Microtubules chromosome positioning. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is also dependent on several microtubule-associated proteins such as EB1 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). (wikipedia.org)
The chromatin found in the nucleus is a mass of DNA and proteins which are bundled together to create chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. (databasefootball.com)
and motor proteins use chemical energy to push and pull materials along microtubules, or move the microtubules themselves. (sciencedaily.com)
Then the microtubules -- aided by proteins and motor proteins -- begin to shorten and move, pulling the chromosomes toward the centrosomes, until the two sets have been separated. (sciencedaily.com)
The kinesin superfamily of proteins consists of forty five KIF motor proteins that function in intracellular transport along microtubules. (novusbio.com)
MCAK tracks with microtubule tips by binding to end-binding proteins (EBs) through the microtubule tip localization signal SKIP, which lies N terminal to MCAK's neck and motor domain. (rupress.org)
Conditional lethal mutants in SPC98 and SPC97 reveal a role of the encoded proteins in microtubule organization by the SPB (Knop, 1998 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
In contrast, Spc110p and Spc72p are the first side-specific proteins of the SPB involved in microtubule organization. (sdbonline.org)
Here we consider recent efforts to measure forces generated within microtubule networks by ensembles of key proteins. (rupress.org)
Microtubules within the spindle are organized in a dense array, with their positions, orientations, lengths, regions of overlap, and nucleation sites regulated by motor and nonmotor proteins. (rupress.org)
As part of this process, microtubules , which are structural proteins that help make up the cell's cytoskeleton, reorganize the newly copied chromosomes into a dense, football-shaped spindle. (nih.gov)
basic kinase-substrate motifs are common with 55 human protein kinases recognizing an Arg at a position −3 from the phosphorylated Ser, whilst the Arg ( i− 3) Ser i Lys ( i +4) is a motif found in over 2000 human proteins. (portlandpress.com)
The spindle, as an active element of mitosis, contains microtubules, motor proteins and various additional proteins whose role is crucial in the formation of the spindle itself, as well as in the proper positioning of chromosomes, which results in the successful division of genetic material. (unizg.hr)
The centromere is also where kinetochore formation takes place: proteins bind on the centromeres that form an anchor point for the spindle formation required for the pull of chromosomes toward the centrioles during the anaphase and telophase of mitosis. (wikidoc.org)
The graphical viewer provides details of gene position structure and orientation, alignments of transcripts and proteins, and the ability to display SNPs and other markers. (nih.gov)
This approach has uniquely positioned my lab to discover unappreciated roles for centrosome proteins and is guiding our current research aimed to explore the etiology of centrosome- and cilia-related human diseases such as microcephaly and infertility. (nih.gov)
This is made up of proteins and microtubules. (studyread.com)
Each microtubule is polarized,at one end alpha-subunits are exposed (-) and at the other beta-subunits are exposed (+).Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a backbone for cellorganelles and vesicles to move on, a process that requires motor proteins. (tam-receptor.com)
What are other proteins or mechanisms involved in mediating chromosome alignment but not microtubule attachment? (biologists.com)
The dynamic properties of microtubules in spindles are modulated by many factors, including polymerases, depolymerases, motor proteins, cross-linkers and other microtubule associated proteins, of which many are conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms. (virginia.edu)
tumor_purity tumor purity C C177536 GDC Property Terminology C13202 Chromosome A structure found in cells that is comprised of a strand of linearized double-stranded DNA plus proteins that package the DNA in a condensed coil form and regulate chromosomal function. (nih.gov)

Dividing cells reorganize their microtubule cytoskeleton into a bipolar spindle, which moves one set of sister chromatids to each nascent daughter cell. (janelia.org)
These features are essential for life and organized by the microtubule cytoskeleton, which resembles the skeletal system that supports our human body. (princeton.edu)
In contrast to the human skeleton, the microtubule cytoskeleton is also highly dynamic. (princeton.edu)
The biological function of the microtubule cytoskeleton relies on the precise arrangement of microtubules in the cell. (princeton.edu)
We want to understand these functionalities mechanistically and use this insight to explain how they ultimately result in the self-organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. (princeton.edu)
To understand the dynamic assembly of the microtubule cytoskeleton, we combine biochemical and cell biological techniques along with advanced light microscopy methods. (princeton.edu)
This will ultimately reveal how the microtubule cytoskeleton builds cellular structures to give cells their shape, position organelles, serve as tracks that move materials, generate force for movement, and segregate chromosomes. (princeton.edu)
The cytoskeleton is dismantled into microtubules to be used during mitosis . (hellovaia.com)
Fission yeast serves seeing that a model for how cellular polarization equipment comprising signaling molecules as well as the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulates cell form. (tam-receptor.com)

