AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
AIDS Dementia ComplexCognition DisordersAspirations (Psychology)Neuropsychological TestsMalingeringDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMental DisordersCognitionCardiopulmonary BypassSchizophreniaHIV InfectionsBipolar DisorderExecutive FunctionBrainAsymptomatic DiseasesAnxiety DisordersMood DisordersPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesNervous System DiseasesHIV-1Anti-Retroviral AgentsDepressive Disorder, MajorInterview, PsychologicalSchizophrenic PsychologyAnti-HIV AgentsPsychotic DisordersAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityDepressive DisorderManuals as Topictat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveSubstance-Related DisordersHIVComorbiditySeverity of Illness IndexAnalysis of VariancePrevalenceStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticMicrogliaPsychometricsPersonality DisordersCohort StudiesCentral Nervous SystemAlcoholismActivities of Daily LivingQuestionnairesNeuronsRisk FactorsSomatoform DisordersReproducibility of ResultsImpulse Control DisordersObsessive-Compulsive DisorderCross-Sectional StudiesPhobic DisordersAlcohol-Related DisordersIntelligence TestsPersonality AssessmentDepressionViral LoadHIV Envelope Protein gp120AstrocytesConduct DisorderAutistic DisorderLongitudinal StudiesAntisocial Personality DisorderMemory DisordersAttentionMagnetic Resonance ImagingMemoryCase-Control StudiesMental Health ServicesLearning DisordersHealth SurveysFollow-Up StudiesBrain ConcussionPsychiatryChild Development Disorders, PervasiveBorderline Personality DisorderProspective StudiesWechsler ScalesSensitivity and SpecificityPsychopathologyTreatment OutcomePsychomotor PerformanceAge of OnsetVerbal LearningMarijuana AbuseTime FactorsUnited StatesIntelligenceAge FactorsGamblingImpulsive BehaviorModels, PsychologicalSex FactorsMemory, Short-TermAntipsychotic AgentsCompulsive Personality DisorderCells, CulturedCranial Irradiation
DementiaSymptomsImpairmentBehaviorNeurodevelopmentalBehaviorsDepressionBipolarDeficitsBehavioralPOCDSchizoaffective disorderDepressiveAnxietyOutcomesAddictionPsychoticDeficitAgingSubstance use disordersAutismPsychosisAlzheimer'sPhysiologicalMood disordersPersonality disordersNeuropsychiatricCognitive DisordersInternational ClassifiIllnessDiagnosisPathogenesisSevereHealthRefersBrainPatientsPathwayPsychological disordersDefineAssessmentAlcoholMemory
Dementia14
  • DLB is dementia that occurs with "some combination of fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and parkinsonism", according to Armstrong (2019), when Parkinson's disease is not well established before the dementia occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Institute provides high-level care and treatment for patients affected by Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and related disorders. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical state intermediate between elderly normal cognition and dementia that affects a significant amount of the elderly population, featuring memory complaints and cognitive impairment on neuropsychological testing, but no dementia [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Dementia - Several definitions for dementia exist, but a commonly used framework is one provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). (medilib.ir)
  • For most forms of dementia, however, memory and language dysfunction are generally always present. (medilib.ir)
  • Within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fifth edition (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) [1], abnormal cognitive profiles are divided into Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and Major Neurocognitive Disorder (also known as dementia). (cambridge.org)
  • A clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD or mild AD dementia, both with confirmed presence of amyloid beta pathology consistent with AD. (cms.gov)
  • A study population whose diversity of patients are representative of the national population with MCI due to AD or mild AD dementia. (cms.gov)
  • A neurocognitive evaluation and a description of the instruments used to assess cognition and function for the clinical diagnosis of MCI due to AD or mild AD dementia for study enrollment and outcomes assessment. (cms.gov)
  • Criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ) should be used in the diagnosis of dementia. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical dementia is a fairly broad-based decline of brain function, and most definitions center on the patient's intellectual decline and memory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, temporospatial analysis of the EEG record is a useful indicator of cortical dysfunction in dementia and correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Dementia caregivers are at risk of a variety of negative mental health consequences. (springerpub.com)
  • The frequency of both mild cognitive impairment and dementia is risen. (org.ua)
Symptoms13
  • The disorder is commonly diagnosed in children, and up to 70% of childhood cases, and the symptoms that lead to impaired functioning persist into adulthood. (standardofcare.com)
  • For each disorder category, the manual includes a set of diagnostic criteria-lists of symptoms and guidelines that psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and other health professionals use to determine whether a patient or client meets the criteria for one or more diagnostic categories. (psychologytoday.com)
