Mice nitric oxide synthase type iii. Medical search. Frequent questions

Previously, we identified inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as an essential enzyme for development and reversal of smoke-induced PH and emphysema, and showed that iNOS expression in bone-marrow-derived cells drives pulmonary vascular remodelling, but not parenchymal destruction. (ersjournals.com)
6 of the 23 patients had high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a source of microbicidal nitric oxide. (utmb.edu)
Overproduction of nitric oxide (Zero) by inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) continues to be etiologically associated with several inflammatory, immunological, and neurodegenerative illnesses. (thetechnoant.info)
This treatment induced a significant increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators including the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12). (lu.se)
Pulmonary responses to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exposure are mediated through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) by alveolar macrophages (AM). The current study examined the differential roles of ROS and NO in DEP-induced lung injury using C57B/6J wild-type (WT) and inducible NO synthase knockout (iNOS KO) mice. (cdc.gov)
There are three isoforms of the NO synthesizing enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS): neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), each one involved with specific events in the brain. (frontiersin.org)
iNOS (Inducible Nitric oxide, NO, NOS) is an inorganic, gaseous free radical that carries a variety of messages between cells. (thermofisher.com)
NOS catalyzes the oxidization of L-arginine to produce L-citrulline and NO. Two constitutive isoforms, brain or neuronal NOS (b or nNOS, type I) and endothelial cell NOS (eNOS, type III), and one inducible isoform (iNOS, type II), have been cloned. (thermofisher.com)
Three different isoforms of NOS are known: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1), endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3), and inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2). (medscape.com)

Therefore, the focus of this study was to determine whether mice deficient in endothelial NOS (eNOS-/-) are protected against ALI. (nih.gov)
In both wild-type and eNOS-/- mice, ALI was induced by the intratracheal instillation of LPS (2 mg/kg). (nih.gov)
After 24 hours, we found that eNOS-/-mice were protected against the LPS mediated increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine production, and lung injury. (nih.gov)
In addition, LPS exposed eNOS-/- mice had increased oxygen saturation and improved lung mechanics. (nih.gov)
The protection in eNOS-/- mice was associated with an attenuated production of NO, NOS derived superoxide, and peroxynitrite. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, we found that eNOS-/- mice had less RhoA activation that correlated with a reduction in RhoA nitration at Tyr34. (nih.gov)
Finally, we found that the reduction in NOS uncoupling in eNOS-/- mice was due to a preservation of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity that prevented the LPS-mediated increase in ADMA. (nih.gov)
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is generated by constitutively active endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), an essential enzyme responsible for cardiovascular homeostasis. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, increased expression of APP and BACE1 as well as increased production of Aβ peptides was detected in the cerebral microvasculature and brain tissue of eNOS-deficient mice. (nih.gov)
Behavioural analysis revealed that eNOS-deficient mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance thereby indicating that selective loss of endothelial NO has a detrimental effect on the function of neuronal cells. (nih.gov)
Stimulation of myocardial β(3)-adrenergic receptor (β(3)-AR) produces a negative inotropic effect that is dependent on eNOS. (ox.ac.uk)
We evaluated whether nNOS also plays a role in β(3)-AR signaling and found that the β(3)-AR-mediated reduction in cell shortening and [Ca(2+)](i) transient amplitude was abolished both in eNOS(-/-) and nNOS(-/-) left ventricular (LV) myocytes and in wild type LV myocytes after nNOS inhibition with S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline. (ox.ac.uk)
LV superoxide (O(2)(·-)) production was increased in nNOS(-/-) mice and reduced by L-N(ω)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indicating uncoupling of eNOS activity. (ox.ac.uk)
Although inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) or NOX2 NADPH oxidase caused a similar reduction in myocardial O(2)(·-), only XOR inhibition reduced eNOS S-glutathionylation and Ser-1177 phosphorylation and restored both eNOS coupled activity and the negative inotropic and [Ca(2+)](i) transient response to β(3)-AR stimulation in nNOS(-/-) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
In summary, our data show that increased O(2)(·-) production by XOR selectively uncouples eNOS activity and abolishes the negative inotropic effect of β(3)-AR stimulation in nNOS(-/-) myocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
These findings provide unequivocal evidence of a functional interaction between the myocardial constitutive NOS isoforms and indicate that aspects of the myocardial phenotype of nNOS(-/-) mice result from disruption of eNOS signaling. (ox.ac.uk)
Western Blotting was used to measure expression of Nox2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), angiotensin receptors (AT1 and AT2), and superoxide dismutases (SOD1-3). (gla.ac.uk)
In the present study, we aimed to study the roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Furthermore, diabetes significantly suppressed PGIS activity in parallel with increased superoxide and PGIS nitration in the aortas of diabetic C57BL6 mice but had less effect in diabetic mice either lacking eNOS or overexpressing human SOD (hSOD +/+ ), suggesting an eNOS-dependent PGIS nitration in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
In response to external carotid artery ligation, mice with targeted disruption of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) did not remodel their ipsilateral common carotid arteries whereas wild-type mice did. (elsevierpure.com)
Rather, the eNOS mutant mice displayed a paradoxical increase in wall thickness accompanied by a hyperplastic response of the arterial wall. (elsevierpure.com)
Activation of the β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) elicits an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent relaxation in mouse pulmonary artery, which, contrary to the muscarinic receptor-dependent relaxation, is preserved in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension. (elsevierpure.com)
Functional studies (for evaluation of vasorelaxant response), Western blotting (for assessment of eNOS and caveolin-1 phosphorylation) and transmission electron microscopy (for visualization of caveolae) were conducted in pulmonary arteries from wild-type or caveolin-1 knockout mice. (elsevierpure.com)
To conclude, the mouse pulmonary endothelial β2-AR is coupled to a Gi/o-Src kinase-PI3K/Akt pathway to promote eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 leading to a NO-dependent vasorelaxation. (elsevierpure.com)
eNOS is an endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase. (affbiotech.cn)

In RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), n-3 DPA significantly down-regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2. (unboundmedicine.com)
Positive correlations between TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS, IDO, and mild/moderate MSF suggest that type 1 polarization plays a protective role. (utmb.edu)
Resins utilized for purification from the iNOS protein as well as the anti-mouse supplementary antibody had been procured from GE Health care. (thetechnoant.info)
iNOS Inhibitors (PIC and PID) Both book pyrimidine imidazoles found in our research, specifically PIC or methyl-3-(((benzo(stress BL21(DE3) made up of pCWori plasmids with iNOSoxy crazy type (WT), D92AiNOSoxy, and K82AiNOSoxy mutants aswell as iNOSfl MLN2480 (crazy type) DNA inserts had been utilized for proteins manifestation and purification. (thetechnoant.info)
Manifestation and Purification of Crazy Type and Mutant iNOS Protein WT and mutant iNOSoxy protein (K82AiNOSoxy and D92AiNOSoxy) including a His6 label mounted on their N termini had been overexpressed in stress BL21(DE3) utilizing a customized pCWori vector in the lack of H4B and Arg as referred to before (33). (thetechnoant.info)
The full-length outrageous type iNOS proteins (WT-iNOSfl) was purified by sequential chromatography on Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acidity and 2,5-ADP-Sepharose resins as referred to previously (35). (thetechnoant.info)
Reactive oxygen species- and nitric oxide-mediated lung inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice exposed to diesel exhaust particles. (cdc.gov)
iNOS is found in a variety of cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes, synoviocytes, and smooth muscle cells. (thermofisher.com)
Three related iNOS pseudogenes are located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. (thermofisher.com)

Regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) S-glutathionylation by neuronal NOS: evidence of a functional interaction between myocardial constitutive NOS isoforms. (ox.ac.uk)