Next, during anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart into individual chromosomes and pull them towards the centrosomes, located at opposite ends of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The copied DNA from each chromosome is arranged into two identical structures, called sister chromatids, which are attached to one another during the early stages of cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromatin fibers are coiled up to create sister chromatids, which are joined together at a centromere to create chromosomes. (databasefootball.com)
To think about the problem of congression, it is important to consider what the end point of this process looks like: all sister chromatids (duplicated chromosomes) are positioned halfway between the two spindle poles, with sister kinetochores bound to microtubule bundles, the so-called kinetochore (K)-fibres that emanate from opposite spindle poles. (biologists.com)
When mi-crotubules of the spindle are attached at the centromere of metaphase chromosomes consist-ing of two chromatids, then sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle-and next step of division proceeds. (biologydiscussion.com)
At this centromeric constriction the two mostly identical halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids , are held together until late metaphase. (wikidoc.org)
The Polar spindle fibers shorten and the centromere splits and the chromosome splits into two sister chromatids (which each becomes a daughter chromosome in the daughter cell). (studyread.com)

A universal feature of mitosis is that all chromosomes become aligned at the spindle equator - the halfway point between the two spindle poles - prior to anaphase onset. (biologists.com)
One key problem faced by cells during mitosis is how to relocate chromosomes to the spindle equator and how to ensure this position is maintained until anaphase onset ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
Using glass microneedles to directly interact with the chromosomes of dividing grasshopper spermatocytes, the researchers showed that chromosomes in anaphase can experience significant forces. (rupress.org)
Microtubule bundles can either push or restrict chromosome movement during anaphase in different cellular contexts, but how these activities are achieved remains poorly understood. (janelia.org)
Within bundles, filament overlap length marked by the cross-linking protein PRC1 decreases during anaphase as chromosome segregation slows. (janelia.org)
Motor protein that translocates PRC1 to the plus ends of interdigitating spindle microtubules during the metaphase to anaphase transition, an essential step for the formation of an organized central spindle midzone and midbody and for successful cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
the X1 and X2 chromosomes move to the same pole in anaphase. (silverchair.com)
Mitosis is the division of the DNA chromosomes and takes place over five sub-phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (hellovaia.com)
At the end of anaphase, both cell poles have a complete set of chromosomes . (studyread.com)

A centromere functions in sister chromatid adhesion, kinetochore formation, and pairing of homologous chromosomes . (wikidoc.org)
We show that kinetochores on homologous chromosomes move together, microtubules are dynamic and pivot around the spindle pole, and the average capture time is 3-4 minutes. (nature.com)
Our theory describes paired kinetochores on homologous chromosomes as a single object, as well as angular movement of microtubules and their dynamics. (nature.com)
In addition, we model KCs on homologous chromosomes as a single object because we have observed that they move in a correlated manner. (nature.com)
Moreover, the paired configuration of KCs on homologous chromosomes significantly increases capture efficiency. (nature.com)
In the firstdivision, the reduction division, homologous chromosomes areseparated randomly between two da ughter cells, giving the haploidchromosome number. (dokumen.tips)
Meiotic crossovers form a physical link between the homologous chromosomes, thereby ensuring proper chromosome segregation and enhancing genetic diversity of the progeny. (cam.ac.uk)

