performed to identify and confirm modifications at the amino acid residue level. (bvsalud.org)
• Histones are subject to a diverse array of post-translational modifications. (bvsalud.org)

Modification10

• DNA methylation is the major heritable epigenetic modification and contributes to the epigenetic regulation of nuclear gene expression and genome stability [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals , regulation of gene expression , regulation of protein function, and RNA processing . (explained.today)
• This article will discuss the three main epigenetic signatures (DNA methylation, Histone Modification, and noncoding RNA), how they are regulated, and how their disruption cause diseases. (troscriptions.com)
• Analogous to DNA methylation and histone modification, RNA modification, as another epigenetic layer, plays an important role in many diseases, especially in tumours. (biomedcentral.com)
• As the most common form of RNA modification, m 6 A methylation has attracted increasing research interest in recent years. (biomedcentral.com)
• This article reviews recent studies on methylation modification of m 6 A in gastrointestinal tract cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
• Although the full scope of epigenetics has not yet been determined, it is generally defined as chemical modification that mainly includes DNA and RNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNA modification and chromatin rearrangement. (biomedcentral.com)
• In epigenetic modification, DNA methylation and histone modification have been well studied. (biomedcentral.com)
• Common RNA methylation sites include 5-methylcytosine (m 5 C), 7-methylguanosine (m 7 G), m 1 G, m 2 G, m 6 G, N 1 -methyladenosine (m 1 A) and m 6 A. m 5 C modification promotes splicing and translation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

Deacetylation1

• A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)

Phosphorylation1

• Together with ubiquitination and phosphorylation , methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. (explained.today)

RNAs3

• The possibility of using Small Interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, to target the miRNAs mentioned above has been discussed, but there are currently no known methods to do so. (wikipedia.org)
• The recruitment of this machinery results in the production of viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that mediate RNA degradation and DNA methylation of cognate sequences. (degruyter.com)
• MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules that can bind to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation, leading to gene silencing. (scitechnol.com)

Guanine2

• The first is DNA methylation, where a cytosine residue that is followed by a guanine residue (CpG) is methylated. (wikipedia.org)
• [6] [7] Human DNA has about 80-90% of CpG sites methylated, but there are certain areas, known as CpG islands, that are CG-rich (high cytosine and guanine content, made up of about 65% CG residues ), wherein none is methylated. (explained.today)

Gene expression5

• Conversely, low levels of DNA methylation are associated with active gene expression, allowing cells to acquire specific identities and functions. (scitechnol.com)
• MiRNAs have been shown to play essential roles in the fine-tuning of gene expression during cellular differentiation and development [ 5 ]. (scitechnol.com)
• Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. (explained.today)
• DNA methylation in the promoter regions acts as a repressor of gene expression. (troscriptions.com)
• For example, 5-methylcytosine methylation in DNA has affected gene expression in many tumours. (biomedcentral.com)

Epigenetic mechanisms1

• One of the key epigenetic mechanisms involved in cell fate determination is DNA methylation [ 1 ]. (scitechnol.com)

Lysine2

• The most prevalent protein methylations affect arginine and lysine residue of specific histones. (explained.today)
• Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. (lookformedical.com)

Methyl group5

• In eukaryotes, DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the fifth atom in the six-atom ring of cytosine residues. (degruyter.com)
• DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases, often occurring at CpG dinucleotide. (scitechnol.com)
• In the chemical sciences , methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate , or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. (explained.today)
• Methylation is a form of alkylation , with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. (explained.today)
• The transfer of a methyl group from an S-adenosyl-l-methionine cofactor to a cytosine residue in DNA is catalyzed by DNMT. (troscriptions.com)

Protein4

• 3 µM histone peptide H4K5/8/12/16(4Ac) was incubated with BPTF / FALZ (2791-2911) protein in reaction buffer including 50 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.0, 0.1% BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. (activemotif.com)
• A histone chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. (lookformedical.com)
• Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
• A retinoblastoma-binding protein that has an affinity for core HISTONES. (lookformedical.com)

Eukaryotes1

• DNA methylation is present exclusively on the 5 th carbon of cytosine residue in higher eukaryotes and methylated cytosine, known as 5-methylcytosine (5mC). (troscriptions.com)

Deacetylase1

• Significant advances have been achieved in recent years in the study of methylated drugs, such as demethylation drugs Decitabine and Azacitidine and histone deacetylase inhibitor Sedamine, which provides additional strategies for treatment of clinical diseases [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Methyltransferase1

• DNA cytosine methylation is facilitated by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). (troscriptions.com)

Cysteine1

• Prenylation attaches the cysteine residue and prenyl (15 residue farnesyl) group via a thioester. (freezingblue.com)

DNMTs1

• Diabetic retinopathy is known to be associated with a number of epigenetic markers, including methylation of the Sod2 and MMP-9 genes, an increase in transcription of LSD1, a H3K4 and H3K9 demethylase, and various DNA Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs), and increased presence of miRNAs for transcription factors and VEGF. (wikipedia.org)

