Strains of miceKnockoutBALBTransgenicMutationPhenotypeMetabolismAssociated with susceptibilitySusceptibilityGeneticsMaleImmunologySusceptibleInflammationSubstrainPhenome DatabaseGenetic backgroundCongenicVivo and in vitroGenome InformaticsResistantModel organismBiologicalLocusGlucoseGeneticallyEmbryonicMammalsChromosomeSpeciesModelsSignificantlyAnimalsActivationMutantLaboratory miceGenerationsGenesTransplantationLathropPhenotypesMeSHCommonlyDeletionAdipose tissueJackson LaboratoryFemaleWild-typeSeizuresDifferencesGestationStrain of miceGenePupsResultsMicrobiotaInsulinRenal
Strains of mice5
- There are over 400 documented inbred strains of mice. (uwm.edu)
- The objective of this study was to determine if there is variation in susceptibility of different strains of mice to MLA and to identify factors responsible for the variation that could be used as a model for cattle. (usda.gov)
- The results of this study confirm previous reports that there is a fairly large animal to animal variability to larkspur toxicity, and that this variation is found across numerous strains of mice. (usda.gov)
- The acute toxicity of methyllycaconitine (MLA) in ten different inbred strains of mice was compared. (usda.gov)
- Inbred strains of mice can be classified into 3 categories according to their resistance to infection with S.typhimurium: susceptible (BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He), intermediate (DBA/2, C75L) and resistant (A, CBA). (prosci-inc.com)
Knockout4
- Ultrastructural analysis revealed that overexpression of CD97 strengthened lateral cell-cell contacts between enterocytes, which, in contrast, were weakened in CD97 knockout (Ko) mice. (nih.gov)
- To understand the broader biological role of Hat1, we have generated a conditional mouse knockout model of this enzyme. (nih.gov)
- To investigate a possible synaptic function of tau, we studied synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and found a selective deficit in long-term depression (LTD) in tau knockout mice in vivo and in vitro, an effect that was replicated by RNAi knockdown of tau in vitro. (bath.ac.uk)
- In addition, these ES cells are the foundation for two large-scale knockout mouse programs designed to provide targeted BL/6 ES cells to the scientific community (EUCOMM and KOMP). (umassmed.edu)
BALB2
Transgenic5
- This strain is commonly used as genetic background for transgenic mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
- To investigate the function of CD97 in colorectal carcinogenesis, transgenic Tg(villin-CD97) mice overexpressing CD97 in enterocytes were generated and subjected to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)
- There are hundreds of established inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains. (wikipedia.org)
- The UMass Chan Transgenic Animal Modeling Core (TAMC) also has JM8-strain ES cells for targeting, and routinely injects either JM8.F6-strain ES cells or JM8.A3-strain ES cells into albino C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd blastocysts. (umassmed.edu)
- APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic (Tg) male and female mice and non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates were trained on a delayed-matching-to-position (DMTP) or 3-choice serial reaction time (3CSRT) task. (abainternational.org)
Mutation1
- The non-agouti mutation in C57BL/6 strains is due to an 11.8 Kbp retrotransposon located in the first intron of the agouti gene that abolishes the expression of the Agouti gene. (umassmed.edu)
Phenotype5
- Defects observed in Hat1 +/- mice are consistent with an early-onset aging phenotype. (nih.gov)
- Mice were culled on day 7 after infection and blood and spleen cell phenotype and activation were evaluated. (hindawi.com)
- METHODS: As renal phenotype can be influenced by genetic background, we generated congenic C57BL/6 and FVB/N Ctns(-/-) mice and assayed renal lesions and function by histological and biochemical studies. (cnrs.fr)
- In addition to highlighting the influence of genetic background on phenotype, the C57BL/6 Ctns(-/-) mice represent a useful model for further understanding cystinosin function in the kidney and, specifically, in the proximal tubules. (cnrs.fr)
- β1(-/-) mice exhibit a dramatic neurological phenotype that includes an ataxic gait, spontaneous seizures, and premature death. (jneurosci.org)
Metabolism1
- Defective respiration and one-carbon metabolism contribute to impaired naïve T cell activation in aged mice. (broadinstitute.org)
Associated with susceptibility1
- At least four genes and sex are associated with susceptibility to urethane-induced pulmonary adenomas in mice. (jax.org)
Susceptibility7
- Both the protein expression differences and the potential identification of genetic markers discovered in mice will provide the basis for future experiments to identify genetic factors that correlate with susceptibility to larkspur toxicity in cattle. (usda.gov)
- These results indicate that, at one month of age, mice carrying two copies of the Ahl gene have an increased susceptibility to TTS from a low-frequency noise before they have any indication of age-related hearing or hair-cell loss. (cdc.gov)