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are flavohemeproteins that catalyze the oxidation of l-arginine to l-citrulline with formation of the widespread signal molecule NO. Beside their fundamental role in NO biosynthesis, these enzymes are also involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species and in the interactions with some xenobiotic compounds. (mcmaster.ca)
There is an overwhelming mass of evidence demonstrating the development of endothelial dysfunction in animal models of diabetes and in human blood vessels from diabetic patients, as evidenced by increased release of reactive oxygen species, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, decreased release of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), and enhanced endothelial production of vasoconstrictor thromboxane (Tx)A 2 /prostaglandin (PG)H 2 in early stages of diabetes ( 1 - 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Hyperglycemia contributes to glycosylation of proteins and lipids, increases the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in various tissues, promoting thus inflammation processes in the vascular wall [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)

Mice missing an enzyme known as endothelial nitric oxide synthase did not convert NAC to SNOAC, and were protected from the adverse effects of NAC, but not SNOAC. (medindia.net)
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: it's role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. (scielo.br)
This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. (scielo.br)
The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. (scielo.br)
Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimer's disease and cancer. (scielo.br)
Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. (scielo.br)
Diagram showing the synthetic pathway responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production from arginine and O 2 and catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). (frontiersin.org)
Nitric oxide (NO) is formed from arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). (medscape.com)

This study investigated conversion of n-3 DPA, and examined the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 DPA on activated macrophages. (unboundmedicine.com)
To investigate the cytotoxicity of four endodontic sealers with different bases - Epiphany (EPH), AH Plus (AHP), Sealer 26 (S26) and Endofill (ENF) - on human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and mouse macrophages (J774/G8). (bvsalud.org)

nNOS is one of three NOS enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of L-argine to L-citruline and nitric oxide. (rndsystems.com)
It also shares 96% sequence identity with mouse or rat nNOS. (rndsystems.com)

There was no significant difference in the down-regulation in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells by n-3 DPA with or without presence of SC26196. (unboundmedicine.com)

This receptor functions to mediate signaling in lung fibrosis and regulate nitric oxide synthase expression in pulmonary endothelium. (wikipedia.org)

Angiotensin II receptor type 2, also known as the AT2 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGTR2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The human AGTR2 gene is composed of three exons and spans at least 5 kb. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2) gene is a protein coding gene responsible for encoding AGTR2, the integral membrane protein that binds to two different G-protein coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
AGTR2 has recently been prescribed as a target for lung inflammation therapy in cases of cystic fibrosis (CF). The X-chromosome region associated with CF lung disease is located in a non-coding region 3′ of the AGTR2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Genetically modified mouse studies determined that absence of the AGTR2 gene normalized pulmonary function indicators in two independent CF mouse models. (wikipedia.org)
Caveolin-1 gene deletion resulted in endothelial caveolae disruption in mouse pulmonary artery and in potentiation of procaterol-induced relaxation. (elsevierpure.com)

Retinal functional alterations in mice lacking intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. (lu.se)

Manipulation of the angiotensin-signaling pathway to reduce AGTR2 signaling may be translatable for the treatment or prevention of CF. Angiotensin II receptor type 2 has been shown to interact with MTUS1. (wikipedia.org)

Methods and Results- AngII-stimulated superoxide (O2−) production by cerebral arteries from male and female wild-type (WT) and Nox2−/− mice was measured using lucigenin- or L-012-enhanced chemiluminescence. (gla.ac.uk)
In parallel, high glucose, but not mannitol, significantly increased superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine in PGI 2 synthase (PGIS). (diabetesjournals.org)
1, 3) Antioxidants, such as Coenzyme Q10, alpha lipoic acid and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and anti-catabolic enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase minimize the damage due to ROS. (life-enthusiast.com)

Galectin-3 is a member of a carbohydrate-binding protein family involved in cell activation and inflammation. (lu.se)