We aim to explore how kinetochores can 'read-out' their spatial position within the spindle, and adjust these force-generating mechanisms to ensure chromosomes reach, and then remain, at the equator. (biologists.com)
These forces are largely dependent on kinetochores - multiprotein complexes that assemble on each sister chromatid and form both end-on and lateral attachments to spindle microtubules. (biologists.com)
One plausible answer is that the network of microtubules that fill the spindle but do not interact directly with kinetochores are generating opposing forces, resulting in a force balance across the whole of the bipolar spindle network. (rupress.org)
By ultrafast 3D lattice light-sheet microscopy, we observed that this mechanism results in a strong directional bias of microtubule growth toward individual kinetochores. (janelia.org)
By means of ultrastructural analysis of serial sections of cells in several stages of meiosis I, metaphase of meiosis II, and mitosis, we found that the kinetochore region of two of the three nonrandomly segregating chromosomes differ from autosomal kinetochores only during meiosis I. The distinction is most pronounced at metaphase I when massive aggregates of electron-dense substance mark the kinetochores of X1 and Y chromosomes. (silverchair.com)
The lateral position of the kinetochores of X1 and Y chromosomes and the association of these chromosomes with microtubules running toward both poles are also characteristic of meiosis I and further distinguish X1 and Y from the autosomes. (silverchair.com)
This spatial relationship may be a result of a linkage of X1 and Y chromosomes lying in opposite half spindles via a small bundle of microtubules that runs between their unusual kinetochores. (silverchair.com)
Thus, nonrandom segregation in Neocurtilla hexadactyla involves a unique modification at the kinetochores of particular chromosomes, which presumably affects the manner in which these chromosomes are integrated within the spindle. (silverchair.com)
Kinetochores are protein complexes on the chromosomes, whose function as linkers between spindle microtubules and chromosomes is crucial for proper cell division. (nature.com)
For the experimentally measured parameters, the model reproduces the measured capture kinetics and shows that the paired configuration of kinetochores accelerates capture, whereas microtubule pivoting and dynamics have a smaller contribution. (nature.com)
Interestingly, the centromeres, which mediate attachment to microtubules via the kinetochores during cell divisions, are highly suppressed for crossovers in most eukaryotes. (cam.ac.uk)
2012)). (D) Tracks of one kinetochores (the right one in (B)) two probes (EYFP-Cdc20 and CenpC-mCherry, as for (E) and (F)), moving during chromosome oscillations (dashed lines = reversals). (kidztrainer.com)
At every time point, we acquire a phase contrast image to monitor cell health and associate kinetochores in pairs (a proxy for tension) by identifying chromosomes, and a simultaneous two-color confocal image to monitor the distance between the two kinetochore probes (Figure 6B). (kidztrainer.com)
Data analysis for sub-pixel resolution kinetochore imaging After data collection, we begin by tracking each kinetochores position over time (SpeckleTracker, Matlab program written by Xiaohu Wan), and then determine the centroids of the Hec1-EGFP or EYFP-Cdc20 and CenpC-mCherry probes at each time point by fitting a 2D Gaussian ( lsqcurvefit , Matlab) in a 1010 pixel box (Figure 6CCD). (kidztrainer.com)
The authors firstly determined through siRNA treatment or CRISPR-Cas9 genomic editing that Kif18A-depleted hTERT-RPE1 cells have disrupted chromosome alignment as measured by the distribution of labeled kinetochores along the spindle axis. (biologists.com)

Centromeres direct chromosome segregation, and therefore are the genetic elements with the best opportunity to cheat the segregation process. (nih.gov)
Centromeres incorporate both MT-binding and counteracting MT-destabilizing activities: the former attaches chromosomes to the spindle, and the latter promotes re-orientation of incorrect attachments to prevent segregation errors. (nih.gov)
During metaphase, the kinetochore microtubules extending from each centrosome connect to the centromeres of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian centromeres bind about 30 to 40 spindle fibres or microtubules whereas only one microtubule is attached to the centromere of yeast. (biologydiscussion.com)
During mitosis the centromeres can be identified in particular during the metaphase stage as a constriction at the chromosome. (wikidoc.org)
The daughter chromosomes will assemble centromeres in the same place as the parent chromosome, independent of sequence. (wikidoc.org)
It is unknown why and how crossovers are suppressed in the centromeres, although proximal crossovers close to the centromeres may impact chromosome segregation during meiosis and thereby reduce fertility. (cam.ac.uk)
These polar spindle fibers exert opposing pushing forces at the centromeres and the chromosome is held in place. (studyread.com)

Cortical Dynein, a motor protein moves along the microtubules of the cell and plays a key role in the growth and inhibition of aster microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
A shortage of this protein impairs the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cell division proceeds, even if not all the chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules. (medlineplus.gov)
To learn more about the mechanics, Forth investigates the forces exerted within subsections of the spindle, using simple "building blocks" composed of a single type of protein and microtubules. (sciencedaily.com)
For example, the protein PRC1 binds with microtubules, creating bundles of microtubules and cross-links between them. (sciencedaily.com)
PRC1 works along with a motor protein, which slides microtubules, and PRC1 slows the motion of that slide through resistance. (sciencedaily.com)
In this configuration, the microtubules continually adjust their lengths with the help of the protein EB-1 (green) at their tips. (nih.gov)
2] Tau-based fluorescent protein fusions to visualize microtubules . (nih.gov)
Microtubules are cylindrical and dynamic polymers that consist of the protein tubulin. (princeton.edu)
The encoded protein is an ATP dependent microtubule-based motor protein that is involved in the intracellular transport of membranous organelles. (nih.gov)
This protein also associates with condensed chromosome arms and may be involved in maintaining chromosome integrity during mitosis. (nih.gov)
All chromosomes have a special DNA-protein structure at the end called Telomeres. (biologydiscussion.com)
Like in lung cancer (adenocarcinoma), there is a gene named EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) and ALK-EML4(Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4). (aijr.org)
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binding motor protein that has a role in chromosome segregation during mitosis. (cusabio.com)
The derived protein consists of the amino-terminal portion of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and the intracellular region of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). (diff.org)
an N-terminal basic region - a hydrophobic domain (HELP) for the association to microtubules - the WD repeats that is necessary for protein-interactions. (diff.org)
MTs interact with a chromosome via the kinetochore (KC), a large protein complex located at the centromere. (nature.com)
and the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene on chromosome 17 (accession GL000258 ). (nih.gov)
The BICD2 protein helps the dynein complex with protein transport, positioning of cell compartments, mobility of structures within the cell, and many other cell processes. (nih.gov)
One mutation that has been found in multiple affected individuals and families replaces the amino acid serine with the amino acid leucine at position 107 in the BICD2 protein (written as Ser107Leu or S107L). (nih.gov)
12. Interaction of NuMA protein with the kinesin Eg5: its possible role in bipolar spindle assembly and chromosome alignment. (nih.gov)