  • For diagnosis of major depressive disorder, for example, the current DSM states that a person shows at least five of a list of nine symptoms (including depressed mood, diminished pleasure, and others) within the same two-week period. (psychologytoday.com)
  • When people present to mental health services, professionals need to have some guide as to which treatments will best address particular collections of symptoms. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Self-reported autism symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorders. (springer.com)
  • Cognitive symptoms are also present in other psychiatric disorders, are a hallmark of aging, and define several late-life disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. (nature.com)
  • Together, this suggests that reduced signaling of the SST+ neuron/α5-GABA-A receptor pathway contributes to cognitive dysfunctions, and that it represents a novel therapeutic target for remediating mood and cognitive symptoms in depression, other psychiatric disorders and during aging. (nature.com)
  • Many symptoms (such as fear, agitation, hopelessness, insomnia, obsessions) contribute to the type of dysfunction we are describing. (byu.edu)
  • 2. Discuss the symptoms and causes of Cluster A Personality Disorders. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • The psychotic disorder has an array of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. (thrivetalk.com)
  • The range of these symptoms in conjunction with the fact that there's not a simple lab test to conclude if an individual has schizophrenia makes the disorder difficult to diagnose. (thrivetalk.com)
  • Cognitive symptoms involve neurocognitive deficits. (thrivetalk.com)
  • There are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to MDD, but longer lasting and more persistent, though often milder) and cyclothymic disorder (similar to but milder than BD). (wikipedia.org)
Impairment7
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) , also known as mild neurocognitive disorder (mild NCD), is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by a modest decline in one or more cognitive domains. (asha.org)
  • Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive and behavioral impairment that significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning. (medscape.com)
  • Conduct disorder is a marker for greater neurocognitive impairment and worse prognosis in children with ADHD. (standardofcare.com)
  • Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been defined as a condition characterized by cognitive impairment after surgery as compared to the preoperative performance, detected up to 1 year after surgery [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To compare visual attention performances and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) between subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to discover neuronal substrates related to visual attention performances. (frontiersin.org)
  • We evaluated the relationship between brain rhythmicity and both the cerebrovascular damage (CVD) and amygdalohippocampal complex (AHC) atrophy, as revealed by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in a cohort of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). (hindawi.com)
  • 13 Growing evidence suggests that bipolar disorder patients experience prominent neurocognitive impairment not only during acute mood episodes 14,15 but also during euthymia. (easap.asia)
Behavior3
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)-in which people lose the muscle paralysis (atonia) that normally occurs during REM sleep and act out their dreams-is a core feature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inflammation may provoke a Janus-faced response with a good, acute side, generating protective inflammation through sickness behavior and a bad, chronic side, for example, clinical depression, a lifelong disorder with positive feedback loops between (neuro)inflammation and (neuro)degenerative processes following less well defined triggers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis (loss of contact with reality), hallucinations (false perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech and behavior, flattened affect (restricted range of emotions), cognitive deficits (impaired reasoning and problem solving), and occupational and social dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurodevelopmental3
  • A childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate and impaired attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with is difficulties often continuing into adulthood. (standardofcare.com)
  • Shows a high concurrent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental disorders autism spectrum disorder, communication and specific learning or motor disorders, intellectual disability and tic disorders. (standardofcare.com)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by specific impairments in language, communication, social skills and presence of restricted or repetitive interests and behaviours. (bmj.com)
Behaviors1
  • In this manner, addiction to substances, pornography, gaming, and the like also qualify as mental illness because compulsive behaviors override peoples' ability to regulate themselves despite consequences. (byu.edu)
Depression11
Bipolar10
Deficits1
Behavioral3
  • High concurrent comorbidity with behavioral problems namely, defiance and conduct disorders. (standardofcare.com)
  • A psychological dysfunction refers to a breakdown of normal functioning in the cognitive, emotional, or behavioral areas. (byu.edu)
