• Griseofulvin and its sixteen derivatives were investigated by viscometry to examine their effects on in vitro polymerization and aggregation of microtubule proteins and depolymerization of microtubules. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Knockdown of Kif2a, but not other microtubule depolymerization or severing proteins, protects axonal microtubules from disassembly upon trophic deprivation. (nih.gov)
  • A defining feature of kinetochores is their ability to interact with microtubule plus-ends through multiple rounds of polymerization and depolymerization. (uni-due.de)
  • These data reveal that the microtubule depolymerization activity of kinesin-8 originates from conformational changes of its motor core that are amplified by dynamic contacts between its extended loop-2 and tubulin. (nature.com)
  • On curved microtubule ends, loop-1 inserts into preceding motor domains, forming head-to-tail arrays of kinesin-8s that complement loop-2 contacts with curved tubulin and assist depolymerization. (nature.com)
  • We propose that these tubulin shape-induced alternations between pro-microtubule-depolymerization and pro-motility kinesin states, regulated by loop-2, are the key to the dual activity of kinesin-8 motors. (nature.com)
  • A lack of high-resolution structures capturing a kinesin-8 motor domain at each major step of its motile and microtubule depolymerization cycles has limited our understanding of the relationship between these two catalytic cycles and the structural elements of the motor domain that control them. (nature.com)
  • At this time, our knowledge of the catalytic cycles of kinesins is limited to motile kinesins that are incapable of microtubule depolymerization, and to microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins that are non-motile. (nature.com)
  • Binding to the barbed end requires ICD dimerization and inhibits both actin polymerization and depolymerization, resembling the actin capping protein CapZ. (stanford.edu)
  • Moreover, MAP7 binds to the acetylated and stable region of individual microtubules and avoids the dynamic plus end, thereby creating a boundary that prevents microtubule depolymerization and rescues microtubule polymerization. (jefferson.edu)
  • This unique binding property, which is not observed for other MAPs, can prevent branch retraction caused by laser-induced severing or nocodazole-induced microtubule depolymerization. (jefferson.edu)
  • MAP7 also binds to the acetylated region of microtubules to prevent depolymerization and rescue polymerization. (jefferson.edu)
  • Microtubules go through reversible assembly and disassembly based on the needs of the cell or organelles (i.e., polymerization-depolymerization). (risingacademy.org)
  • Here, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein 2A (KIF2A) as a key executor of microtubule disassembly and axonal breakdown during axonal pruning. (nih.gov)
  • This ring slides along the microtubule lattice and remains attached to the plus-end even during microtubule disassembly. (uni-due.de)
  • Which features allow it to follow a polymerizing microtubule end, but also stay connected during disassembly? (uni-due.de)
  • The stimulation by cadmium or calcium/CaM dependent protein-kinase-II, resulting in MAP phosphorylation and MT disassembly and inhibition of assembly was not investigated. (cdc.gov)
  • Initial attempts to purify microtubules from this yeast by assembly-disassembly were unsuccessful due to the inhibitory activity present in the Saccharomyces extracts. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Using this technique, a number of radioactive proteins co-polymerising throughout three cycles of assembly-disassembly were detected. (kent.ac.uk)
  • One end of the tubule called the A end (or net assembly end), and the other end, called the D end, are used to preferentially add dimers to form microtubules (or net disassembly end). (risingacademy.org)
  • Serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of ACTIN polymerization and MICROTUBULE disassembly. (bvsalud.org)
  • These data support a model in which Tum/RacGAP, via its interaction with Pbl, provides a critical link between the anaphase microtubule spindle and cytokinetic furrow formation in Drosophila cells. (biologists.com)
  • The microtubules of the spindle show yellow. (mitosispictures.com)
  • Depletion of more individuals the actual polyadenylation complicated brings about related phenotypes, recommending which polyadenylation equipment is thoroughly paired to microtubule perform and thus mitotic spindle enhancement. (dchuskies.football)
  • Structure of the human protein kinase MPSK1 reveals an atypical activation loop architecture. (nih.gov)
  • These oligomeric proteins exhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity that catalyzes nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. (embl.de)
  • Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
  • The purple is Aurora B, a protein kinase involved in the polymerisation/depolymerisation of the microtubules. (mitosispictures.com)
  • The existence of mRNAs retaining both nuclear cap binding protein and EJC in the distal sites of neuronal processes suggests that some localized mRNAs have not yet undergone the "very first translation," which contribute to the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, our data support a model in which the V409I/A mutations disrupt microtubule regulation typically conferred by XMAP215 proteins during neuronal morphogenesis and migration, and this impact on tubulin activity at the molecular level scales with the impact at the cellular and tissue levels. (elifesciences.org)
