FluorideTissuesCarbonateSerum calciumHydroxyapatiteAlkaline phosphatase levelsSkeletalDifferentiationDepositionParathyroid hormoneOsteoblastsRicketsEndopeptidases on the X chromosomePyrophosphateMineralsDeficiencyConcentrationsOsteogenesisTeethScaffoldsSodiumOsteoidPrecipitatesExtracellularPrecipitationMetabolismMechanismApatitePotassiumTissuePhosphorus levelsMineralizeConcentrationNucleationHomeostasisCollagenMorphologyOsteomalaciaAccumulationRegulateAdequateMoleculesDemineralizationSkeletonDisordersModificationEffectivelyAcidLevelsOsteoporosisToothMineralCells
Fluoride17
- As discussed in the following studies, fluoride increases the skeleton's need for calcium (and vitamin D) by increasing the amount of unmineralized tissue ( osteoid ) in the bone. (fluoridealert.org)
- definite evidence that fluoride supplementation creates a greater metabolic requirement for calcium in humans. (fluoridealert.org)
- Much of this evidence has accrued from attempts to treat human osteoporosis by means of high doses of fluoride… If the calcium insufficiency is not corrected, fluoride supplementation can induce osteomalacia… Kyle et al. (fluoridealert.org)
- To prevent osteomalacia, the calcium supplement must be "administered concurrently" with fluoride (Riggs and Jowsey 1972). (fluoridealert.org)
- 1975) recommend that, in high-fluoride therapy, the calcium supplements, given concomitantly, should be 35 to 40 times the fluoride supplement, by weight… If this same fluoride-to-calcium proportionality applies to chronic daily intake of fluoride, then the ingestion of 5 mg of fluoride per day would require a supplemental intake of 200 mg calcium per day. (fluoridealert.org)
- This extrapolation may not be justified, but it serves to emphasize the need for an adequate intake of dietary calcium during long-term exposure to fluoride. (fluoridealert.org)
- Recent evidence suggests that fluoride may cause osteomalacia by stimulating bone formation to the extent that there is inadequate calcium absorption to support the demand for increased mineral deposition. (fluoridealert.org)
- Fluoride could cause a calcium deficiency osteomalacia. (fluoridealert.org)
- When calcium intake is inadequate, the administration of fluoride also results in an impairment of mineralization. (fluoridealert.org)
- 1998). Effects of different regimens of sodium fluoride treatment for osteoporosis on the structure, remodeling and mineralization of bone. (fluoridealert.org)
- When osteomalacia was observed in initial trials with fluoride, the mineralization defect was prevented by supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. An increasing number of studies have, however, found indications that mineralization defects may develop in spite of supplementation. (fluoridealert.org)
- 1989). Effects of sodium fluoride, vitamin D, and calcium on cortical bone remodeling in osteoporotic patients. (fluoridealert.org)
- When fluoride is given, especially at a high dosage without calcium, osteomalacia may develop. (fluoridealert.org)
- The newly formed matrix may be abnormal and may not undergo adequate mineralization… When fluoride is given with an adequate calcium intake, the newly formed matrix may become adequately mineralized. (fluoridealert.org)
- In contrast, remineralization happens when minerals like fluoride, calcium, and phosphate reunite with your enamel through consuming food and water. (colgate.com)
- Brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste aids in re-mineralisation of teeth's enamel along with calcium and phosphates. (consumer-voice.org)
- Fluoride helps add back calcium and phosphate. (dentcarenow.com)
Tissues7
- present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. (eol.org)
- Here we present a platform technology for the direct sintering of calcium phosphates on dental hard tissues using femtosecond lasers. (whiterose.ac.uk)
- This work has established a critical role for OPN in regulating the mineralization of calcium phosphate, the inorganic component of most mineralized tissues such as bones and teeth, but also in bone resorption and in pathological calcifications such as atherosclerosis or urinary and kidney stone. (benthamscience.com)
- The caries process can be visualized as a balance between the pathological factors promoting loss of calcium and phosphate from the dental hard tissues (demineralization), and protective factors promoting the process whereby calcium and phosphate enter the dental hard tissues (remineralization). (positivehealth.com)
- A cell membrane protein, ANK, affects ePPi concentrations and the balance of mineralization in articular tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Teeth, composed of three mineralized tissues (dentine, cementum, and enamel), constitute important models for gaining insight into the general processes of biological mineralization. (researchsquare.com)
- Phosphorus in the form of phosphate is one of the essential electrolytes in the body that has many vital biochemical functions in metabolic processes and enzyme reactions in almost all organs and tissues. (medicinenet.com)