  • A mood disorder , also known as an affective disorder , is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder [2] where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature. (wikipedia.org)
POCD1
  • Postoperative delirium (POD) is common after non-cardiac surgery in older adults and can result in increased risk of adverse outcomes including postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). (biomedcentral.com)
Schizoaffective disorder2
  • If a mood disorder and schizophrenia are both present in an individual, this is known as schizoaffective disorder . (wikipedia.org)
  • Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders- brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder-are characterized. (msdmanuals.com)
Depressive9
  • The DSM features descriptions of mental health conditions ranging from anxiety and mood disorders to substance-related and personality disorders , dividing them into categories such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Total episodes, depressive episodes, time since the last episode, and cognitive dysfunction correlated with poor functioning. (easap.asia)
  • After a single episode, Major Depressive Disorder (single episode) would be diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
  • After more than one episode, the diagnosis becomes Major Depressive Disorder (Recurrent). (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals with a major depressive episode or major depressive disorder are at increased risk for suicide . (wikipedia.org)
  • Depressive disorder is frequent in primary care and general hospital practice but is often undetected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unrecognized depressive disorder may slow recovery and worsen prognosis in physical illness, therefore it is important that all doctors be able to recognize the condition, treat the less severe cases, and identify those requiring specialist care. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cerebrovascular diseases, organic mental and depressive disorders, mainly of radiation-stress-related nature, prevail among the liquidators. (org.ua)
  • The carriers of intermediate and low-level genotypes (L /S, L /L G , L G /L G , L G /S, S/S) of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 have more depressive disorders, especially severe ones, and tend to have more frequent and severe cognitive and stress-related disorders. (org.ua)
Anxiety1
  • Substance use is highly comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders, and the prevalence of these comorbid disorders has been increasing rapidly among teens and young adults. (issuu.com)
Outcomes3
  • We will evaluate the existing evidence and its limitations and inform the design of future interventional studies comparing the effects of different pain management strategies on postoperative neurocognitive outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder with physiological dependence at least doubles rates of opioid-abstinence outcomes in randomized, controlled trials comparing psychosocial treatment of opioid use disorder with medication versus with placebo or no medication. (lww.com)
  • Although racial disparities in mental health outcomes of children in foster care have been examined systematically, less is known about racial disparities in their physical health outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
Addiction3
  • Understanding the development of mental illness (including addiction) involves examining many intersecting factors coming from a variety of sources, including genetics, childhood development, current and ongoing stressors, the availability of supportive resources, and the ability or inability to use adaptive coping skills. (byu.edu)
  • Researchers are also studying whether some of these substances may be effective treatments for mental health disorders, including addiction, when administered in a clinical setting. (nih.gov)
  • Epidemiological studies of community and treatment samples and numerous studies of patients in mental health or addiction treatment programs show high rates of CODs. (sagepub.com)
Psychotic1
Deficit3
  • Executive functioning differences between adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder in initiation, planning and strategy formation. (springer.com)
  • Outcome was assessed in 23 patients via parent-rated questionnaires related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning, using the Conners 3rd Edition Rating Scales (Conners-3) and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at a mean time since injury of 3.1 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is used in patients with cognitive dysfunction involving either a general decline of overall brain function or a localized or lateralized deficit. (medscape.com)
Aging2
  • Cellular, molecular and biochemical studies in human subjects report changes affecting the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system, specifically somatostatin-expressing (SST+) GABAergic interneurons, across brain disorders and during aging. (nature.com)
  • Stevens et al recorded EEGs during 2 resting conditions (eyes closed and eyes opened) and 2 tasks (mental arithmetic and a lexical decision), with the aim of determining which temporal and spatial EEG descriptors change with cognitive decline and normal aging. (medscape.com)
Substance use disorders1
  • NIDA supports and conducts research to better understand the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs and to learn whether some of these drugs may help treat substance use disorders in medical settings. (nih.gov)
Autism7