Hepatocellular lipid accumulation is thought to simultaneously stimulate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the production of ROS, thereby promoting lipid peroxidation and damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Calorie restriction is known to extend lifespan among organisms by a debating mechanism underlying nitric oxide-driven mitochondrial biogenesis. (peerj.com)
Accompanying with the up-regulation of signal transducers and respiratory chain signatures, mitochondrial biogenesis occurs with the elevation of adenosine triphosphate levels upon exposure of mouse skeletal muscles to the mimetics of calorie restriction. (peerj.com)
In conclusion, calorie restriction-triggered nitric oxide provides antioxidative protection and alleviates telomere attrition via mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby maintaining chromosomal stability and integrity, which are the hallmarks of longevity. (peerj.com)
A low dose of the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) remarkably extends mouse lifespan ( Cerqueira, Laurindo & Kowaltowski, 2011 ). (peerj.com)
A Syntenic Cross Species Aneuploidy Genetic Screen Links RCAN1 Expression to β-Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. (lu.se)

Since these two types are practically difficult to distinguish, aging can be referred to as a biological-psychological process during the final stages of individual growth and development, which is the inevitable result of a combination of many pathological, physiological, and psychological processes. (frontiersin.org)
A root canal sealer should be chosen based on its biological 1 and physicochemical characteristics, ability to adhere to and seal the root canal system, dimensional stability, nonabsorbability, radiopacity, and adequate working time 2-3 . (bvsalud.org)

Pain modulation by nitric oxide in the spinal cord. (frontiersin.org)

Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase. (scielo.br)
Lundquist I, Mohammed Al-Amily I, Meidute Abaraviciene S, Salehi A. Metformin Ameliorates Dysfunctional Traits of Glibenclamide- and Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion by Suppression of Imposed Overactivity of the Islet Nitric Oxide Synthase-NO System. (lu.se)

The present review provides an update on the different types of prostate stromal cells, their interrelationships and implications for prostate development, physiology and pathological conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Mild/moderate MSF is associated with a strong and balanced intralesional proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response, with a dominant type 1 immunity, whereas severe MSF is associated with increased expression of chemokine mRNA. (utmb.edu)
In patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, altered serum concentrations of Il-10 seems to be dependent on the degree of insulin resistance and proinflammatory status. (medsci.org)

Res inhibits colonic movement via inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channel in mice, and its mechanism may be irrelevant to potassium channel, the enteric nervous system, NO and interstitial cell. (shsmu.edu.cn)

epigallocatechin-3 gallate may be an attractive candidate drug to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. (honeblends.com)
Successful diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary gland tumors require a thorough understanding of tumor etiology, biologic behavior of each tumor type, and salivary gland anatomy. (medscape.com)
In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. (medscape.com)

Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of vascular injury in diabetes and is preceded by the development of overt cardiovascular diseases ( 1 - 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

We report here that nitric oxide generators including artemisinin, sodium nitroprusside, and L -arginine mimics calorie restriction and resembles hydrogen peroxide to initiate the nitric oxide signaling cascades and elicit the global antioxidative responses in mice. (peerj.com)
Synthesizes nitric oxide (NO) from arginine and oxygen, which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. (affbiotech.cn)
nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor], NPPB[5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid, an ANO1 (anoctamin 1) channel inhibitor] and apamin [a small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel 3 (SK3) channel inhibitor].elution, the effects of Res on spontaneous contraction of colonic smooth muscle strips before and after pretreatment were recorded and compared. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Here we show that endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) is a major endothelial-derived mediator controlling vascular remodeling. (elsevierpure.com)

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2012) 29 (3-4): 583-594. (karger.com)
Nitric oxide (NO) is a prominent compound in the heart and its vasculature and plays an intriguing role in the physiology of this organ. (medscape.com)

We have previously reported that LPS-mediated nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling, through increases in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), plays an important role in the development of ALI through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. (nih.gov)
Stimulation of AT2 by the selective agonist CGP 42112A increases mucosal nitric oxide production. (wikipedia.org)

Therefore, we investigated whether galectin-3 is involved in the microglia activation. (lu.se)
Therefore, we investigated whether galectin-3 is involved in the microglia activation triggered by α-synuclein. (lu.se)
Finally, we performed injections of α-synuclein in the olfactory bulb of wild type mice and observed that some of the α-synuclein was taken up by activated microglia that were immunopositive for galectin-3. (lu.se)
Conclusions: We show that α-synuclein aggregates induce microglial activation and demonstrate for the first time that galectin-3 plays a significant role in microglia activation induced by α-synuclein. (lu.se)

