• A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
  • The PCM is an ordered lattice that anchors a large number of microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, many of which bear putative coiled-coil domains, a tertiary structure known to facilitate protein-protein interactions [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These filaments of the cytoskeleton typically form through polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers, the basic building blocks of the microtubule, which initially interact to nucleate a seed from which the filament elongates. (wikipedia.org)
  • The microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for muscle cell differentiation and undergoes reorganisation into an array of paraxial microtubules, which serves as template for contractile sarcomere formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • In all spindles, the microtubule cytoskeleton connects to chromosomes via a special class of microtubules called kinetochore microtubules (KMTs). (nature.com)
  • His study focuses on the intersection of Microtubule and fields such as Microtubule organizing center with connections in the field of Detyrosination and Cytoskeleton. (research.com)
  • Cell growth, division, and motility are highly dependent upon an organized and dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
  • Eukaryotic cells rely on de novo nucleation mechanisms to generate actin filaments in order to elicit spatial and temporal remodeling of their actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The γ-TuRC is typically found as the core functional unit in a microtubule organizing center (MTOC), such as the centrosome in some animal cells or the spindle pole bodies in fungi and algae. (wikipedia.org)
  • The γ-TuRCs in the centrosome nucleate an array of microtubules in interphase, which extend their (+)-ends radially outwards into the cytoplasm towards the periphery of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other cells, such as neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and epithelial cells, which do have MTOCs, possess arrays of microtubules not associated with a centrosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • They develop in a juxtanuclear position, adjacent to the centrosome, the microtubule organizing centre of the cell, and share some protein components. (biorxiv.org)
  • We investigated whether the formation of aggresomes affected key centrosome functions: its ability to organize the microtubule network and to promote cilia formation. (biorxiv.org)
  • The juxtanuclear location of the aggresome is shared by the centrosome, the microtubule organising centre of the cell. (biorxiv.org)
  • Indeed, by quantitatively analysing several models of microtubule growth, we conclude that minus-ends of KMTs have selectively detached and depolymerized from the centrosome. (nature.com)
  • Within the cell, the arrangement of microtubules is controlled by a variety of discreet microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs), but in most cells, the dominant MTOC is the centrosome, a bipartite structure consisting of a central pair of barrel-shaped centrioles and a surrounding matrix of pericentriolar material (PCM). (nih.gov)
  • Second, we seek to understand how centrosome size and microtubule-organizing activity are controlled. (nih.gov)
  • Conversely, we identify a novel role for two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, Ran and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase.Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is continuously required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Here, centrioles, contained in the centrosome , are responsible for the production of microtubules that form the central fibers. (microscopemaster.com)
  • In higher plants, microtubule organizing centers (centrosome) is absent. (microscopemaster.com)
  • The centrioles contain nine microtubule triplets and mature into a centrosome that is referred to as a basal body in the context of ciliogenesis [ 22 , 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
  • During mitosis, chromosomes are connected to a microtubule-based spindle. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • In addition, these drugs are known to induce serious side effects due to inhibition of mitosis in other proliferating cells (mainly bone marrow and gut) as well as inhibition of other microtubules-dependent functions, such as neuronal processes [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EB1 which really is a plus-end tracking proteins (+Suggestion) that regulates microtubule polymerization by recruiting additional +Ideas (10) is involved with various biological procedures including mitosis migration and sign transduction (10 11 Inside our latest report we demonstrated that EB1 is crucial for speck-like particle development by Goal2 inflammasomes following a notion of double-stranded DNA (9). (cancer-pictures.org)
  • The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
  • Microtubule nucleation occurs spontaneously in vitro, with solutions of purified tubulin giving rise to full-length polymers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary pathway by which microtubule nucleation is assisted requires the action of a third type of tubulin, γ-tubulin, which is distinct from the α and β subunits that compose the microtubules themselves. (wikipedia.org)
  • This complex, with its 13-fold symmetry, acts as a scaffold or template for α/β tubulin dimers during the nucleation process-speeding up the assembly of the ring of 13 protofilaments that make up the growing microtubule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Franck Perez mainly focuses on Cell biology, Microtubule, Tubulin, Microtubule nucleation and Astral microtubules. (research.com)