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31 (1), 5-17. (springer.com)
  • 2011). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in adults: The use of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) module 4. (springer.com)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41 (9), 1256-1266. (springer.com)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42 (11), 2354-2363. (springer.com)
  • Previous work has suggested potential genetic and phenotypic overlap between dysregulation of Ras/MAPK signalling and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). (bmj.com)
  • 1 , 2 It has been long known that several Mendelian disorders are associated with autism. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Additional rare autosomal dominant or recessive disorders, such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Timothy syndrome and CHARGE syndrome have been described as associated with autism in clinical reports. (bmj.com)
Psychosis1
  • Psychosis is a mental disorder in which the thoughts of individuals are impaired such a degree that they have lost contact with their external reality. (thrivetalk.com)
Alzheimer's2
  • The Banner Alzheimer's Institute Case Conference is a weekly event in which physicians and staff discuss challenging and/or teaching cases of patients seen at the Institute's Memory Disorders Clinic. (psychiatrist.com)
  • In mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease patients, it has been shown that hippocampal volumes are 27% smaller than in normal elderly controls [ 10 , 11 ], whereas patients with MCI show a volume reduction of 11% [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Physiological2
  • OUD is scaled according to severity (mild/moderate/severe) and does not require physiological tolerance or dependence in order to be considered a substance use disorder. (lww.com)
  • mild neurocognitive disorder due to known physiological condition (F06. (thewrightinitiative.com)
Mood disorders3
Personality disorders1
  • Personality disorders can make people see the world in a different way, act in strange ways, and cause stress in many areas of their lives, like work, relationships, and social functioning. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
Neuropsychiatric1
  • The standard diagnostic neuropsychiatric scales, psychodiagnostic questionnaires and tests, neuropsychological methods (including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with premorbid IQ (pre-IQ) assessment), neuropsychiatric and psychophysiological methods (quantitative EEG (qEEG) and the auditory cognitive evoked potentials (Event-Related Potentials, ERP) were applied. (org.ua)
Cognitive Disorders3
  • Relevance of the present work is determined by the considerable prevalence of both affective and cognitive disorders in the victims due to the Chornobyl accident, the pathogenesis of which is insufficiently studied. (org.ua)
  • Objective is to identify the neuropsychiobiological mechanisms of the formation of the remote affective and cognitive disorders following exposure to ionizing radiation taking into account the specific gene polymorphisms. (org.ua)
  • The association of genotypes by 5_HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms of the SLC6A4 gene with affective and cognitive disorders suggests the presence of neuropsychobiological features of these disorders associated with ionizing radiation depending on the certain gene polymorphisms. (org.ua)
International Classifi2
Illness10
  • [4] Medically, alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness. (wikipedia.org)
  • [10] Mental illness or other addictions may complicate treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Is Mental Illness? (byu.edu)
  • Mental illness is complex. (byu.edu)
  • We will briefly address these two complexities and then discuss defining mental illness, or psychological disorders . (byu.edu)
  • Defining mental illness is also challenging. (byu.edu)
  • Even though the professional psychological community attempts to categorize and define mental illness in standard terms so that researchers may contribute to the development of effective treatments, those categorizations have changed, and continue to change over time, as the culture changes. (byu.edu)
  • Thus, for our purposes here, we will define mental illness with a broad-stroke definition that captures its essence without getting tangled up in the details of competing arguments or political correctness that can change over time. (byu.edu)
  • In general, mental illness is the presence of all three of the following elements: dysfunction, distress, and atypical cultural response. (byu.edu)
  • We will then provide a brief list of disorders that have been classified as mental illness. (byu.edu)
Diagnosis6
Pathogenesis1
  • reflecting considerable heterogeneity of underlying pathogenesis under current diagnostic repertoire. (frontiersin.org)
Severe2
  • Stereotypic movement disorder can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. (psychologytoday.com)
  • The risk for stereotypic movement disorder is greater among individuals with severe intellectual disabilities. (psychologytoday.com)
Health17
  • The ICD is the primary diagnostic tool for mental health professionals outside the U.S. (psychologytoday.com)
  • However, there are also ways in which mental health professionals don't view the DSM as clinically useful. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) 1 as the maladaptive use of opioids, prescribed or illicit, resulting in two or more criteria that reflect impaired health or function over a 12-month period. (lww.com)
