Microglial and astrocyte. Medical search. Frequent questions

TRAIL expression in astrocytes is repressed by molecules produced by T cells and microglia in the context of inflammation. (nature.com)
Her lab currently studies the communication between astrocytes, microglia, and neurons to understand how these signals regulate synaptic development in health and disease. (wikipedia.org)
The Molofsky Lab investigates the communication between astrocytes, microglia, and neurons and how this communication shapes synapse formation during development. (wikipedia.org)
To see which brain cells carried which VPS26, Simoes cultured primary mouse neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells separately. (alzforum.org)
I was told that the MCAT doesn't require much knowledge of these (astrocytes, microglia, etc), and to just know their main function. (khanacademy.org)
Droplet-based forward genetic screening of astrocyte-microglia cross-talk. (nih.gov)
This was accompanied by the loss of neurons and the activation of astrocytes and microglia. (jneurosci.org)
The presence of neurotransmitter receptors in microglia illustrates their functional connection to neurons and this receptor activation could cause microglial cells to perform different activation phenotypes ( Pocock and Kettenmann, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Microglia can exert neuroprotective effect by deprivation of dead cells and induction of neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-oxidant enzyme in MS. Neurons are thought to be not merely passive targets of microglia but rather control microglial activity through various signals including cytokines and chemokines. (neurology-jp.org)
Soluble fractalkine (sFKN), which is secreted from damaged neurons by glutamate, promotes microglial phagocytosis of neuronal debris, and induces the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 in microglia. (neurology-jp.org)
An overview of the roles and relationships of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in the CNS. (abcam.com)
Phenotypic transition of microglia into astrocyte-like cells associated with disease onset in a model of inherited ALS. (oregonstate.edu)
Microglia and reactive astrocytes accumulate in the spinal cord of rats expressing the Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-linked SOD1 (G93A) mutation. (oregonstate.edu)
HSP90β expression coincided with astrocyte markers in the ischemic penumbra area, while no expression was observed in microglia. (spandidos-publications.com)
The changes in TNF-α, pro-IL-1β, AP-1, NF-κB p65, pRIPK1, pTAK1 and TAK1 expression and astrocyte and microglia activation in the hippocampus were assessed. (imperial.ac.uk)
Moreover, NMN treatment significantly suppressed activated astrocytes and microglia after TBI, and further inhibited the expressions of inflammatory factor. (medsci.org)
Murine microglial BV2 cells, primary mouse microglia, mouse astrocyte maintained with DMEM (Cellgro) supplemented with 10% FBS (low endotoxin, Hyclone) and penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen). (nih.gov)
2009) A Nurr1/CoREST pathway in microglia and astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death. (justia.com)
Low threshold microglia undergo progressive stages of innate immune activation involving astrocytes and neurons with repeated drug abuse, stress, and/or cell damage signals. (nih.gov)
Microglia and astrocytes are the primary mediators of neuroinflammation, and multiple efforts have been directed at finding effective biomarkers of AD-related neuroinflammation and the molecular mechanisms intertwined. (lu.se)

In vivo evidence for a lactate gradient from astrocytes to neurons. (nature.com)
Adding VPS35 back into the neurons restored both protein trafficking and microglial morphology. (alzforum.org)
11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
Previous work investigating the relative importance of neuron- and astrocyte-derived estradiol in neuroprotection found that knocking out aromatase selectively in neurons increased neuronal loss and memory impairment after ischemic brain injury. (jneurosci.org)
IL-34 secreted from neurons also induces microglial neuroprotection. (neurology-jp.org)
Glucose is glycolytically processed by astrocytes to produce lactate, which is the main energy substrate used by neurons. (abcam.com)
Cultures of cerebellar granule neurons were stained after 7 days in culture with an antibody recognizing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify astrocytes. (abcam.com)
Our results, taken together, indicate that astrocyte-derived ATP may be hydrolyzed into adenosine by TNAP, which may in turn act on VLPO neurons to promote sleep. (jneurosci.org)
Emerging evidence illustrates that astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type, are the functional determinants for fates of neurons and other glial cells in the central nervous system. (jneurosci.org)
We previously reported that the rapid progression of paralysis in ALS rats is associated with the appearance of proliferative astrocyte-like cells that surround motor neurons. (oregonstate.edu)
These cells, designated as Aberrant Astrocytes (AbA cells) because of their atypical astrocytic phenotype, exhibit high toxicity to motor neurons. (oregonstate.edu)
Extracellular excitatory amino acids are mainly transported into cells by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed on astrocytes to avoid excessive excitation of neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
In particular, glial cells in nerve tissues include astrocytes and microglial cells and are accessory cells that aid in promoting the functions and survival of neurons. (justia.com)