  • This mechanism could also impact microtubule regulation in branch regeneration after nerve injury. (jefferson.edu)
  • Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
  • Moreover, FZKA significantly decreased EZH2 mRNA and protein expression, FZKA reversed the resistance of gefitinib by down-regulation of EZH2 protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • They provide NTPs for nucleic acid synthesis, CTP for lipid synthesis, UTP for polysaccharide synthesis and GTP for protein elongation, signal transduction and microtubule polymerisation. (embl.de)
  • The protein localizes to the cytoplasmic microtubule network and binds APCL, a homolog of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene. (nih.gov)
  • Tubeimoside I binds tubulin at the colchicine site, inhibiting microtubule polymerization. (lktlabs.com)
  • It is suggested that G-protein-coupled receptors might modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular traffic, and cellular architecture. (jneurosci.org)
  • These dual functions provide an intriguing model of how membrane proteins can integrate distinct mechanisms to fine-tune local actin dynamics. (stanford.edu)
  • ATO at non-cytotoxic level (1 μM) inhibited the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells by displacing zinc in the zinc finger motif of CLIP170, which is a key protein that controls microtubule dynamics. (nih.gov)
  • Formins include several families of proteins that regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics via two conserved formin homology domains, FH1 and FH2. (ecmbio.com)
  • Accumulation of abnormal protein leads to progressive neuronal dysfunction and loss. (medscape.com)
  • Tau is a protein that is important in neuronal function, but can misfold and aggregate into pathological structures that accumulate in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. (utsa.edu)
  • Here we report a class of mRNA granules in human neuronal processes that are enriched in the nuclear cap-binding protein complex (CBC) and exon junction complex (EJC) core components, Y14 and eIF4AIII. (frontiersin.org)
  • These neuronal phenotypes are accompanied by increased microtubule acetylation and polymerization rates. (elifesciences.org)
  • This analysis has already yielded some important insights: For example, the Dam1 complex, a specialized microtubule-binding component of the budding yeast kinetochore oligomerizes to form a ring around microtubules in vitro ( Figure 2 ). (uni-due.de)
  • Additionally, this compound inhibits production of HIV core protein p24 and infectivity of HIV-1 in vitro. (lktlabs.com)
  • Effects of tubeimoside-1 on HIV core protein p24 and cytopathogenesis in vitro. (lktlabs.com)
  • Benzofuranes (WSSA Group 16), chlorocarbonic acids (Group 26), phosphorodithioates (Group 8), and thiocarbamates (Group 8) are examples of herbicides that are known inhibitors of several plant processes including: 1) biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids which may account for reported reductions in cuticular wax deposition, 2) biosynthesis of proteins, isoprenoids (including gibberellins), and flavonoids (including anthocyanins), and 3) gibberellin synthesis inhibition which may result from the inhibition of kaurene synthesis. (weedscience.org)
  • EPSP inhibition leads to depletion of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, all needed for protein synthesis or for biosynthetic pathways leading to growth. (weedscience.com)
  • Lee 1980) suggests that factors other than protein synthesis inhibition may be involved. (weedscience.com)
  • It is not yet clear whether the doses required to produce inhibition of tubulin polymerization are higher than those achievable via dietary intakes," wrote Jackson and Singletary. (illinois.edu)
  • Colchicine exerts its unique action mainly through inhibition of microtubule polymerization. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • In SK-N-SH cells, carbachol induced a rapid and transient translocation of tubulin to the plasma membrane, microtubule reorganization, and a change in cell shape as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. (jneurosci.org)
  • We hope not only to provide a mechanistic understanding of this process but also to explore more generally the type of features that allow translocation of molecules along microtubules. (uni-due.de)
  • RAN (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. (nkmaxbio.com)
  • We have recently started to investigate motor proteins involved in kinetochore transport ( Movie 2 ). (uni-due.de)
  • Single Cik1-Kar3 Kinesin-14 motor proteins (red) moving along taxol-stabilized microtubules (blue), visualized by TIRF microscopy. (uni-due.de)
  • Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • A two-step actin polymerization mechanism drives dendrite branching. (stanford.edu)
  • Here, we show that MAP7, a less-well understood MAP that is localized to branch junctions, provides a key molecular mechanism to regulate microtubule stability during branch formation. (jefferson.edu)
  • Together, our study identifies a novel molecular mechanism mediated by MAP7 to regulate microtubule stability and strengthen branches at different stages of axonal branch morphogenesis. (jefferson.edu)
  • This unique binding property supports a novel mechanism mediated by MAP7 to cooperate with other MAPs and control microtubule stability during axonal branch development. (jefferson.edu)
  • NDK are proteins of 17 Kd that act via a ping-pong mechanism in which a histidine residue is phosphorylated, by transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP. (embl.de)