  • The pivotal structure of the primary cilia is a microtubule that is generated via tubulin polymerization reaction that occurs in the basal body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Formins are multidomain proteins defined by a conserved FH2 (formin homology 2) domain with actin nucleation activity preceded by a proline-rich FH1 (formin homology 1) domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis allows some preliminary insight into the functionality of Dictyostelium formins: all isoforms might display actin nucleation activity and, with the exception of ForI, might also be susceptible to autoinhibition and to regulation by Rho GTPases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current models propose that displacement of the spindle poles and/or the activity of kinetochore microtubules generate mechanical forces that segregate sister chromatids. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The spindle microtubule (MT) exhibits highly regulated dynamic instability, with frequent polymerization and depolymerization occurring at both the plus and minus ends. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The intracellular trafficking of autophagic vacuoles offers been proven to need microtubules (14) recommending that microtubule polymerization can be very important to autophagic movement. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • In vitro, the FH2 domain competes with barbed-end capping proteins and is necessary and sufficient to nucleate actin polymerization, but the FH1 domain, which interacts with profilin-actin, funnels actin to the nucleation vicinity and confers full activity to the molecule [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among its other functions, this radial array is used by microtubule-based motor proteins to transport various cargoes, such as vesicles, to the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • We classify them as kinetochore (KMTs), spindle (SMTs) or astral microtubules (AMTs) according to their positions, and quantify distinct properties of each class. (nature.com)
  • His studies deal with areas such as Astral microtubules and Microtubule nucleation as well as Microtubule. (research.com)
  • Most notably, oMAP4 is required for paraxial microtubule organisation in muscle cells and prevents dynein- and kinesin-driven microtubule-microtubule sliding. (elifesciences.org)
  • Depletion of PIP4KIIγ enhanced the spindle pole accumulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing kinesin, and resulted in a less stable spindle pole-associated MT. Depletion of MCAK can ameliorate PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced spindle abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using mutant and RNAi analysis, we show that the microtubule-bundling protein SPD-1/MAP-65 and BMK-1/kinesin-5 act as a brake opposing the force generated by the spindle midzone. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Here, we report that AQP5 promotes microtubule assembly and helps maintain the assembled microtubule steady state levels with slower turnover dynamics in cells . (plos.org)
  • These findings indicate that AQP5-mediated regulation of microtubule dynamics modulates airway epithelial barrier properties and epithelial function. (plos.org)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through use of TIRF microscopy, researchers have visually observed the nucleation of branching microtubules in Drosophila cells during the formation of the mitotic spindle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we combine the first large-scale serial electron tomography of whole mitotic spindles in early C. elegans embryos with live-cell imaging to reconstruct all microtubules in 3D and identify their plus- and minus-ends. (nature.com)
  • The mitotic spindle is a dynamic microtubule-based apparatus that ensures the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (nature.com)
  • The role of microtubule pivoting in formation of complex structures such as microtubule bundles and mitotic spindles. (irb.hr)
  • Anti-mitotic drugs received considerable attention, especially following the early identification of the anti-cancer properties of microtubules-targeting agents, such as vinca alkaloids [ 15 ] and taxanes [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While our light microscopy and mutant studies show that microtubules are nucleated from the centrosomes, we find only a few KMTs directly connected to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • Since the nucleation and anchoring of microtubules is executed by the PCM, the microtubule-organizing capacity of centrosomes can be adjusted by controlling PCM levels. (nih.gov)
  • Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing structures in vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In animal cells, centrosomes represent the major microtubule-organizing structures (MTOC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The early cells of the pre-implantation mouse embryo utilise a unique non-centrosomal MTOC, in the form of an interphase microtubule bridge joining sister cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanistically autophagy starts using the nucleation of proautophagic vacuoles in the microtubule arranging middle (MTOC) (13). (cancer-pictures.org)
  • These data support a model in which Tum/RacGAP, via its interaction with Pbl, provides a critical link between the anaphase microtubule spindle and cytokinetic furrow formation in Drosophila cells. (biologists.com)
  • Purified oMAP4 aligns dynamic microtubules into antiparallel bundles that withstand motor forces in vitro. (elifesciences.org)
  • it contains bundles of closely spaced microtubules with electron dense cross-bridges, referred to as microtubule fascicles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Akin to the action of cofilin in generating actin filament arrays, the severing of microtubules by MAPs creates new plus (+) ends from which microtubules can grow. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, we have devised an in vitro assembly system that faithfully reconstitutes the cytoskeletal events that occur at the advancing front of a motile sperm, including the nucleation of filament formation by phosphorylated membrane components and crosslinking of filaments into meshworks like those observed in vivo. (fsu.edu)