Growth of Microtubules Polymerization and nucleation are the two microscopic processes in with the growth of asters occur. (wikipedia.org)
Not involved in microtubule polymerization nor nucleation. (gifu-u.ac.jp)

Due to the lengthening of the microtubules, the two pairs of centrioles separate and move toward opposite poles. (studyread.com)
While the spermatogenesis process, spermatids tend to appear in a tail by developing microtubules under one of the centrioles, which eventually becomes the basal body. (vedantu.com)

This requires experimentally perturbing chromosome alignment without affecting bioriented kinetochore attachments to spindle microtubules, which has been a challenging technical issue. (biologists.com)

Kinesin activity has been linked to various cellular functions such as vesicle transport, mitotic spindle formation, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. (novusbio.com)

This question has captivated mitosis researchers for over half a century because the alignment of chromosomes and the formation of a metaphase plate is a universal feature of animal cells ( Pereira and Maiato, 2012 ). (biologists.com)
Normally, dividing cells form a single metaphase plate of paired chromosomes which are pulled apart by opposing microtubule spindles. (cellimagelibrary.org)
This work brings together several aspects of the cell cycle as one cellular process, from metaphase plate alignment to nuclear envelope formation in the following interphase, rather than focusing solely on the mechanisms that may disrupt chromosome alignment. (biologists.com)

However, the results from this series of experiments also give rise to an important question: If large forces on chromosomes are being applied from the center of the bipolar spindle outward, toward the poles, how does a spindle maintain its structural integrity and not simply collapse under this tension? (rupress.org)
Spindle fibres or microtubules are attached at this point which helps in moving the chromosomes or chromatids to the poles during cell division. (biologydiscussion.com)
To prevent such errors, the cell employs intricate mechanisms to preposition the spindle poles with respect to chromosomes, ensure the formation of end-on attachments in restricted spindle regions, repair faulty attachments by error correction mechanisms, and delay segregation by the spindle assembly checkpoint. (irb.hr)
The spindle fibers from opposite poles keep chromosomes in position at the equator. (studyread.com)
The nuclear envelope starts forming around the cluster of chromosomes at both poles of the cell. (studyread.com)
Despite moving at a normal speed and velocity towards the spindle poles, these chromosomes have a larger distance to travel during segregation. (biologists.com)
Thus, the lack of alignment from Kif18A loss leaves some chromosomes in a position where they are farther away from their end goal (the spindle poles), so they end up lagging behind during segregation and forming micronuclei. (biologists.com)
Importantly, we noticed that elevated acetylation of mitotic chromosomes also resulted in frequent microtubule perforation into chromatin regions and a strong perturbation of chromosome movements to the spindle poles, indicating an important mechanical role of histone acetylation. (viennabiocenter.org)

In this paper, we identify and define a mitotic function specific to the microtubule tip-associated population of MCAK: negative regulation of microtubule length within the assembling bipolar spindle. (rupress.org)
May play a role in mitotic chromosomal positioning and bipolar spindle stabilization. (nih.gov)

Dynein-1 also participates in the movement of chromosomes and the positioning of mitotic spindles during cell division. (nih.gov)
In the spindle midzone, microtubules from opposite half-spindles form bundles between segregating chromosomes. (janelia.org)
Mitotic spindles are highly dynamic, microtubule based constructions that function to segregate the chromosomes during cell division. (virginia.edu)

The cytoplasmic microtubules have functions in nuclear positioning and nuclear movement, while the nuclear microtubules are involved in spindle formation and chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. (sdbonline.org)

This condition is typically characterized by cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes, a situation known as aneuploidy. (medlineplus.gov)
Despite this protective machinery, there are several ways in which polar chromosomes can fail in alignment, mis-segregate, and lead to aneuploidy. (irb.hr)
When the centromere doesn't function properly, the chromosomes don't align and separate properly, resulting in the wrong number of chromosomes in the daughter cells ( aneuploidy ), and conditions such as Down syndrome , if the cells survive at all. (wikidoc.org)
Live cell imaging and chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization also revealed that Kif18A-deficient cells can still complete cell division and segregate chromosomes faithfully without aneuploidy. (biologists.com)

Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin-13 member that can track with polymerizing microtubule tips (hereafter referred to as tip tracking) during both interphase and mitosis. (rupress.org)
Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK/Kif2C) is a potent depolymerizer of microtubules in cells and in vitro. (rupress.org)
Chromokinesin represents a kinesin superfamily regulating cell division through chromosome and spindle. (cusabio.com)
Here, Fonseca et al use imaging to investigate chromosome alignment in cells that lack the kinesin Kif18A, which has been shown to have independent and separable roles in mediating both chromosome alignment and attachment. (biologists.com)

The site of constriction in a chromosome under light microscope is generally taken as the po-sition of centromere. (biologydiscussion.com)
The centromere of human chromosome contains tandemly repetitive DNA of 170 bp. (biologydiscussion.com)
The centromere is a region, often found in the middle of the chromosome , involved in cell division and the control of gene expression . (wikidoc.org)
The centromere is together with telomeres and origin of replications one of the essential parts of any eukaryotic chromosomes. (wikidoc.org)
A telocentric chromosome's centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome. (wikidoc.org)
In crops including wheat, barley, rice and tomato recombination is highly skewed to distal regions of chromosomes, while large centromere proximal regions are devoid of crossovers. (cam.ac.uk)
Each chromosome has two chromatids joined by the centromere. (studyread.com)

Astral microtubules develop in the actin skeleton and interact with the cell cortex to aid in spindle orientation. (wikipedia.org)
Microtubules and actin are two of the predominant classes of filaments, and each has distinct roles. (rockefeller.edu)
For instance, the intrinsic dynamics of microtubules drive cell division by separating duplicate sets of genetic material, while those of actin filaments power cellular movement. (rockefeller.edu)

Second, we found that CDC42 GTPase signaling from the cell cortex regulates microtubules (MTs) to induce asymmetry in MT tyrosination within the spindle and that non-Mendelian segregation depends on this asymmetry (Fig. 2B). (nih.gov)
17. Aurora A kinase regulates proper spindle positioning in C. elegans and in human cells. (nih.gov)

Cortical Dynein Controls Microtubule Dynamics to Generate Pulling Forces That Position Microtubule Asters. (wikipedia.org)
Cytoplasmic dyneins (dynein-1 and dynein-2) transport cargo toward the minus end of microtubules and thus, are termed the "retrograde" cellular motor. (nih.gov)
For example, dynein-1 works in the cell body of eukaryotes to move cargo toward the microtubule minus end and positions the Golgi complex. (nih.gov)
During transport, BICD2 stabilizes the dynein complex along a track-like system of small tubes called microtubules, similar to a conveyer belt. (nih.gov)
2. Evidence for dynein and astral microtubule-mediated cortical release and transport of Gαi/LGN/NuMA complex in mitotic cells. (nih.gov)
18. NuMA recruits dynein activity to microtubule minus-ends at mitosis. (nih.gov)

Structurally, all kinesins contain a motor domain with microtubule and nucleotide binding sites that utilize ATP to target cargo along microtubule filaments. (novusbio.com)
Here, we use high-resolution live-cell imaging to analyze individual microtubule bundles, growing filaments, and chromosome movement in dividing human cells. (janelia.org)

To form the mitotic spindle, two organelles called centrosomes move into position on opposite sides of two identical sets of chromosomes massed near the center of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)

From each of the centrosomes, a dense network of microtubules is assembled, reaching toward and around the mass of chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
At the same time, the network of microtubules in the spindle must be able to apply and sustain large forces to maintain spindle integrity. (rupress.org)

Upon expressing a mutant PRC1 with reduced microtubule affinity, bundles assemble but chromosome hypersegregation is still observed. (janelia.org)
Wasn't it already known that mitotic chromosomes assemble by DNA folding into loops, mediated by the condensin complex? (viennabiocenter.org)

Filament ends within microtubule bundles appear capped despite dynamic PRC1 turnover and submicrometer proximity to growing microtubules. (janelia.org)
Induces a crisscross mesh of microtubules, not bundles. (gifu-u.ac.jp)

HER2) site-specifically conjugated at two engineered residues of para-acetyl-phenylalanine (pAcF) via a stable oxime linker to the monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) analog and potent microtubule inhibitor opadotin, with potential antineoplastic activity. (nih.gov)

