• A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
  • In methane fermentation of waste waters containing high concentrations of organic polymers, the hydrolytic activity relevant to each polymer is of paramount significance, in that polymer hydrolysis may become a rate-limiting step for the production of simpler bacterial substrates to be used in subsequent degradation steps. (fao.org)
  • Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Crabtree effect is a regulatory system whereby respiration is repressed by fermentation, except in low sugar conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • When Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown below the sugar threshold and undergoes a respiration metabolism, the fermentation pathway is still fully expressed, while the respiration pathway is only expressed relative to the sugar availability. (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolution of aerobic fermentation likely involved multiple successive molecular steps, which included the expansion of hexose transporter genes, copy number variation (CNV) and differential expression in metabolic genes, and regulatory reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many Crabtree-positive yeast species are used for their fermentation ability in industrial processes in the production of wine, beer, sake, bread, and bioethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The origin of aerobic fermentation, or the first step, in Saccharomyces Crabtree-positive yeasts likely occurred in the interval between the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions, horizontal transfer of anaerobic DHODase (encoded by URA1 with bacteria), and the loss of respiratory chain Complex I. A more pronounced Crabtree effect, the second step, likely occurred near the time of the WGD event. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further evolutionary events in the development of aerobic fermentation likely increased the efficiency of this lifestyle, including increased tolerance to ethanol and the repression of the respiratory pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of S. cerevisiae to dominate in high sugar environments evolved more recently than aerobic fermentation and is dependent on the type of high-sugar environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, the main role of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in wine is to conduct the malolactic fermentation (MLF). (frontiersin.org)
  • Often, they are instead the product of the metabolism of yeast and bacteria and are modified and released in wine during the fermentation processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. (scielo.br)
  • Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
  • New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. (scielo.br)
  • Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Higher H 2 yields were associated with fermentation at acidic pH as a consequence of the lower synthesis of other reduced by-products such as formate and ethanol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dark fermentation is a potential carbon neutral process for production of H 2 from organic substrates by mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
  • However, some challenges have been identified for syngas fermentation to be commercialized, including gas mass transfer limitations, long retention times due to slow cell growth, and lower alcohol production rates and broth concentrations. (banksolar.ru)
  • Novel processing strategies for hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass in a single reactor offer large potential cost savings for production of biocommodities and biofuels. (researchgate.net)
  • A few years ago, there has been a growing awareness of the medical benefits of secondary metabolites extracted from marine microorganisms by microbial fermentation [ 1 , 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The association of Tempranillo with AMF may result in a more adequate source of N for yeasts during the must fermentation process and could mitigate the increased pH and ethanol levels found in the wines elaborated with grapes developed under low-moderate warming. (unav.edu)
  • Normal microbial fermentation odour. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Nous cherchons à comprendre les systèmes qu'utilisent C. phytofermentans pour fermenter la biomasse en combinant les mesures à haut débit de l'expression des gènes comme la protéomique ( Tolonen and Haas, 2014 ), la transcriptomique ( Boutard et al, 2014 ), et la métabolomique avec des analyses de la croissance, la fermentation et la microscopie (figure 1A). (cea.fr)
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
  • These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • In Ethanol & Alcohol production process, the starches from agricultural products are converted in fermentable sugars with the help of enzymes. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
  • Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
  • In this context, the exploration of temporal interplay between populations with different lifestyles (comprising metabolism, motility, sporulation, etc.) becomes of primary importance to interpret the changes in fundamental quantities in a microbial community, such as the protein-to-RNA ratio that ultimately impacts the overarching community phenotype(s). (nature.com)
  • The genetic transformation of plants and the subsequent development of transgenic lines with disturbed sugar metabolism have made an unprecedented impact on the study of sugar translocation and -partitioning. (sun.ac.za)
  • For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)
  • Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,[17] alcohols, and organic acids. (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • The aim of this study was to quantify uptake of pentose and hexose monosaccharides in an industrial substrate and to present a kinetic growth model of C. saccharolyticus that includes sugar uptake on defined and industrial media. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the observation indicates a regulation system that has fundamental research relevance, since pentose and glucose uptake in C. saccharolyticus has only been described with ABC transporters, whereas previously reported diauxic growth phenomena have been correlated mainly to PTS systems for sugar uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MECHANISMHemicellulose comprises a group of heterogenous polysaccharides made up of hexose, pentose and their derivatives. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are group of microbes which produce H 2 photoheterotrophically under a variety of anaerobic environmental conditions in presence of light and at expense of broad range of substrates [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This has been further compounded by depletion of fossil reserves, growing organic waste production, and global warming threats have combined to increase interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas fuel resources [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bacteria, at that time, were able to produce biomass at a faster rate than the yeast. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crabtree-positive yeasts also have increased glycolytic flow, or increased uptake of glucose and conversion to pyruvate, which compensates for using a portion of the glucose to produce ethanol rather than biomass. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Total biomass production and waste materials in palm oil industry. (banksolar.ru)
  • Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)
  • The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • 1 unit of Xylanase equals to the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes xylan to get 1 μmol of reducing sugar (Calculated as xylose) in 1 min at 50℃ and pH5.0. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
  • Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microorganisms such as acetogens, carboxytrophs and methanogens are able to utilize the CO2 + H2, and/or CO available in such syngas as their sole source of carbon and energy for growth as well as the production of biofuels and other valuable products. (banksolar.ru)
  • In order to perform studies of such design and test if previously defined quantitative data about the functioning of microorganisms (i.e., protein-to-RNA ratio) is applicable to real world consortia, we must first sample microbial communities across transition events and employ quantification techniques that are absolute. (nature.com)
  • Most sensible microorganisms were Gram-positive bacteria, such as E. faecalis, B. cereus and Gram-negative E. coli (MBC of 12.5 mg/mL). (bvsalud.org)
  • Pretreatment which alters structure and compositions of lignocellulosic feedstock and makes it more feasible for enzymatic hydrolysis becomes essential in the cellulosic sugar utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, H 2 production by enzymatic hydrolysis of ammonia pretreated (delignified) WS was optimized by applying surface response methodology (RSM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minerals, proteins, sugars, and phenolic compounds were measured in grains of peas and faba beans, and in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
  • Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) leaves are an important by-product of berry production that may be used as a source of phenolic compounds which have a positive effect on human health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overall, these results highlight the complex nature of organic matter transformation in NRZs and the microbial metabolic pathways that interact to mediate redox status and elemental cycling. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Transcript levels of the sucrose transporter NtSUT1 and hexose transporter NtMST1 encoding genes increased significantly in the source leaves and roots of Vac-Inv lines, whereas increased NtMst1 transcript levels were also detected in the roots of Apo-Inv lines. (sun.ac.za)
  • Producing a toxic compound, like ethanol, can slow the growth of bacteria, allowing the yeast to be more competitive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the use of ethanol blends replaced toxic additives in gasoline, such as tetraethyl lead and oil-derived benzene. (scielo.br)
  • AdhE loss of function could mitigate ethanol stress by reducing intracellular levels of ethanol and its highly toxic precursor, acetaldehyde. (researchgate.net)
  • The 47.5% and 64.2% higher hydrogen volume than the DLH and NDLH substrates, respectively appeared as a function of significantly higher monomeric sugar contents of the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate and lesser/zero amounts of toxic derivatives including pH reducing agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)
  • With the H 2 production in mind, acidic pH and low P H2 should be preferred for a high yield-oriented process, while a high productivity-oriented process can be achieved at alkaline pH and high P H2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to establish an economically viable biological process for H 2 production the yield needs to be maximized [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, thermophiles have shown great potential for H 2 generation, mainly because of the more favorable thermodynamics of the reaction at elevated temperatures which allows to generate a limited variety of by-products and to reach the theoretical yield of 4 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the distribution of the end metabolites can vary depending on the growth conditions allowing the accumulation of significant amounts of ethanol and formate with consequent reduction of H 2 yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fourth, unlike traditional chemical catalysts which require a set feed gas composition to yield desired product ratios or suite, microbial processes have freedom to operate for the production ofthe same suite of products across a wider range of CO:H2 ratios in the feed gas [ 16 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
  • Different parameters affecting hydrogen production yield from WS, including inocula age, nitrogen content and amount of substrate were examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In most plants the efficiency of sucrose production and the systemic distribution thereof are the major determinants of growth, development and yield. (sun.ac.za)
  • Yield is directly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and size of the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), seed production and more. (allindianpatents.com)
  • This book focuses on the latest conversion techniques for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of interest to the chemical scientists and technologists. (banksolar.ru)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • The main application for biogas is electricity generation, thermal applications like cooking, heating, and lighting, and production of biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, the use of ethanol blends has improved air quality in large urban centers, reducing emissions of carbon monoxide from 50 g/km driven to less than 5.8 g/km driven. (scielo.br)
  • For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At high P H2 the cellular redox state was balanced by rerouting the flow of carbon and electrons to ethanol and formate production allowing unaltered glycolytic flux and growth rate, but resulting in a decreased H 2 synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nitrogenase mediated hydrogen production in purple non sulfur bacteria has also been reported as strongly affected by carbon to nitrogen ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. (scielo.br)