  • 1998. Hydrostatic pressure shows that lammelipodial motility in Ascaris sperm requires membrane-associated major sperm protein filament nucleation and elongation. (fsu.edu)
  • Furthermore, the recognition of Golgi-derived microtubules and their specific functions, the better understanding of Golgi transport processes, the recognition of the Golgi apparatus as a sensor of cellular stress and as trigger of Golgi-specific cell death pathways provide new hints to the molecular mechanisms underlying Golgi pathology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although the positioning signal is likely to be transmitted via the anaphase microtubule array to the cell cortex, exactly how the microtubule array determines the site of contractile ring formation remains unresolved. (biologists.com)
  • Some cells however, such as those of higher plants and oocytes, lack distinct MTOCs and microtubules are nucleated via a non-centrosomal pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • These non-centrosomal microtubule arrays can take on various geometries-such as those leading to the long, slender shape of myotubes, the fine protrusions of an axon, or the strongly polarized domains of an epithelial cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • These branching microtubules maintain the same polarity as their mother microtubules, and their assembly involves the binding of non-centrosomal γ-TuRCs to the sides of existing microtubules through the augmin complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
  • The issue starts with a summary on Golgi functional organization in neurons (Valenzuela and Perez) and the relation of this organelle with microtubules (Sanders and Kaverina) . (frontiersin.org)
  • The microtubule binding protein TRIM46 localizes to the AIS and when overexpressed in non-neuronal cells forms microtubule arrays that closely resemble AIS fascicles in neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the precise role of TRIM46 in microtubule fasciculation in neurons has not been studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • This cap provides both stability and protection to the microtubule (-) end from enzymes that could lead to its depolymerization, while also inhibiting (-) end growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We demonstrate that the growth of the structures depends on the intricate balance between crosslinker-induced stabilization and simultaneous destabilization by molecular motors, a mechanism analogous to nucleation and growth in passive systems. (nature.com)
  • In vivo, cells get around this kinetic barrier by using various proteins to aid microtubule nucleation. (wikipedia.org)
  • CLIP-170 highlights growing microtubule ends in vivo. (research.com)
  • The γ-TuRC also acts as a cap of the (−) end while the microtubule continues growth from its (+) end. (wikipedia.org)
  • The class II PI3K isoform PI3K-C2β was downregulated in prostate cancer PC3 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells using selective siRNAs and the effect on cell growth was determined in the absence or presence of the microtubule-stabilizing agent/anti-cancer drug docetaxel. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, in the Ag case, by UV-Vis spectrum, the surface plasmon resonance band at about 400 nm accompanying with particle nucleation and growth is found to be continuously intense and shift toward red. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Franck Perez works mostly in the field of Microtubule nucleation, limiting it down to concerns involving Nocodazole and, occasionally, Golgi organization, Organelle and Subcellular localization. (research.com)
  • We find that when aggresomes are present, neuronal cells are unable to organise their microtubule network. (biorxiv.org)
  • New microtubules are not nucleated and extended, and the cells fail to respond to polarity cues. (biorxiv.org)
  • The microtubules in cells that make smaller amounts of this protein were more disorganised, and these cells were unable to fuse with each other to form muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Not only do these unique cells lack the microtubule-based axoneme associated with the swimming movement of most sperm, but they also are devoid of actin and myosin, the proteins generally considered to be the key components of amoeboid movement. (fsu.edu)
  • Branching MT nucleation has been observed in numerous organisms both in the plant and animal kingdoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)
  • Franck Perez focuses on Cell biology, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Secretory pathway and Microtubule. (research.com)
  • His primary areas of investigation include Cell biology, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Secretory pathway and Microtubule. (research.com)
  • At the cell equator, these factors stimulate the recruitment of formins which in turn results in the nucleation of actin filaments as well as myosin localization. (microscopemaster.com)
  • Therefore, the next challenge is to understand how other processes-such as the selective stabilisation of some microtubules and the movement of cell materials along the microtubules-cooperate to control muscle fibre formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Selective cargo transport into axons and dendrites over the microtubule network is essential for neuron polarization. (bvsalud.org)
  • We propose a model in which the cooperation of dynein-mediated microtubule transport and oMAP4-mediated zippering of microtubules drives formation of a paraxial microtubule array that provides critical support for the polarisation and elongation of myotubes. (elifesciences.org)
  • The axon initial segment (AIS) separates the axon from the somatodendritic compartment and controls the microtubule-dependent transport into the axon. (bvsalud.org)