Carbonate9
- There are approximately 60 different minerals generated through biological processes, but the most common ones are calcium carbonate found in mollusk shells and hydroxyapatite present in teeth and bones. (wikipedia.org)
- Thermosensitive polymer controlled morphogenesis and phase discrimination of calcium carbonate. (mpg.de)
- Composition inversion to form calcium carbonate mixtures. (mpg.de)
- Ammonium carbonate gas diffusion crystallization in a continuous organic medium leads to dendritic calcium carbonate. (mpg.de)
- As a composite material mostly made out of hard calcium carbonate . (kids.net.au)
- Bones consist of living animal cells embedded in a calcium carbonate matrix that makes up the main bone material. (kids.net.au)
- Further analysis of the fossil indicated that the area where the brain-like structure reaches the surface of the sample reveals a high concentration of calcium phosphate, whereas the surrounding matrix is almost pure calcium carbonate. (eurekalert.org)
- On top of this, the environmental conditions, probably saturated with calcium phosphate, the lack of oxygen in the braincase and the presence of fatty acids in the brain may have generated a fall in pH that also shifted the appearance of calcium carbonate in favour of calcium phosphate. (eurekalert.org)
- The powder is mainly composed of tricalcium silicate, calcium carbonate and zirconium oxide. (bvsalud.org)
Serum calcium4
- Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany. (xps.org)
- During this period, serum calcium levels should be determined at least twice weekly. (medicines.org.uk)
- Serum calcium and creatinine levels should be determined at 1, 3 and 6 months and at 6 monthly intervals thereafter. (medicines.org.uk)
- Clinical laboratory evaluation of rickets begins with assessment of serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase levels. (medscape.com)
Hydroxyapatite3
- Osteoblasts dissipate calcium and phosphate ions into the subjacent collagenous bone for the formation of hydroxyapatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH)) for bone stiffening 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
- A landmark investigation into the genetic basis of murine progressive ankylosis has clarified the physiologic role of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) in suppressing pathologic deposition of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) (an inclusive term for hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate) in articular tissue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mineralization occurs through the accumulation of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. (biomedcentral.com)
Alkaline phosphatase levels1
- Low phosphate and high alkaline phosphatase levels characterize most of the disorders. (medscape.com)
Skeletal2
- As the fetus accumulates 80% of its bone mineral content in the third gestational trimester ( 4 ), this time is critical to achieve normal skeletal mineralisation by 40 weeks gestation and support successful transition to post-natal life. (frontiersin.org)
- Hypophosphatasia and the role of alkaline phosphatase in skeletal mineralization. (medlineplus.gov)
Differentiation2
- Degradation of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and DMP-1 and release of acidic serine-rich and aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif (ASARM) peptides are chiefly responsible for the hypophosphatemic rickets mineralization defect and changes in osteoblast-osteoclast differentiation. (medscape.com)
- Further studies confirmed that p75NTR participates in the regulation of tooth development maybe by changing the activity of the key factor distal-less homeobox/msh homeobox (Dlx/Msx), and melanoma-associated antigen D1 (Mage-D1) seems to be play a role in the differentiation and mineralization of EMSCs 5 , 6 . (researchsquare.com)
Deposition2
- This cleaves phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. (kids.net.au)
- Both cell-derived microstructures and extracellular matrix components play critical roles in the preorganization and oriented deposition of calcium phosphate and serve as passive supports in dentine and enamel. (researchsquare.com)
Parathyroid hormone2
- The conversion to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is regulated by its own concentration, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate. (merckmanuals.com)
- In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of Vitamin D status because it has a short half-life of 15 hours and serum concentrations are closely regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate [5]. (xps.org)
Osteoblasts3
- Mineralisation involves osteoblasts secreting vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. (kids.net.au)
- Calcium phosphate modification was applied to enhance the PCL scaffold hydrophilicity and bone inductivity prior to seeding with osteoblasts which were then maintained in culture for up to 30 days. (edu.au)