But loss of neuronal aromatase also blunted the upregulation of aromatase in astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
CCI caused astrocyte and microglial activation and hippocampal neuronal injury. (escholarship.org)
It was found that ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ), reduced brain edema, decreased neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological functions after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
TBI-induced microglial activation and the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL), and interferon (IFN), cause direct neuronal cell death and also induce vascular endothelial cells to express a variety of cell adhesion molecules and cell chemotaxis. (biomedcentral.com)
RESULTS: Patients who died in SH1 showed astrocyte activation, whereas those who died in SH2 also showed microglial activation, CD4 lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration, neuronal apoptosis and neuronal loss. (bvsalud.org)
Neuronal populations and activated astrocytes were largely unaffected. (lu.se)

Astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development. (wikipedia.org)

These findings provide evidence for a subpopulation of proliferating microglial cells in SOD1 (G93A) rats that undergo a phenotypic transition into AbA cells after onset of paralysis that may promote the fulminant disease progression. (oregonstate.edu)

Astrocytes are glial cells that are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and that have important homeostatic and disease-promoting functions 1 . (nature.com)

Identified MWCNT-responsive peptides depicted a mechanism involving aberrant fibrinolysis in connection with blood-brain barrier permeation, astrocyte and microglial reactivity with dose-dependent differences and a pro-degradative anti-plastic hyperexcited state. (cdc.gov)
2012). Our previous study demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure led to hyperglycemia and IR, which were accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation evidenced by increased mRNA levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), Inhibitor kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2), and enhanced microglial/astrocyte reactivity (Song et al. (deepdyve.com)
APOE4 aggravates amyloid pathology, increases microglial reactivity, and worsens cognition in animal models of AD [8, 9]. (lu.se)

These findings were further corroborated in vivo in wildtype mice wherein morphine administration resulted in increased microglial activation in the thalamus. (nebraska.edu)

Fig. 4: IFNγ induces TRAIL expression in astrocytes. (nature.com)
IL-33 produced by astrocytes induces microglial activation. (neurology-jp.org)
Moreover, our group has recently evidenced that early-life infection in 5xFAD mice induces a subpopulation of microglial cells with a monocyte-like profile presenting as potential markers genes corresponding to Gal3, and APOE. (lu.se)

Her lab discovered a novel function of Interleukin-33 in which astrocytic release of this cytokine helps regulate microglial synaptic pruning during development and maintain synapse homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
Microglial synaptic engulfment and profound synaptic loss were found. (imperial.ac.uk)

Sofroniew, M. V. Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation. (nature.com)
However, toll-like receptor ligands induce neurotoxic molecules in astrocytes. (neurology-jp.org)
We show that A1 neurotoxic astrocytes are prevalent in optic nerve tissue and retina, and are associated with subsequent RGC loss in the most commonly used form of the EAE model induced by MOG 35-55 peptide in C57/B6 mice. (listlabs.com)
Astrocytes expressed high levels of complement component 3 and other genes associated with A1 neurotoxic astrocytes. (listlabs.com)
Our data suggest that EAE can be used to study the pathobiology of optic neuropathy and to examine the preclinical neuroprotective effects of drugs that target activation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes. (listlabs.com)