We are interested in understanding how cells acquire their shape, position organelles, move materials, and segregate chromosomes during cell division. (princeton.edu)
Most cells regularly undergo cell division, during which the cell-type specific interphase microtubule network is completely disassembled and replaced by short and dynamic microtubules of the mitotic spindle to capture, align and then segregate chromosomes. (princeton.edu)

In contrast, the start point appears chaotic, with the chromosomes distributed throughout the cell following breakdown of the nuclear envelope ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
The carboxy terminus of Spc110p, which binds calmodulin, resides at the central plaque, and the amino terminus resides at the inner plaque from which nuclear microtubules originate. (sdbonline.org)
The yeast microtubule organizing center (MTOC), known as the spindle pole body (SPB), organizes the nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubules, which are functionally and spatially distinct. (sdbonline.org)
The outer and inner plaques organize the cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules, respectively. (sdbonline.org)
Microtubule organization requires the Tub4p complex, which binds to the nuclear side of the SPB at the N-terminal domain of Spc110p. (sdbonline.org)
Many tools were designed to delimit objects in 2D and eventually in 3D, to define their shapes, their number or position in nuclear space. (brookes.ac.uk)
Part of meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex. (nih.gov)
The nucleocytoplasmic interactions established by the LINC complex play an important role in the transmission of mechanical forces across the nuclear envelope and in nuclear movement and positioning. (nih.gov)
Resulting nuclear abnormalities after loss of chromosome alignment. (biologists.com)

when all chromatids are correctly attached, the spindle microtubule pulls the two halves of the chromatid pair to opposite sides of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Unattached chromatids are not positioned correctly for separation, and the resulting cells often have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

EG5/KIF11 plays a role in spindle-pole formation and chromosome positioning and separation. (novusbio.com)

By attaching cellular structures -- like a PRC1 and microtubule assembly -- to the polystyrene bead and allowing the structure to function, Forth can measure the physical force generated by the structure. (sciencedaily.com)
During his doctoral studies, he and his colleagues produced the then-highest resolution images of microtubule structures. (rockefeller.edu)
His graduate work also explored the basis for microtubules' dynamic growth and shrinkage, as well as structures that attach chromosomes to microtubules to position them during cell division. (rockefeller.edu)
The cilia found in humans and all other vertebrates are built from essentially the same elongated structures known as microtubules . (nih.gov)
This reaction was studied by using 14C at the 1-position (indicated by onow in the following structures). (forextrading-madeeasy.com)

In mitosis, centrosomes are critical for accurate construction of the mitotic spindle to ensure faithful chromosome segregation to the two daughter cells. (nih.gov)
Of the many processes necessary to achieve faithful chromosome segregation in every cell cycle, the role of chromosome alignment has been one of the more difficult steps to dissect carefully. (biologists.com)

a , The position of T. brucei in a simplified phylogeny of eukaryotic life, redrawn from Burki et al. (nature.com)

This Commentary aims to document recent advances with regard to the force-generating mechanisms that are used to physically move chromosomes to the spindle equator. (biologists.com)
Although calculations based on the observed size and speed of micron-sized chromosomes moving through a viscous environment suggest that it would require only ∼0.1 pN of force to move chromosomes, Nicklas showed that the spindle machinery is capable of exerting forces of up to 700 pN before chromosome motion was stalled ( Nicklas, 1983 , 1988 ). (rupress.org)
This remarkable result suggests that the spindle can produce significantly more mechanical work by exerting forces on the micron-length scale than is minimally required to move chromosomes. (rupress.org)

Ideally, microtubules from each centrosome connect exclusively with one of each of the chromosomes in the set. (sciencedaily.com)

View research on the reconstruction and analysis of the microtubule spindle using electron tomography. (virginia.edu)
Our collaboration with Shotaro Otsuka from the neighboring Max Perutz Labs has been key to showing by electron tomography how microtubules interact with chromosome surfaces. (viennabiocenter.org)

In addition, analysis of the colocalization of Rib and Lola with marks of transcriptional activation and repression on polytene chromosomes reveals that Rib and Lola colocalize with both repressive and activating marks and with each other. (sdbonline.org)

Female meiosis provides an opportunity for genetic elements to cheat because of the highly asymmetric cell division: only chromosomes segregated to the egg are transmitted to the descendants, while the rest are degraded in polar bodies (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
A model system where the targeting of the chromosomes to the spindle can be studied is meiosis I in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ( S. pombe ). (nature.com)
PDF) Mitosis, Meiosis and Chromosomes 171L/Lab 08 Mitosis. (dokumen.tips)
Mitosis, Meiosis and Chromosomes Laboratory 8. (dokumen.tips)
Mitosis, Meiosis and Chromosomes. (dokumen.tips)
Meiosis is the process by which a parent cell divides into four daughter cells such that the chromosome number in the daughter cell is half of the parent cell. (studyread.com)