Genome3

• One to two percent of the human genome are CpG clusters, and there is an inverse relationship between CpG methylation and transcriptional activity. (explained.today)
• CSL is an download Your Brain on Latino Comics: From Gus Arriola to Los Bros Hernandez of a possible DNA-binding histone cause that releases kinase of invalid genome interests in one decision, but hormone of the Canadian developments in another endocytosis. (evakoch.com)
• the m 6 A-containing fragments are then sequenced and aligned to the genome, thus allowing us to locate the positions of methylation marks. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

MRNA2

• Among the 140 modified RNA nucleotide variants identified, methylation of adenosine at the N6 position (m6A) is the most prevalent epigenetic mark in eukaryotic mRNA. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
• Identified in bacterial rRNAs and tRNAs as early as the 1950s, this type of methylation was subsequently found in other RNA molecules, including mRNA, in animal and plant cells as well. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Enzymes3

• In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. (explained.today)
• The 5mC in DNA is hydroxylated to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by TET enzymes, which can also catalyze the oxidation of 5hmC to 5-formyl cytosine (5fC) and ultimately to 5-carboxy cytosine (5caC). (troscriptions.com)
• Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones. (lookformedical.com)

Promoter2

• High levels of DNA methylation at the promoter regions of genes typically lead to gene silencing, preventing the expression of those genes in specific cell types. (scitechnol.com)
• In cancer cells, the DNA in the promoter region of silenced genes is methylated on cytosine DNA residues in CpG islands. (edu.vn)

Inhibitor1

• The DNA methylation inhibitor Zebularine has also been studied, although results are currently inconclusive. (wikipedia.org)

Regulation3

• Thousands of miRNAs are known, and the extent of their involvement in epigenetic regulation is an area of ongoing research. (wikipedia.org)
• In addition to DNA and histone methylation, another level of epigenetic regulation, namely, RNA methylation, has become a hot topic in biosciences over the past decade. (biomedcentral.com)
• Hence, we here propose a triple helix recognition mechanism, underlying cell motility regulation via lncRNA-targeted DNA methylation in a clinically relevant context. (biomedcentral.com)

Aberrant1

• Aberrant DNA methylation has been associated with many diseases. (troscriptions.com)

Genes1

• We lose methylation capacity as we age, leading to more genes turned on errantly. (troscriptions.com)

Demethylation1

• The reverse of methylation is demethylation . (explained.today)

Overexpression3

• In our research, overexpression of the OsNAR2.1 line was used as a testing target in rice plants with high nitrogen-use efficiency to study the changes of rice methylation and growth in respond of the endogenous and external nitrogen stress. (biomedcentral.com)
• Furthermore, methylation sequencing results showed that LPSN caused massive gene methylation changes, which enriched in over 20 GO pathways in the filial overexpression line, and the expression of OsNAR2.1 in LPSN filial overexpression plants was significantly reduced compared to HPSN filial plants in high external N, which was not shown in wild type. (biomedcentral.com)
• We suggest that the parent seed nitrogen content decreased induced DNA methylation changes at the epigenetic level and significantly decreased the expression of OsNAR2.1 , resulting in a heritable phenotype of N deficiency over two generations of the overexpression line. (biomedcentral.com)

Mechanism1

• In this review, we focus on the relationship between RNA m 6 A methylation and gastrointestinal cancer, especially their role, mechanism and potential clinical application as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal cancer. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecules1

• At least in plants, DNA regions that become de novo methylated can be defined by homologous RNA molecules in a process termed RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). (degruyter.com)

Diseases1

• Here we will list some common diseases and how DNA methylation plays a role. (troscriptions.com)

Signatures1

• However, whether and how DNMT targets specific gene loci, and induces transcriptionally relevant changes in DNA methylation signatures that elicit physiological responses, is not fully understood. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNA1

• Here we report molecular profiling of 230 resected lung adenocarcinomas using messenger RNA, microRNA and DNA sequencing integrated with copy number, methylation and proteomic analyses. (nature.com)

Patterns2

• The DNMT inhibitors 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-20-deoxycytidine have both been approved by the FDA for the treatment of other conditions, and studies have examined the effects of those compounds on diabetic retinopathy, where they seem to inhibit these methylation patterns with some success at reducing symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
• The proper establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns are crucial for normal development and tissue homeostasis [ 2 ]. (scitechnol.com)

Tissue1

• In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts. (explained.today)

Involves1

• Methanogenesis , the process that generates methane from CO 2 , involves a series of methylation reactions. (explained.today)

Acid2

• The methanearsonates are the precursors to dimethylarsonates, again by the cycle of reduction (to methylarsonous acid) followed by a second methylation. (explained.today)
• Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. (lookformedical.com)

Expression1

• This mediates DNA methylation-dependent silencing of Ncam1 , being abolished by ephrinA5 stimulation-triggered reduction of Snhg15 expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Cells1

• In mammals, DNA methylation is common in body cells, [5] and methylation of CpG sites seems to be the default. (explained.today)

Role1

• A second approach is to attempt to reduce the miRNAs observed at elevated levels in retinopathic patients, although the exact role of those miRNAs is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)

Specific1

• The Sustainable Building Design and Construction threonine has an Mitogen-activated, alveolar step that contains effects at the conversion of the activation of a phosphorylated specific residue. (evakoch.com)

Types1

• There are several different types of histones, and they can be chemically modified in a number of ways. (wikipedia.org)