  • Because most tubulin is not membrane associated, this study investigates whether tubulin translocates to the membrane in response to an agonist so that it might regulate G-protein signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • some compounds in this group may also inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis (fluometuron) or synthesis of anthocyanin, RNA, and proteins (propanil), as well as effects on the plasmalemma (propanil) (Devine et al. (weedscience.org)
  • Many of these cell inclusions are responsible for the expression of genetic information controlling the synthesis of cellular proteins involved in energy production, growth, and replacement of materials lost by attrition. (comoficar.com)
  • The RAN protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. (nkmaxbio.com)
  • The FH2 domain, located C-terminally to the FH1 domain, is highly conserved in formin proteins and possesses actin nucleation and polymerization activities. (ecmbio.com)
  • Cytoskeletal proteins appear to be involved in the control of intracellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
  • Two well-defined pathological hallmarks of AD have been described: the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by aggregated hyperphosphorylated TAU protein [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7. Describe the classification systems and routes of intracellular protein traffic. (uab.cat)
  • Note unidirectional, processive runs of individual motor molecules along the microtubules. (uni-due.de)
  • Dynein is the sole processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor found in animals. (biologists.com)
  • MAP7 Prevents Axonal Branch Retraction by Creating a Stable Microtubule Boundary to Rescue Polymerization. (jefferson.edu)
  • Development and maintenance of axonal branches rely on microtubule stability, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. (jefferson.edu)
  • Our investigations into kinetochore assembly have led to the identification of a conserved receptor molecule for the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex. (uni-due.de)
  • This technique allows the observation of individual kinetochore complexes and microtubule-binding proteins with single-molecule sensitivity to reveal their mode of interaction with dynamic plus-ends. (uni-due.de)
  • We also determined a crystal structure of microtubule-unbound Ca Kip3-ADP (2.0 Å) and analyzed the biochemical activity of Ca Kip3 and kinesin-1 mutants. (nature.com)
  • Here, we show that MAP7, a unique protein that interacts with both microtubules and the motor protein kinesin-1, plays a key role at branch junctions. (jefferson.edu)
  • On straight tubulin protofilaments in the microtubule lattice, loop-2-tubulin contacts inhibit conformational changes in the motor core, but in the ADP-Pi state these contacts are relaxed, allowing neck-linker docking for motility. (nature.com)
  • As a result, there are 13 protofilaments in each microtubule, each made up of dimers that run perpendicular to the tubule's long axis. (risingacademy.org)
  • We addressed this by obtaining cryo-EM structures (2.6-3.9 Å) of Candida albicans Kip3 in different catalytic states on the microtubule lattice and on a curved microtubule end mimic. (nature.com)
  • Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. (abcam.com)
  • RCC1 generates a high local concentration of RAN-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. (nkmaxbio.com)
  • A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)
  • The exon 9 missense mutations reduce the binding of tau to microtubules, enhancing 3-repeat tau assembly, while the deletion in exon 10 and mutations in intron 10 have been proven to disrupt exon 10 splicing causing decrease of 4-repeat tau mRNA transcripts and increase of 3-repeat tau. (medscape.com)
  • Most cases of early-onset AD are linked to autosomal dominant inherited mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ), presenilin 1 ( PSEN1 ), and presenilin 2 ( PSEN2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • The microtubule protein tubulin regulates adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase Cβ 1 (PLCβ 1 ) signaling via transactivation of the G-protein subunits Gαs, Gαi1, and Gαq. (jneurosci.org)
  • Together with dynactin, dynein regulates centrosomal orientation to establish and maintain cell polarity, controls focal adhesion turnover and anchors microtubules at the leading edge. (biologists.com)
  • RAN regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. (nkmaxbio.com)
  • Frameshift mutation of MAPRE3, a microtubule-related gene, in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. (nih.gov)
  • To determine the molecular mechanisms, we modeled the V409I/A mutants in budding yeast and found that they promote intrinsically faster microtubule polymerization rates in cells and in reconstitution experiments with purified tubulin. (elifesciences.org)
  • The 55,000 dalton protein co-migrated with brain β-tubulin on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), however no yeast protein co-migrating with brain tubulin was observed. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Because of its many functions, it is likely that RAN interacts with several other proteins. (nkmaxbio.com)
  • Western Blot and qRT-PCR were used for protein and gene expression test. (bvsalud.org)
  • All molecular weights (MW) are confirmed by comparison to Bio-Rad Rainbow Markers and to western blot mobilities of known proteins with similar MW. (ecmbio.com)
  • HIF-1 alpha, E-cadherin and vimentin protein levels were detected by western blot analysis. (raf-receptor.com)
