Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson-Crick" (or "Watson-Crick-Franklin") base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
TRNA2
In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code. (wikipedia.org)
Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
Molecules4
purine-purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close, leading to overlap repulsion. (wikipedia.org)
Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature, but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. (wikipedia.org)
The steps of the staircase consist of pairs of four types of molecules called bases (nucleotides). (msdmanuals.com)
In it, two strands, composed of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules, are connected by pairs of four molecules called bases, which form the steps of the staircase. (msdmanuals.com)
Hydrogen6
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. (wikipedia.org)
Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. (wikipedia.org)
these pairings are mismatches because the patterns of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. (wikipedia.org)
The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair). (wikipedia.org)
Each pair of bases is held together by a hydrogen bond. (msdmanuals.com)
Nucleotides2
The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non-coding single-stranded regions of telomeres). (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes consist of two interwound DNA strands millions of base pairs in length. (nature.com)
Every normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Complementary1
The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Double-stranded2
The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Bases1
An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. (genome.gov)
Sequence1
The search process is remarkable in two respects: the homologous partner can be found even among the many millions of non-homologous segments, and the crucial base sequence can be recognized even when it is largely buried within a DNA double helix. (nature.com)
Helix1
Each DNA molecule is a long double helix that resembles a spiral staircase containing millions of steps. (msdmanuals.com)
Total1
The total number of DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0×1037 with a weight of 50 billion tonnes. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotide5
Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson-Crick" (or "Watson-Crick-Franklin") base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code. (wikipedia.org)
Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature, but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. (wikipedia.org)
Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
If these nucleotide pairs were letters, the genome book would number over a million pages. (encyclopedia.com)
Billion base pairs3
Assuming a rate of 2 base pairs per second x the 6 billion base pairs you inherit from your parents. (utah.edu)
Out of the 3 billion base pairs that exist in human DNA, the sequence obtained from the Human Genome Project has revealed that there are only about 30, 000 genes. (encyclopedia.com)
Thus, diploid human genomes contain six billion base pairs (1). (ddw-online.com)
Genome4
The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. (wikipedia.org)
There are 3 million base pairs in the human genome. (upi.com)
The human genome (which represents the total amount of DNA in a typical human cell) has approximately 3 × 10 9 base pairs. (encyclopedia.com)
3'-5' phosphodiester bonds join the three billion bases of the human genome in 23 pairs of linear polynucleotide chromosomes (Chr). (ddw-online.com)
Strand1
To better understand how G-T pairs form and disguise themselves, Suo and doctoral student Walter Zahurancik inserted the duo into a DNA strand using a DNA-replicating enzyme. (upi.com)
Chromosomes1
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total number of 46 chromosomes in a diploid cell, or a cell having all the genetic material. (encyclopedia.com)
Sequences1
Generation II DNA sequencing has been widely heralded as a disruptive technology, generating tens of millions of random short sequences at efficiencies up to 20,000-fold greater than Generation I (Sanger) sequencing. (ddw-online.com)
Human1
At the magnification shown here (about 7 million X), an average human chromosome would be about 621 kilometers (385 miles) long, or roughly the distance between San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA. (utah.edu)