To investigate the effect of resveratrol (Res) on colonic movement in mice and its mechanism. (shsmu.edu.cn)

DEP, CB, but not DEPE, induced DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction in AM, however, that is independent of cellular production of NO. These results demonstrate that DEP-induced immune/inflammatory responses in mice are regulated by both ROS- and NO-mediated pathways. (cdc.gov)

Glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3), uma enzima mágica: seu papel no diabetes mellitus e na homeostase da glicose: interações com fluoroquinolonas. (scielo.br)
Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. (scielo.br)
The net effect of endothelial dysfunction is vascular damage, which is responsible for complications in both types of diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
In patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) parameters characterizing the degree of obesity significantly positively correlated with levels of CRP and CCL2. (medsci.org)
The results suggest the probable active participation of higher concentrations of C-peptide in the intensification of inflammatory and atherogenic processes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. (medsci.org)
Both, obesity which is a major risk factor for the insulin resistance development and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the chronic hyperglycemia itself play an important role in its pathogenesis. (medsci.org)

Curcumin also exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects in diverse cell types, including pancreatic cells, chondrocytes, and hepatic cells ( 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

This type of analysis can be conducted both in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)

Background Nitric oxide (NO center dot) derived from donor drugs has been shown to be an effective chemosensitizer in vitro. (ulster.ac.uk)
We evaluated the effect of Brazilian propolis (P1) in guinea pig isolated trachea in vitro contracted with hista-mine, in paw oedema induced by histamine in mice and anti-ulcerogenic effect of propolis formulation in mice. (scirp.org)
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of standardized Brazilian propolis extract (P1) on response to histamine cumulative-concentration contraction on guinea pig isolated trachea in vitro, on the oedema induced by histamine in mice, and to evaluate the effect of P1 on ulceration in mice's stomach treated with sodium diclofenac. (scirp.org)

Furthermore, pharmacological antagonism of AGTR2 signaling improved lung function in CF mice to near wild-type levels. (wikipedia.org)
We confirmed these findings using primary microglial cells obtained from wild-type and galectin-3 null mutant mice. (lu.se)

Establishment and validation of OX40/FcγR-humanized mice for the study of agonistic anti-OX40 antibody [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2020, 40(06): 728-735. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Production of IL-6 was also reduced by n-3 DPA in a dose-dependent manner. (unboundmedicine.com)
Conclusions- AngII-stimulated O2− and H2O2 production are greater in cerebral arteries from male versus female mice, and are associated with greater contractions to AngII mediated by H2O2. (gla.ac.uk)
Vasorelaxation, neurotransmission and cytotoxicity can all be potentiated through cellular response to NO. NO production is mediated by members of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family. (thermofisher.com)

These results demonstrate that n-3 DPA exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in activated RAW264.7 cells, which are independent of DHA conversion. (unboundmedicine.com)

KLH conjugated synthetic peptide derived from mouse NOS-2, amino acids 14-100. (thermofisher.com)

The mechanisms of immunity to Rickettsia conorii that have been elucidated in mouse models have not been evaluated in human tissues. (utmb.edu)
CMV) with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin in mouse and human tumour cell lines. (ulster.ac.uk)

These results suggest that genetic down-regulation or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 might constitute a novel therapeutic target in PD and other synucleinopathies. (lu.se)
In the mouse paw oedema induced by intraplantar injection of histamine (50 μg/paw), the results showed that the treatment of the mice with P1 (10 or 100 mg/Kg (p.o) or 1 or 10 mg/Kg (i.p)), 0.5 h beforehand, significantly inhibited the paw oedema with maximal inhibition (MI) of 25% or 42% by p.o. route or 22% or 37% by i.p. route, respectively. (scirp.org)

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