  • Processes for biological H 2 production with low energy input and ambient temperature and pressure requirement are highly desirable for the bioenergy sector [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversion to monomeric sugars of the cellulosic substrate is the first step in such processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A previous study reported an ethanol-tolerant C. thermocellum strain with AdhE mutations (P704L and H735R) that shifted the cofactor specificity from NADH to NADPH, which was proposed to confer ethanol resistance by altering the internal redox balance (9). (researchgate.net)
  • To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)
  • It was believed that the WGD was a mechanism for the development of the Crabtree effect in these species due to the duplication of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) encoding genes and hexose transporters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gas production became noticeable after 14 h of inoculation in WS pretreated with 4% H 2 SO 4 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The detoxified liquid hydrolyzate (DLH) after overliming attained a production level of 372 mL-H 2 /L after 16 h under illumination of 120-150 W/m 2 at 30 ± 2.0°C. Whereas the non-detoxified acid pretreated hydrolyzate (NDLH) of WS could produce only upto 254 mL-H 2 /L after 21 h post inoculation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
  • In this study, we sought to better understand how natural organic matter fuels microbial communities within anoxic biogeochemical hot spots (NRZs) in a shallow alluvial aquifer at the Rifle (CO) site. (frontiersin.org)
  • Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process. (hindawi.com)
  • This study examined comparative potential of dilute acid and pre-ammonia pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat straw (WS) for hydrogen production by purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus -PK. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Photofermentative hydrogen production from lignocellulosic waste is a feasible approach for eco-friendly sustainable supply of bioenergy in a cost-effective way. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. (scielo.br)
  • Under ECO2, grains of pea and faba bean increased levels of proteins and phenolics, respectively, and the sugars-to-protein ratio decreased in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
  • The studied parameters for UAE via a sonotrode were the ethanol/water ratio, amplitude, and time. (bvsalud.org)
  • Expression of pQexpE increased cellulolysis by ϳ 30% in both the WT and ET strains (Fig. 5A) and boosted ethanol production by 70% relative to the ET strain ( P Ͻ 0.01), thereby restoring ethanol yields to WT levels (Fig. 5B). (researchgate.net)
  • One critical challenge is retaining high enzyme production in the presence of elevated product titers. (researchgate.net)
  • Using enzyme preparation in the beer production process can improve the proportion of the auxiliary materials, reduce the production cost and improve the flavor of beer. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Starch sugar is the sugar produced by starch as the raw material and the enzyme preparation is widely used in the preduction of starch sugar. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • The cellulosic and hemicellulose substrate can be hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars by chemical and/or biological methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In high sugar environments, S. cerevisiae outcompetes and dominants all other yeast species, except its closest relative Saccharomyces paradoxus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
  • However, the yeast still had to use a portion of the sugar it consumes to produce ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the second oil crisis in 1979, the automobile industry started to produce the first car to run on ethanol only for the Brazilian market. (scielo.br)
  • Our tech-nology proved that the waste which digested by commercial cellulase can be fer-mented well by CL saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 to produce acetone, bu-tanol and ethanol without any additional medium supplementation (2-3). (banksolar.ru)
  • It increased ethanol consumption and reduced significantly oil dependence. (scielo.br)
  • the disease-causing bacterium was isolated and its morphological, physiological and biochemical characters were determined. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • C. phytofermentans thus likely produces ethanol by the concerted action of multiple ADHs, and these other ADHs, especially Cphy1029, are responsi- ble for ethanol produced by the ET strain. (researchgate.net)
  • Although years of intense R&D have made methods of bioethanol production (typically using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) technologically mature, there remain some serious questions regarding its sustainability. (banksolar.ru)
  • Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. (hindawi.com)
  • However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)
  • This process can increase wine aroma and mouthfeel, improve microbial stability and reduce the acidity of wine. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stability in production In the quantitative sense would be beneficial for planning and could avoid anomalies in production. (allindianpatents.com)
  • These contributions have increased our view and comprehension about fermentations in the first and, more recently, second-generation ethanol. (scielo.br)
  • 1 1 Amorim HV, Lopes ML. Ethanol production in a petroleum dependent world. (scielo.br)
  • Shallow aquifers are often characterized as oligotrophic environments in which a heterotrophic microbial lifestyle is supported by surface-derived allochthonous organic matter ( Ghiorse and Wilson, 1988 ), at least in aquifers that are not subject to subsurface anthropogenic contamination. (frontiersin.org)
  • This is supported by research that determined the kinetic behavior of the ancestral ADH protein, which was found to be optimized to make ethanol, rather than consume it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The optimal conditions were found to be 50% ethanol/water, 50% amplitude, and 5 min. (bvsalud.org)
  • A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
  • CO 2 production increased disproportionately relative to H 2 production in WT and ET strains expressing pQexpE (Table 3). (researchgate.net)
  • of exopolysaccharide production, strains grown overnight in NYGB medium were washed and resuspended in 10 mM MgCl2 (OD600 nm=0.1). (mirnamimics.com)
  • These fruits provided an abundance of simple sugar food source for microbial communities, including both yeast and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)