  • According to the National Institute of Mental Health, at least one in four American adults has some form of mental disorder. (issuu.com)
  • the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016 [update] . (wikipedia.org)
  • Ans ) A personality disorder is a mental health condition that involves long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, acting, feeling, and relating to others. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • In recent years, there has been growing research interest in the potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs to treat medical conditions , including mental health disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, medical, mental health, and other healthcare professionals working in a variety of settings with a variety of patient populations are likely to encounter patients who have used or are currently using methamphetamine. (netce.com)
  • This course is designed for health and mental health professionals who are involved in the evaluation or treatment of persons who use methamphetamine. (netce.com)
  • NetCE is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors #MHC-0021. (netce.com)
  • This course is considered self-study by the New York State Board of Mental Health Counseling. (netce.com)
  • The DSM was originally published in 1952 with data from psychiatric hospitals and mental health clinicians. (thrivetalk.com)
  • Many individuals have co-occurring disorders (CODs)-a combination of a substance use disorder (SUD) and a mental health disorder. (sagepub.com)
  • For example, the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study found that 37% of individuals with a lifetime alcohol use disorder and 53% with a drug use disorder met the criteria for a mental health disorder. (sagepub.com)
  • The World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to define the presence or absence of insomnia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Find a local NHS urgent mental health helpline - follow this link and type in your postcode for local NHS urgent mental health helpline. (thinkingautism.org.uk)
  • Here to help you take on any challenge you're facing - from mental health to money, from homelessness to finding a job, from break-ups to drugs. (thinkingautism.org.uk)
Refers1
  • [5] The term was then replaced by mood disorder , as the latter term refers to the underlying or longitudinal emotional state, [6] whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others. (wikipedia.org)
Brain5
  • Egyptian papyri from the 16th century BCE show that people knew the brain was where mental functions happened. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • The biological field showed that brain pathology and mental disorders are related. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • Emil Kraepelin, who lived from 1856 to 1926, helped develop the biological point of view by pointing out how important brain pathology and mental disorders are. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that alters the way an individual feels, thinks, and perceives. (thrivetalk.com)
  • The radiation-induced dysfunction of the cortico-limbic system in the left dominant hemisphere of the human brain with a specific involvement of the hippocampus is considered to be the key cerebral basis of postradiation organic brain damage. (org.ua)
Patients2
  • Litvan & Pillon (2000) as a short bedside cognitive in different clinical populations that usually present battery for patients with frontal lobe dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies indicate that functioning varies considerably as far as the outcome is concerned: some patients function well in between episodes whereas others have substantial dysfunction in significant functional domains, even during euthymic periods. (easap.asia)
Pathway1
  • Background Mutations in Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) pathway genes lead to a class of disorders known as RASopathies, including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), Costello syndrome (CS), and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC). (bmj.com)
Psychological disorders2
  • If you are looking for BPCC-133 IGNOU Solved Assignment solution for the subject Psychological Disorders, you have come to the right place. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
  • Trace the history of psychological disorders. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
Define1
Assessment2
  • Groups were subjected to neurocognitive and clinical assessment. (easap.asia)
  • Participants underwent a diagnostic assessment for alcohol consumption, MRI, 1H-MRS for in vivo assessment of Glu and other metabolites, and MEG scanning during a paired click protocol. (biomedcentral.com)
Alcohol2
  • [24] Someone with a parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder themselves, but only a minority of them do. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alcohol use disorders were twice as high as drug use disorders in the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. (sagepub.com)
Memory2
  • [4] Experiencing uncontrollable crying and grief, restricted emotional reactions (i.e., appearing to have only one emotion, such as anger), memory problems, chronic fear when situations are nonthreatening, and such are all examples of a psychological dysfunction. (byu.edu)
  • The chapter also examines two controversial diagnoses, the main feature of which is memory loss dissociative identity disorder (DID) and psychogenic or dissociative amnesia. (springerpub.com)