- The in vitro findings revealed that the gradient scaffold significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity in the attached osteoblasts while matrix mineralization was higher in the 50% offset scaffolds. (edu.au)
Rickets5
- These conditions may result in failure of osteoid calcification (rickets) in children because of a disruption in the pathway of either vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
- Causes of rickets related to phosphate deficiency are discussed in the article Hypophosphatemic Rickets . (medscape.com)
- X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)
- Deficiency impairs bone mineralization, causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults and possibly contributing. (merckmanuals.com)
- Hypophosphatemic rickets is a form of rickets that is characterized by low serum phosphate levels and resistance to treatment with ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D ingestion. (medscape.com)
Endopeptidases on the X chromosome1
- XLH is considered to be a systemic disorder, from mutation of the phosphate-regulating gene homologous to endopeptidases on the X chromosome ( PHEX ). (medscape.com)
Pyrophosphate3
- The ank gene product is one of several cell membrane proteins, including ectonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase enzymes and alkaline phosphatase, that regulate extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels and thereby regulate mineralization. (biomedcentral.com)
- Excess accumulation of ePPi has long been recognized as an important factor in the mineralization of cartilage with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals. (biomedcentral.com)
- Researchers believe that a buildup of one of these compounds, inorganic pyrophosphate, underlies the defective mineralization of bones and teeth in people with hypophosphatasia. (medlineplus.gov)
Minerals6
- The bone minerals calcium, phosphate and magnesium are all maintained at higher concentrations in utero to achieve adequate bone accretion. (frontiersin.org)
- Passive and active transport of bone-minerals occurs across the placenta to achieve higher fetal concentration of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium compared to maternal levels. (frontiersin.org)
- According to the American Dental Association , saliva also naturally adds minerals like calcium and phosphate to your teeth to replace what's been stripped away during demineralization. (colgate.com)
- To create bones, the human body precipitates calcium phosphate minerals using collagen, a long protein, as scaffolding. (lightsources.org)
- Figure (extract, full image here ) This scanning electron microscopy image shows calcium phosphate minerals nucleation in both extrafibrillar (purple colored image) and intrafibrillar (green colored image) spaces of collagen matrices. (lightsources.org)
- TNSALP is essential for the process of mineralization, in which minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are deposited in developing bones and teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
Deficiency1
- Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with several adverse health outcomes, including abnormal bone mineralization, heart disease, and premature mortality. (medscape.com)
Concentrations2
- This discovery provided new insight as to why fetal PTH levels were so low, yet fetal calcium levels were maintained higher than and independent of maternal calcium concentrations. (frontiersin.org)
- Fetal blood calcium concentrations are maintained ~0.3-0.5 mmol/L higher than in maternal circulation, with the placenta transporting 100-150 mg/kg/day of calcium during the third trimester ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Osteogenesis1
- Positive charge was introduced via cationization that additionally supported the stability of the scaffold in cell culture, and acted as nucleation point for mineralization during osteogenesis. (nature.com)
Teeth5
- Calcium is vital for strong bone and teeth formation. (jostchemical.com)
- What is the Mineralization of Teeth? (colgate.com)
- Calcium phosphate is an important biomaterial in bones and teeth. (lightsources.org)
- Mineralization is critical for the formation of bones that are strong and rigid and teeth that can withstand chewing and grinding. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the ALPL gene lead to the production of an abnormal version of TNSALP that cannot participate effectively in the mineralization of developing bones and teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
Scaffolds3
- Novel cellulose based-scaffolds were studied for their ability to nucleate bioactive calcium phosphate crystals for future bone healing applications. (chalmers.se)
- Scaffolds that were treated with CaCl2, a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and CaCl2 and NaOH and CaCl2, were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to understand the growth of bioactive calcium phosphate (Ca-P) crystals as a function of surface treatment. (chalmers.se)
- Calcium phosphate scaffolds are interesting given their compositional similarity with bone mineral. (jostchemical.com)
Sodium7