One important role is to help ensure proper chromosome separation when cells divide. (medlineplus.gov)

The Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics and Evolution, led by Dr. Takashi Akera, uses mouse oocyte system to reveal both the cell biological basis and evolutionary consequences of meiotic drive, where selfish genetic elements violate Mendel's Law of Segregation to increase their own rate of transmission. (nih.gov)
Using mouse oocytes as a model, the laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics and Evolution, led by Dr. Takashi Akera focuses on both the cell biological basis and evolutionary consequences of meiotic drive. (nih.gov)
Our systematic quantification of spindle dynamics reveals highly coordinated microtubule growth during kinetochore fiber assembly. (janelia.org)

Cells have a mechanism, called the spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays cell division until each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle microtubule. (medlineplus.gov)
To study the mechanism by which microtubules are organized at a structural level, we use biophysical methods, electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. (princeton.edu)
The mentioned elements generate forces, which will be used to describe the mechanism of chromosome alignment on the equatorial plane of the mitotic spindle. (unizg.hr)
Third we research a computational model that combines a rise transmission distributed over a characteristic length level (as for example by a reaction-diffusion mechanism) with an axis-sensing microtubules system that places landmarks at positions where microtubule suggestions touch the cortex. (tam-receptor.com)
Researchers from the Gerlich Group at IMBA discovered a molecular mechanism that confers special physical properties to chromosomes in dividing human cells to enable their faithful transport to the progeny. (viennabiocenter.org)
You describe the molecular mechanism of mitotic chromosome assembly. (viennabiocenter.org)

Studies have been carried out to determine how the Tub4p complex binds to the yeast microtubule organizing center, the spindle pole body (SPB). (sdbonline.org)
Binds microtubules. (gifu-u.ac.jp)

During mitosis, it is associated with spindle microtubule organization and chromosome positioning. (thermofisher.com)
The components of the yeast Tub4p complex have been localized to the outer and inner plaques, suggesting that they represent universal components of the microtubule organization machinery. (sdbonline.org)
The first thing we did was to remove the condensin complex to study the effect on chromosome organization. (viennabiocenter.org)

This Commentary aims to document recent advances concerning the two kinetochore-based force-generating mechanisms that drive mitotic chromosome congression in vertebrate cells: depolymerisation-coupled pulling (DCP) and lateral sliding. (biologists.com)
Finally, we will describe the 'life history' of a chromosome, and provide a working model for how individual mechanisms are integrated to ensure efficient and successful congression. (biologists.com)
These findings identify a cancer-specific mitotic vulnerability that is targetable using Plk1 inhibitors with microtubule-destabilizing agents and highlight the general utility of the VISAGE approach to elucidate molecular mechanisms of drug synergy. (nih.gov)
Our goal is to identify and characterize new mechanisms that establish the cellular microtubule architecture. (princeton.edu)
The mechanisms that facilitate kinetochore capture by microtubules are still unclear. (nature.com)
There have been an overwhelming number of studies demonstrating the importance of proper kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and it's great to see this group address these potentially interfering mechanisms in their results as well. (biologists.com)
In their latest Nature publication, researchers from the Gerlich Group at IMBA determined the molecular mechanisms that confer special physical properties to mitotic chromosomes to prevent their entanglement with microtubules of the spindle. (viennabiocenter.org)

They are absolutely required for correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindle apparatus, and are thus involved in determining the cell division site based on the geometry and polarity of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
As the video begins, a star-like array of microtubules (red) radiate outward in an apparent effort to prepare for cell division. (nih.gov)
The spindle fibre is attached to this particle that helps to separate chromosomes during cell division. (biologydiscussion.com)
The mitotic phase of the cell cycle is when the cell separates its DNA chromosomes and cell components, leading to cell division and daughter cells . (hellovaia.com)
Cell division is an essential process that comprises of several steps and dramatic movements of cellular components, most obviously chromosomes and microtubules. (biologists.com)

If PRC1 is knocked out of place, chromosomes will move too quickly apart from each other, foiling the intricate timing of mitosis. (sciencedaily.com)
Chromosome segregation distance and rate are increased in two human cell lines when microtubule bundle assembly is prevented via PRC1 knockdown. (janelia.org)

Although this activity antagonizes centrosome separation during bipolarization, it ultimately benefits the dividing cell by promoting robust kinetochore attachments to the spindle microtubules. (rupress.org)

The process of chromosome congression and alignment is at the core of mitotic fidelity. (irb.hr)
Peripheral polar chromosomes are an intriguing case as their alignment depends on the activity of kinetochore motors, polar ejection forces, and a transition from lateral to end-on attachments to microtubules, all of which can result in the delayed alignment of these chromosomes. (irb.hr)
In addition, homozygous mutant mice exhibit mortality, decreased body weight, and slowed growth, which suggests a key role for chromosome alignment in viability of organisms. (biologists.com)