Notably, previous work has shown that STAT3 signaling is required for astrocytes to acquire a neuroprotective phenotype. (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes exert neuroprotective effect. (neurology-jp.org)
Furthermore, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion and also HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to neuroprotective effects. (biomedcentral.com)

I found an explanation concerning your question about neuron lactate process into ATP in an article entitled 'Brain Energy Metabolism: Focus on Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Cooperation. (khanacademy.org)
Consequently, whether increases in neuron death resulted from the loss of neuron-derived estradiol or instead stemmed from impaired upregulation of aromatase in astrocytes remained unclear (Lu et al. (jneurosci.org)

In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)
Astrogliosis, microglial reaction, and synapse preservation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. (hindawi.com)

Fig. 1: Profiling astrocyte surface markers in EAE. (nature.com)
Most were co-labeled with astrocytic marker GFAP concurrently with the microglial markers Iba1 and CD163. (oregonstate.edu)
During these two weeks, the expression of microglial markers largely disappeared, while GFAP and S100β expression increased. (oregonstate.edu)
Assessment of microglial activation in lesioned sites and protein markers for proinflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and HMGB1 were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory responses and anti-inflammation effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. (biomedcentral.com)
Human post-mortem alcoholic brain has increased NF-κB and NF-κB target gene message, increased microglial markers and chemokine-MCP1. (nih.gov)

Poskanzer KE and Molofsky AV (2018) Dynamism of an Astrocyte In Vivo: Perspectives on Identity and Function. (wikipedia.org)

Repeated LPS injections induced an up-regulation of complement system protein c1q and distinct microglial phenotype with an enrichment of the complement-phagosome pathway. (imperial.ac.uk)

Hyperactivity with disrupted attention by activation of an astrocyte synaptogenic cue. (nature.com)
In TLR7 −/− mice on the other hand, morphine failed to induce microglial activation. (nebraska.edu)
However, Aβ 40 , Aβ 42 , Aβ total, and Tau loads or the level of microglial cell activation were not modulated by the 3′-UTR OLR1 polymorphisms. (bmj.com)
Compared with sham-injured control mice (top), control mice subjected to ischemia (middle) exhibited robust activation of astrocytes, including hypertrophy and upregulation of GFAP (magenta), S100A10 (red), and aromatase (green). (jneurosci.org)
Previously we showed that astrocyte and microglial activation is increased in Cav-1 knock-out (KO) mice and that Cav-1 and Cav-3 modulate microglial morphology. (escholarship.org)
Microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response in the central nervous system play important roles in secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The results of this study suggest that microglial activation and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response as well as the related HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway play essential roles in secondary injury after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
The retinal pathology manifests weeks after the microglial and astrocyte activation, which were prominent in optic nerve tissues at PID 16. (listlabs.com)
Microglial activation is an essential component of these secondary signaling cascades. (researchsquare.com)
Here, we investigate whether Hv1 mediates microglial/macrophage activation and aggravates secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI). (researchsquare.com)

The gut microbiome regulates astrocyte reaction to Aß amyloidosis through microglial dependent and independent mechanisms. (uchicago.edu)
Fig. 3: Mechanisms regulating microglial function during myelin regeneration: intrinsic versus extrinsic influences. (nature.com)
We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)
In this study, we newly identified the pivotal role of hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) astrocytes in the sleep regulation, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte-mediated sleep regulation. (jneurosci.org)
Hence, characterizing the microglial signature and unraveling the molecular mechanisms implicated in the detrimental effects of brain-derived apoE4 is crucial for developing efficient therapies for AD. (lu.se)

Fig. 6: The microbiome modulates LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes through meningeal IFNγ + NK cells. (nature.com)
APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge. (lu.se)

More importantly, the functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. (frontiersin.org)
The present review will summarize the current state of the literature regarding the role of microglial phagocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis in health as in disease. (frontiersin.org)