- 2. The regulation of sodium/phosphate cotransporter activity in the renal tubules is the primary mechanism by which phosphate homeostasis is maintained. (frontiersin.org)
- What is potassium phosphate/sodium phosphate, and what is it used for? (medicinenet.com)
- Potassium phosphate/sodium phosphate is a medication used to correct lower than normal levels of phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia) and in the urine, and to acidify the urine. (medicinenet.com)
- Potassium phosphate is a combination salt of potassium and phosphorus and sodium is a combination of sodium and phosphorus. (medicinenet.com)
- Potassium phosphate/sodium phosphate helps restore normal phosphorus levels in patients deficient in phosphorous. (medicinenet.com)
- Potassium phosphate/sodium phosphate may cause a mild laxative effect in some people, particularly in the initial period of therapy. (medicinenet.com)
- What are the side effects of potassium phosphate/sodium phosphate? (medicinenet.com)
Osteoid2
- Several diseases can result in disorders of bone mineralization, which can be defined as the process by which osteoid becomes calcified. (medscape.com)
- When insufficient calcium and vitamin D is available to mineralize the osteoid, the bone develops mineralization defects that can both weaken the bone and lead to clinical osteomalacia . (fluoridealert.org)
Precipitates1
- however, DNA-calcium phosphate precipitates are internalized by the cells and DNA is efficiently expressed in almost all cell types. (jostchemical.com)
Extracellular1
- This process depends on adequate levels of ionized calcium and phosphate in the extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)
Precipitation3
- The co-precipitation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPs) in the presence of nucleotide chains such as polynucleotides ( i.e. , plasmid DNA and siRNA) and oligonucleotides has been extensively used for pre-clinical gene or drug delivery and immunotherapy studies. (rsc.org)
- The final stage of mineralization was the precipitation of crystalline calcite in spaces that had previously remained unmineralized. (researchgate.net)
- Since common bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, hinge on an abnormal calcium phosphate precipitation process, this improved understanding of the role of collagen in precipitation could lead to insight into the treatment of these diseases. (lightsources.org)
Metabolism3
- In addition, a renal tubular defect that reduces reabsorption may alter phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
- and calcium metabolism[?] . (kids.net.au)
- Rocaltrol is indicated for the correction of the abnormalities of calcium and phosphate metabolism in patients with renal osteodystrophy. (medicines.org.uk)
Mechanism4
- It has been hypothesized that the first mechanism of animal tissue mineralization began either in the oral skeleton of conodont or the dermal skeleton of early agnathans. (wikipedia.org)
- The mineralization mechanism of mammalian tissue was later elaborated in actinopterygians and sarcopterygians during bony fish evolution. (wikipedia.org)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Mage-D1 in rat tooth germ development and its differential mineralization ability to ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), and to explore its potential mechanism. (researchsquare.com)
- However, the mechanism of dental mineralization is still far from being revealed, which restricts the process of dental tissue engineering and tooth regeneration. (researchsquare.com)
Apatite1
- The analyses confirm the presence of apatite, with phosphate most likely derived from the body itself. (peerj.com)
Potassium1
- The ability to concentrate urine declines early and is followed by decreases in ability to excrete excess phosphate, acid, and potassium. (msdmanuals.com)
Tissue3
- In our previous studies, EMSCs were obtained from rat embryonic facial process tissue by fluorescence p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) activated cell sorting, providing a good stem cell model for studies of dental mineralization. (researchsquare.com)
- The major role of AlkP in soft tissue is to remove inhibitors of mineralization. (medscape.com)
- Structural evidence for a functional role of human tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization. (medlineplus.gov)
Phosphorus levels1
- Vitamin D plays a role in the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. (medshopexpress.com)
Mineralize1
- Our bodies mineralize calcium phosphate both inside and outside collagen-confined spaces, and scientists are still working to understand how the two types of mineralization occur. (lightsources.org)
Concentration2
- Study of these refractory cases revealed low serum phosphate concentration as a common factor. (medscape.com)
- [ 5 , 6 ] However, lowered serum phosphate levels correlated with an equal degree of renal tubular reduction of tubular time of maximal concentration (T max ) of phosphate in both sexes, pointing to an additional factor in the creation of the bone disease in affected males. (medscape.com)