  • The kinetochore is a complex macromolecular machine that hierarchically assembles from a set of conserved multi-protein complexes ( Figure 1 ). (uni-due.de)
  • Tubulin beta-4A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB4A gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RP/EB family of genes. (nih.gov)
  • 3R" and "4R" tau refer to the products of the alternative splicing of the MAPT gene (chromosome 17), which generates tau species with either three or four conserved ~32 amino acid repeats in the microtubule binding domain. (medscape.com)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein has been compared in fAD and sAD iPSC-derived neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also do not know against which cancers SUL's microtubule-targeting actions are most effective. (illinois.edu)
  • Lipids and proteins are attacked and oxidized, resulting in loss of chlorophyll and carotenoids and in leaky membranes which allow cells and cell organelles to dry and disintegrate rapidly. (weedscience.org)
  • It is specially important previous knowledge regarding the general structure of eukaryotic cells, their compartments and their organic molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, as well as basic knowledge of the main pathways of cell metabolism. (uab.cat)
  • Microtubules can cooperate with other proteins or function independently to create more complicated structures. (risingacademy.org)
  • We have solved the crystal structure of the interface between Ndc80 and the histone-fold protein Cnn1 and we are further investigating how the cell employs different Ndc80 receptors to promote chromosome segregation. (uni-due.de)
  • The results indicated that, like calcium, the inhibitory effect of cadmium on the polymerization of purified MT proteins containing tubulin and microtubule associated proteins was enhanced by exogenously added CaM, suggesting that microtubule associated proteins were involved in mediating the sensitivity of MT to cadmium activated CaM. (cdc.gov)
  • More important, the combination of FZKA and gefitinib enhanced the inhibitory effect on EZH2, Snail and EGFR proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • These observations presented a spatial and temporal resolution of the sequence of events underlying receptor-evoked involvement of tubulin in G-protein-mediated signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • Negative stain electron microscopy of Dam1 complex decorating microtubules. (uni-due.de)
  • Herbicide binding at this protein location blocks electron transport from Q A to Q B and stops CO 2 fixation and production of ATP and NADPH 2 which are all needed for plant growth. (weedscience.org)
  • The antibody detects a 135 kDa* protein corresponding to the apparent molecular mass of mDia2 on SDS-PAGE immunoblots of various cells and tissues, including human A431 and HeLa cells, mouse brain tissue and C2C12 cells, rat PC12 cells, and rabbit spleen fibroblasts. (ecmbio.com)
  • The microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) in the dendrite have a higher molecular weight than those found in the axon. (comoficar.com)
  • Quantum mechanical aspects of cell microtubules: science fiction or realistic possibility? (sciforums.com)
  • Prompted by these experimental results, in this talk I remind the audience of a related topic proposed several years ago in connection with the possible role of quantum mechanics and/or field theory on dissipation-free energy transfer in microtubules (MT), which constitute fundamental cell substructures. (sciforums.com)
  • Plant Cell Wall Proteins: A Large Body of Data, but What about Runaways? (mdpi.com)
  • Although the positioning signal is likely to be transmitted via the anaphase microtubule array to the cell cortex, exactly how the microtubule array determines the site of contractile ring formation remains unresolved. (biologists.com)
  • The GAP activity of Tum is required for cytokinesis: in its absence cytokinesis fails early even though Tum is present on microtubules at the cell equator where the furrow should form. (biologists.com)
  • Disruption of the Pebble-interacting domain leaves Tum localised to the cell equator on cortically associated microtubules, again with no evidence of furrowing. (biologists.com)
  • Microtubule proteins were identified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by co-polymerisation of 3%-labelled cell extract with brain microtubule protein which was either unmodified or depleted in microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) by assembly in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). (kent.ac.uk)
  • Particular organelles are moved about the cell by microtubule "conveyor belts" or "roadways. (risingacademy.org)
  • The in situ expression of protein was measured by cell immunofluorescence. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is the first report to show how the naturally occurring plant chemical sulforaphane can block late stages of the cancer process by disrupting components of the cell called microtubules," said Singletary, a professor in the department of food science and human nutrition . (illinois.edu)
  • The mDia2 protein has been implicated in cell migration and cytokinesis. (ecmbio.com)
  • In addition, microtubules in dendrites have their positive ends toward the cell soma. (comoficar.com)
  • The findings that cadmium, like calcium, can support the binding of CaM to tubulin and MAPs in Western blots of purified MT proteins support the proposal that MAPs are important in the increased sensitivity of MT to cadmium activated CaM. (cdc.gov)