However, the exploitation of homology between TAAs and antigens derived from microorganisms (MoAs) (molecular mimicry) may provide the most effective results. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, the term "molecular mimicry" was originally introduced in 1964 to define the similarity between antigens expressed by infectious agents and human cells, as cause of the microbial escape from the host immune response and a more aggressive infection [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, already two years earlier, without any experimental evidence of molecular similarity, an opposite implication of the molecular mimicry was postulated. (biomedcentral.com)
The phenomena of immune escape and the auto-immunity elicited by the molecular mimicry may appear as contradictory but are the two faces of the same coin, representing the extremes of a biological continuum. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (Eimeria) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts. (bvsalud.org)
We sought to determine whether immune reactivity occurs between anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein antibodies and human tissue antigens, and whether molecular mimicry between COVID-19 viral proteins and human tissues could be the cause. (frontiersin.org)
Using a combination of structural analyses and functional assays, we identify a molecular sensor within the S1 Ub-binding site of PLpro that serves as a key determinant of substrate specificity. (bvsalud.org)
GAS M proteins share epitopes (antigenic-determinant sites that are recognized by antibodies) with proteins found in synovium, heart muscle, and heart valve, suggesting that molecular mimicry by GAS antigens from rheumatogenic strains contributes to the arthritis, carditis, and valvular damage. (msdmanuals.com)
Antigens1
Genetic host risk factors include the D8/17 B-cell antigen and certain class II histocompatibility antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
Antibodies2
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has made significant contributions to our understanding of antibody-spike interactions through in-depth structural analysis that detail the specificities and mechanisms of how monoclonal neutralizing antibodies bind spike to prevent infection. (stanford.edu)
Now, the Barnes laboratory investigates viral-host interactions and translates knowledge of the structural correlates of antibody-mediated neutralization of viruses into the rational development of highly protective antibodies. (stanford.edu)
Diversification1
Epitope spreading is defined as the diversification of epitope specificity from the initial focused, dominant epitope-specific immune response, directed against a self or foreign protein, to subdominant and/or cryptic epitopes on that protein (intramolecular spreading) or other proteins (intermolecular spreading). (nature.com)
Protein5
The MJ is anchored by a high affinity complex of two parasite proteins: Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (PfAMA1) displayed on the surface of the parasite and Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 that is discharged from the parasite and imbedded in the membrane of the host cell. (bvsalud.org)
We combine biophysical and structural methods (e.g., cryo-EM), protein engineering, and in vivo approaches to understand how enveloped viruses infect host cells and elicit antigen-specific immune responses. (stanford.edu)
It is essential for processing viral polyproteins for replication and functions in host immune evasion by cleaving ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) conjugates. (bvsalud.org)
present structures of a protein complex in which protein E of bacteriophage φX174 functions to inhibit host peptidoglycan synthesis, thereby inducing lysis. (x-mol.com)
Higher attack rates occur with certain streptococcal M protein serotypes and a stronger host immune response (likely resulting from as-yet-uncharacterized genetic tendencies). (msdmanuals.com)
Mechanisms1
To find new strategies, it is important to understand the mechanisms that Staphylococcus aureus uses to adapt to its host and how the host responds to the presence of staphylococcal cells. (currentbioscience.com)
Behavior4
Examples of parasites that manipulate the behavior of their hosts are not hard to come by, but scientists have only recently begun to understand how they induce such dramatic changes. (the-scientist.com)
Although researchers have observed countless examples of parasites hijacking the autonomy of their hosts, only now are they beginning to understand how the parasites tinker with numerous systems within the host, ultimately changing the host's behavior in grotesque and horrific ways. (the-scientist.com)
Finally, we discuss how kleptoparasitism could vary in function of host behavior and how the high behavioral variability of Argyrodes elevatus could be explained. (bvsalud.org)