Nucleation1
- Without polyaspartic acid, extrafibrillar nucleation of calcium phosphate is dominant while with polyaspartic acid, intrafibrillar nucleation mainly occurs. (lightsources.org)
Homeostasis3
- Also, significant discoveries including new embryological molecular genetic transcription factors, the role of active placental mineral transport, and hormone regulation factors have changed the understanding of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the fetus and the newborn. (frontiersin.org)
- Their functions include to varying degrees: formation of bone, matrix maintenance and calcium homeostasis. (kids.net.au)
- Osteopontin OPN] has originally been identified from various sources, but initially research focused on its role in mineralization and bone homeostasis and remodelling. (benthamscience.com)
Collagen2
- Recent research at the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Photon Source (APS) has investigated mineralization rates and shown that collagen structures reduce the energy barriers to mineralization by providing a substrate on which the calcium phosphate can precipitate. (lightsources.org)
- Over this time, osteoblast cell morphology, matrix mineralisation, osteogenic gene expression and collagen production were assessed. (edu.au)
Morphology1
- Calcium phosphate with a channel-like morphology by polymer templating. (mpg.de)
Osteomalacia1
- Osteomalacia may be observed in fluorotic individuals with a reduced or suboptimal intake of calcium. (fluoridealert.org)
Accumulation1
- In addition to causing CPPD crystal formation, excess ePPi accumulation may also affect BCP mineralization. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulate1
- Major phosphaturic hormones that regulate renal phosphate handling are PTH and FGF23. (frontiersin.org)
Adequate1
- The effectiveness of treatment depends in part on an adequate daily intake of calcium, which should be augmented by dietary changes or supplements if necessary. (medicines.org.uk)
Molecules2
- However, the exact role of these molecules in mineralization and tuning the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized CaPs is still not entirely clear. (rsc.org)
- This enzyme acts as a phosphatase, which means that it removes clusters of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (phosphate groups) from other molecules. (medlineplus.gov)
Demineralization1
- That means that when there is an imbalance between these two processes-say, when there is too much demineralization and not enough mineralization, tooth decay can occur. (colgate.com)
Skeleton1
Disorders1
- 4. A thorough understanding of the topic is essential to correct diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium and phosphate in the newborn. (frontiersin.org)
Modification1
Effectively1
Acid3
- Interface-controlled calcium phosphate mineralization: effect of oligo(aspartic acid)-rich interfaces. (mpg.de)
- Phosphate plays important roles in maintaining a steady state of calcium level, as a buffer in acid-base equilibrium, and in the excretion of hydrogen ion in the kidneys. (medicinenet.com)
- Phosphate is essential for the nucleic acid structure, cell membrane structure, energy storage and transfer, cell signaling, stable mineral levels, and bone mineralization. (medicinenet.com)
Levels5
- Diagnosis is typically based on elevated blood levels of 25(OH)D. Treatment consists of stopping vitamin D , restricting dietary calcium, restoring intravascular volume deficits, and, if toxicity is severe, giving corticosteroids or bisphosphonates. (merckmanuals.com)
- In patients with normal or only slightly reduced calcium levels, doses of 0.25 mcg every other day are sufficient. (medicines.org.uk)
- The recently published ank gene story establishes the direct tie between low ePPi levels and excess BCP mineralization of articular structures in another animal model. (biomedcentral.com)
- Increasing urinary phosphates reduces the pH levels and makes the urine more acidic, which helps keep the urinary calcium soluble, reduces rash and odor caused by ammoniacal urine, and increases the effectiveness of certain antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections . (medicinenet.com)
- Serum phosphate reduction in relation to normal levels was equal for male and female subjects. (medscape.com)
Osteoporosis1
Tooth1
- Ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) derived from the cranial neural crest are significant in tooth development and dental mineralization. (researchsquare.com)
Mineral1
- OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the indirect effect of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), as 2 calcium silicate-based hydraulic cements, on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). (koreamed.org)
Cells2
- The calcium phosphate transfection is a widely used method for introducing foreign DNA plasmids into cells. (jostchemical.com)
- Their approach uses phosphate from the biomolecule that stores and transports energy in our cells, which allows the carrier to be more compatible with the human body. (lightsources.org)