But it had remained unclear why chromosomes appear as dense bodies with a sharp surface rather than a loose structure resembling a bottlebrush. (viennabiocenter.org)

EGFR gene is located on a short (p) arm of human chromosome Number 7 at position 12. (aijr.org)

Since mitochondria are positioned across the axoneme to secure energy supply, the anterior portion of the tail (named the midpiece) thickens. (vedantu.com)

At the negative ends of the aster , centrosomes will nucleate (form a nucleus) and anchor to the microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleoplasm helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus, and it supports the nucleoli and the chromosomes that are found within it. (databasefootball.com)
Live cell imaging revealed that Kif18A-deficient cells have lagging chromosomes that are excluded from the primary nucleus and form micronuclei. (biologists.com)

An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome and its associated microtubules during the early stages of mitosis in an animal cell. (wikipedia.org)

Before a cell divides, it undergoes a process called mitosis that copies its chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei. (nih.gov)
The position of this mitotic spindle tells the cell where to divide, allowing each daughter cell to contain its own identical set of DNA. (nih.gov)
One of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase. (wikidoc.org)
The distribution of identical genetic informationis brought about by the longitudinal splitting of the chromosomes. (dokumen.tips)
Acomplex spindle apparatus arranges the separation of one whole setof identical chromosomes to each daughter cell. (dokumen.tips)

9. Chromosome- and spindle-pole-derived signals generate an intrinsic code for spindle position and orientation. (nih.gov)
Thus, the intrinsic phase separation properties of chromatin are sufficient to establish a surface that is resistant to microtubule perforation. (viennabiocenter.org)

The primary assembly chromosome sequences are available under accession numbers CM000663 through CM000686 . (nih.gov)
Restricting to reference sequences (ReSeq) using the filter tab limits the results to the 282 processed RefSeq versions of chromosomes, contigs, and alternate loci that include the annotations of biological features. (nih.gov)

Some people with TRIP13 gene mutations have chromosome abnormalities that indicate problems with chromatid separation, although they do not have abnormal numbers of chromosomes in their cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Firstly, after isolating large numbers of crossover events within the centromeric regions in wild type and mutant contexts (e.g. cmt3, met1 DNA methylation mutants), I will map their position at fine scale to study links between their distribution, DNA sequence (e.g. gene density, transposons, tandem repeats), and epigenetic marks (e.g. (cam.ac.uk)
Following the Graphics report link and searching for the UGT2B17 as a marker results in the display of the region surrounding the UGT2B17 gene on chromosome 4 as shown in the bottom panel of Figure 1 . (nih.gov)

Specifically, TH588 binding to β-tubulin impaired microtubule assembly, which when combined with Plk1 blockade, synergistically disrupted mitotic chromosome positioning to the spindle midzone. (nih.gov)
When we mixed the chromatin droplets with tubulin, we observed efficient exclusion of microtubules. (viennabiocenter.org)

Some of the microtubules connect to the chromosomes, while others connect the two centrosomes, forming a cage around the chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Our lab studies centrosomes, non-membrane bound organelles that serve as the cell's main microtubule (MT) organizing center (MTOC). (nih.gov)

Astral rays, composed of microtubules, radiate from the centrosphere and look like a cloud. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy76

Organisms15

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes133

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Proteins21

Cytoskeleton9

Sister chromatids7

Anaphase9

Homologous chromosomes7

Kinetochores15

Centromeres8

Protein20

Nucleation2

Centrioles2

Attachments to spindle microtubules1

Cytokinesis1

Metaphase plate3

Poles8

Bipolar spindle2

Spindles3

Mitosis and meiosis1

Aneuploidy4

Kinesin4

Centromere7

Actin3

Regulates2

Dynein6

Filaments2

Sets of chromosomes1

Network of microtubules2

Assemble2

Bundles2

Potent microtubule1

Segregate chromosomes2

Nuclear9

Chromatids2

Formation and chromosome1

Structures5

Faithful chromosome segregation2

Eukaryotic1

Move chromosomes3

Centrosome connect1

Electron tomography2

Polytene chromosomes1

Meiosis6

Proper chromosome1

Dynamics3

Mechanism6

Binds2

Organization3

Mechanisms7

Cell division5

PRC12

Kinetochore attachments1

Alignment3

Dense1

Human chromosome1

MITOCHONDRIA1

Nucleus3

Cellular1

Identical5

Intrinsic2

Sequences2

Gene3

Tubulin2

Centrosomes2

Radiate1