All the others exploited by the host and one or more kleptopara- spiders (except theridiids) merely cohabit webs or sites with little or no aggressive behavior, and (iii) share food with their hosts. (bvsalud.org)
Parasite7
In some instances, such as two of the little Australasian glossy cuckoos (Chrysococcyx), the parasite relies mainly on a single host species. (drpendleton.com)
It is therefore of great advantage to a brood parasite to lay eggs that resemble those of its host, or, conversely, to parasitize species whose eggs are the same colour as its own. (drpendleton.com)
Egg rejection markedly reduced parasite fitness, but egg mimicry experiments revealed no phenotypic natural. (usgs.gov)
Parasite cultures (see Glossary) facilitate the completion of life cycles over successive generations, either invivo (i.e., onor in a host) or in vitro (i.e., in the absence of the host). (ap24534inhibitor.com)
Parasite cultures offer valuable opportunities for fundamental research andpermit manipulative studiesthat can shedlightonvariousaspects oftransmissionecology,host specificity, life history, host exploitation, and evolutionary biology. (ap24534inhibitor.com)
A growing number of aquatic parasite cultures are available, primarily to facil- itate disease management in animal production but also to advance our understanding of host-parasite inter- actions and evolution. (ap24534inhibitor.com)
Studies on this genus have revealed the major selection force, the avoidance of ants by predators such as spider wasps, that has driven the evolution of ant mimicry in spiders. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally1
Additionally, some arthropods mimic ants to escape predation (protective mimicry), while others mimic ants anatomically and behaviourally to hunt ants in aggressive mimicry. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic2
Christopher Barnes, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Biology and Sarafan ChEM-H Institute Scholar whose research leverages interdisciplinary approaches to address fundamental principles of viral-host interactions for therapeutic benefit. (stanford.edu)
It was found that Efb has three binding sites with biological relevance that could be used as therapeutic targets with specificity for fibrinogen, platelets, and complements. (currentbioscience.com)
Viral2
Viral strategies to lyse host microbes can sometimes involve just a single gene, although the mechanism of action can be hard to discern. (x-mol.com)
Interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are the major players in the host innate immunity against viral infection. (x-mol.com)
Species9
Ant mimicry also occurs in other genera of Aeolothripidae, where it has arisen independently, for example Aeolothrips albicinctus in Europe and A. bicolor in North America, the Australian species Desmothrips reedi, Allelothrips with seven species from Africa and India, Stomatothrips with eight species from the Americas. (wikipedia.org)
Males of some species of cuckoos may accompany the females in searching for potential host nests. (drpendleton.com)
more than 140 hosts species have been reported, including some that could hardly rear a young cuckoo successfully. (drpendleton.com)
Careful study of this and several other cuckoos indicates, however, that despite the wide range of hosts recorded, a few host species bear most of the load of raising the young of each cuckoo species. (drpendleton.com)
The utilization of several host species by a single population of cuckoos presents a difficult adaptive problem, for the host species may have many different egg colours. (drpendleton.com)
Most authorities now agree that a given female normally restricts her parasitism to the single host species by which she herself was reared, and that the common cuckoo population is composed of numerous clans, called gentes, each of which parasitizes only one species of bird, for which the females of that gente have evolved egg mimicry. (drpendleton.com)
Here we show that mismatches in adaptation of interacting species-an obligate brood parasitic duck and each of its two main hosts-are best explained by the evolutionary dynamics within the host species. (usgs.gov)
Vertebrate animals play an integral role in the life cycle of tick species, whereas humans are incidental hosts. (cdc.gov)
Genetic changes that allow an infectious organism to develop a symbiotic relationship with the organism they infect or jump a species barrier to infect a new host organism. (bvsalud.org)
Spiders3
Ant mimicry has a cost: the body of spider myrmecomorphs is much narrower than non-mimics, reducing the number of eggs per eggsac, compared to non-mimetic spiders of similar size. (wikipedia.org)
Aiming to increase the knowledge about this unique strategy, we describe activities accomplished by the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes elevatus (Theridiidae) in webs of captive host spiders. (bvsalud.org)