In homeostatic conditions, the expression of TRAIL in astrocytes is driven by interferon-γ (IFNγ) produced by meningeal natural killer (NK) cells, in which IFNγ expression is modulated by the gut microbiome. (nature.com)
Altogether, we show that LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes limit CNS inflammation by inducing T cell apoptosis, and that this astrocyte subset is maintained by meningeal IFNγ + NK cells that are licensed by the microbiome. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: Meningeal IFNγ + NK cells promote homeostatic astrocyte TRAIL expression. (nature.com)
Astrocytes, often called star cells, are the workhorses of the central nervous system. (khanacademy.org)
Under stress, microglial cells are induced into the M1 type, releasing inflammatory factors and causing neuroinflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
Microglial cells are the brain's immune cells in the CNS. (frontiersin.org)
Microglial cells and astrocytes were detected by cytochemical fluorescent labelling and confocal laser scanning microscopy. (eurekamag.com)
In conclusion, the beneficial effects of gelatin may be the combined results of faster healing of the blood brain barrier curtailing leakage of blood borne molecules/cells into brain parenchyma and to a modulation of the microglial population response favoring restitution of the injured tissue. (lu.se)

In the current review, we describe the astrocytic involvement in the operation of the CNS, and then focus on how astrocytes contribute to drug addiction through diversified pathways. (degruyter.com)

Moreover, metabolic inhibition of VLPO astrocytes reduced ATP levels ( n = 4) and diminished sleep duration ( n = 4). (jneurosci.org)

As in other organs, glucose 6-phosphate can be processed via different metabolic pathways (Figure 1A ), the main ones being (1) glycolysis (leading to lactate production or mitochondrial metabolism), (2) the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and (3) glycogenesis (in astrocytes only, see below). (khanacademy.org)

Molofsky is also dedicated to characterizing astrocyte heterogeneity and further understanding their unique roles in neural circuit function and in neuroinflammation. (wikipedia.org)

knocked out aromatase selectively in astrocytes of male and female mice. (jneurosci.org)

Reactive gliosis and microglial reaction decreased in the same groups (AX+FS, AX+CFS) at 4 weeks. (hindawi.com)

Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)

Metabolic control of astrocyte pathogenic activity via cPLA2-MAVS. (nature.com)

Our data indicate that HBO-induced suppression of microgliosis and aggravated response of astrocytes might contribute to the reported beneficial effects of early HBO treatment in cerebral ischaemia. (eurekamag.com)

Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)

In vivo microdialysis analyses revealed an increase in the activity of VLPO astrocytes and ATP levels during sleep states ( n = 4). (jneurosci.org)

We constructed a lentiviral vector that directs transgene expression to astrocytes. (lu.se)

Here, we used optogenetic tools to identify the key roles of VLPO astrocytes in sleep promotion. (jneurosci.org)

but after injury, astrocytes begin to produce the enzyme as well, leading to increases in brain estrogen levels. (jneurosci.org)

In the single-treatment group we observed significantly higher astrocyte immunoreactivity but decreased microglial density in the peri-infarct region. (eurekamag.com)

Researchers examined 152,459 microglial transcriptomes from 443 individuals, identifying 12 transcriptional states and their relationship to Alzheimer's disease. (news-medical.net)

We further show that tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an ATP-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in mediating the somnogenic effects of ATP released from astrocytes ( n = 5). (jneurosci.org)

Fig. 3: TRAIL + astrocytes limit EAE development. (nature.com)
When exposed to drugs of abuse, astrocytes go through a series of alterations, contributing to the development of addiction. (degruyter.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms7

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

Microglia20

Neurons14

Neuronal6

Promotes microglial1

Subpopulation of proliferating mi1

Glial cells1

Reactivity3

Increased microglial activation1

Induces3

Synaptic2

Neurotoxic5

Neuroprotective3

Neuron2

Synapse2

Markers5

20181

Phenotype1

Activation11

Mechanisms5

Modulates2

Phagocytosis2

Cells8

Astrocytic1

Inhibition1

Lactate1

Neural1

Mice1

Reactive1

Neuroscience1

Metabolic1

Beneficial1

Physiological2

Vivo1

Expression1

Roles1

Increases1

Significantly1

Transcriptional1

Enzyme1

Development2