Using this method, we were able to see a wide range of events, such as the theft of stored preys, the sharing of a prey with the host, the theft of the egg sacs, the predation of host spiders, and others. (bvsalud.org)
Interactions1
The interactions between pathogens and their hosts involve complex and diverse processes at the genetic, biochemical, phenotypic, population, and community levels, while the distribution and abundance of microorganisms in nature and their microbial processes are affected by both biotic and abiotic factors that act at different scales. (nationalacademies.org)
Mechanism1
In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Clarke and colleagues uncover a coherent mechanism where the systemic spread of Firmicutes cell wall glycoconjugates enhances global immune fitness while simultaneously being delicately controlled to prevent systemic inflammation. (x-mol.com)
Infect2
Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. (bvsalud.org)
Following this training, he completed postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, where he combined biophysical methods with in vivo approaches to understand how viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infect host cells and elicit specific humoral immune responses (P. Bjorkman). (stanford.edu)
Parasitism1
Rejection of the brood parasite's eggs was common by both hosts, despite a lack of detectable cost of parasitism to the hosts. (usgs.gov)
Diagnosis1
This new classification system rendered a 99.7% specificity and 85% sensitivity for diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Similarity1
Early naturalists noted that there was often a marked resemblance between the egg of a cuckoo and those of the host, and a German ornithologist, Eduard Baldamus, in 1892 showed that the frequency and degree of similarity were too great to be coincidental. (drpendleton.com)
Dominant1
Here, we suggest that these pollinator host-switches and fig hybridization events are a dominant feature of fig/wasp coevolutionary history, and by generating novel genomic combinations in the figs have likely contributed to the remarkable diversity exhibited by this mutualism. (nature.com)
Vivo1
Historically, sick horses were used as hosts for in vivo culture, while today medicinal leeches are bred in outdoor ponds on amphibian hosts or cultured in vitro using blood from slaughtered livestock. (ap24534inhibitor.com)
Evolution1
However, during evolution, microorganisms have been selected for the ability of eluding the host immune's surveillance. (biomedcentral.com)
Parasites1
attachment to the host (in aerial stem-parasites) by many haustoria produced on epicortical runners (especially in Malesia) or by a single complex woody primary haustorium. (cybertaxonomy.org)
Variability1
Collectively, our data identify the S1 sensor region as a potential hotspot of variability that could alter host antiviral immune responses to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages. (bvsalud.org)
Occur1
Contamination of the environment can also occur via host fecal contamination. (assignster.com)
Cells2
This finding has raised an intriguing question: Does C. jejuni sense, inject and secrete putative virulence factors into host cells? (assignster.com)
The fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (cyclosporine) [ 384 , 385 ] has a greater specificity for lymphoid T cells than other cells. (nanomedicine.com)
Wide1
Aquatic cultures include the use of molluscan, crustacean, fish, amphibian, avian, and mammalian hosts for a wide diversity of para- sites (Table 1). (ap24534inhibitor.com)
Western1
To confirm the specificity of immunofluorescence, we performed Western blot analyses on all Waddlia -positive sera samples. (cdc.gov)
Human1
It is especially hard to know the history of Zika because the seemingly benign disease has been under-the-radar for most of its known time in human hosts. (eurekalert.org)
Animal1
Animal models have therefore been useful, as the peptide specificity of the initial immune response can be manipulated, genetically identical animals used, and the immune response over time in different lymphoid organs and in the target tissue can be assessed. (nature.com)
Environmental1
Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is the etiologic precursor of acute rheumatic fever, but host and environmental factors are important. (msdmanuals.com)
Presence1
This kind of mimicry probably evolved as a response to the presence of ants. (wikipedia.org)
Potential1
Moving about within her territory, the female learns of potential host nests largely by watching their construction. (drpendleton.com)
Places1
The cuckoo places only one egg in each host nest and so must find a new nest for each of her 15 to 20 eggs. (drpendleton.com)