- 1, 2 Moreover, susceptibility is largely intrinsic to the lung itself as shown by the classical experiments involving lung explants from sensitive and resistant mice. (bmj.com)
- Past studies have mapped four susceptibility loci (Pas1-4) for pulmonary adenoma in which A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) mice have different alleles that affect incidence and multiplicity of tumours. (bmj.com)
- 6 Inbred mouse strains vary in their susceptibility to cancer and two extreme strains are A/J (susceptible) and C57BL/6J (B6, resistant). (bmj.com)
- 4, 5 Four QTLs identified as pulmonary adenoma susceptibility (Pas) loci 1-4 have been mapped, respectively, to mouse chromosomes 6, 17, 19, and 9. (bmj.com)
- Mouse pulmoary adenoma susceptibility loci (Pas) as mapped in crosses of strains A/J and C57BL/6. (bmj.com)
Genetics1
- In the early part of the 20th century, Harvard undergraduate Clarence Cook Little was conducting studies on mouse genetics in the laboratory of William Ernest Castle. (wikipedia.org)
Male5
- Inbred male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were used. (hindawi.com)
- The congenic B6.CAST-+Ahl male mice had significantly less TTS immediately post-exposure than C57BL/6J males or females but not less PTS or hair-cell losses at 20 days post-exposure. (cdc.gov)
- In this study, 24 h after intrastriatal collagenase injection, one male and one female CX3CR1-GFP mouse underwent ex vivo microglial cell isolation via micropipette from perihematomal regions and equivalent location of contralateral striata. (duke.edu)
- To generate suitable C57BL/6 embryonic stem cells for gene targeting experiments, the Sanger team established a male cell line (JM8) from the N-substrain of C57BL/6 mice. (umassmed.edu)
- In 1921, Littel obtained mice from Lathrop and named a strain of mice that was derived from the mating of female 57 and male 52 and that consistently exhibited black hair as C57BL. (nomura-siam.com)
Immunology1
- These mice are known for their low incidence of mammary cancers and their resistance to exogenous tumor induction and are widely used for studies on cancer and immunology and for those in the field of toxicity and microbiology. (nomura-siam.com)
Susceptible1
- Several functional studies have reported that the Ahl gene renders mice more susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than strains which do not carry this gene [e.g. (cdc.gov)
Inflammation2
- Conversely, intranasal reconstitution of P to P(-/-) mice at the challenge phase restored airway inflammation to wild-type levels. (nih.gov)
- Notably, C3a levels in the BAL of OVA-challenged P(-/-) mice were significantly lower than in wild-type mice, and intranasal coadministration of an anti-C3a mAb with P to P(-/-) mice prevented restoration of airway inflammation. (nih.gov)
Substrain3
- Mild reproductive impact of a Y chromosome deletion on a C57BL/6J substrain. (jax.org)
- Of course, one could breed the chimeras with inbred C57BL/6N mice to maintain a pure C57BL/6N substrain background- but then one could not use coat color in the G1 generation to identify germline-transmitting chimeras, as all the offspring would be of a black coat color regardless of germline transmission. (umassmed.edu)
- This substrain is at least (a number>20 by definition) generations removed from the originating JAXR Mice strain and has NOT been re-infused with pedigreed stock from The Jackson Laboratory. (nomura-siam.com)
Phenome Database2
- In addition, powerful databases like the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) database, the JAX® Mice database and the Mouse Phenome Database - all maintained at The Jackson Laboratory - are constantly improving to facilitate QTL mapping in the mouse. (jax.org)
- The Mouse Phenome Database (MPD) is particularly useful for helping investigators select the most appropriate strains to cross in a QTL mapping project. (jax.org)
Genetic background3
- However, the resulting targeted G1 mice are of a mixed 129 x C57BL/6 genetic background. (umassmed.edu)
- These ES cells allow for the generation of gene‐targeted mice on a C57BL/6 genetic background without the need for multiple backcrossing of mice. (umassmed.edu)
- However, a disadvantage of this combination is that a slightly mixed C57BL/6 genetic background (C57BL/6N x C57BL/6J) is produced when breeding the resulting chimeras with C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd albino mice to test for germline transmission in the G1 generation. (umassmed.edu)
Congenic1
- 114 (1997) 83] developed a congenic B6.CAST-+Ahl mouse which carries the wild-type allele from Mus musculus castaneus at the Ahl locus. (cdc.gov)
Vivo and in vitro1
- Localization of the membrane defect in transepithelial transport of taurine by parallel studies in vivo and in vitro in hypertaurinuric mice. (jci.org)
Genome Informatics1
- The laboratory is also the world's source for more than 8,000 strains of genetically defined mice and is home of the Mouse Genome Informatics database. (wikipedia.org)
Resistant2
- PKCtheta(-/-) T cells exhibit reduced activation and PKCtheta(-/-) mice are resistant to autoimmune disease, making PKCtheta an attractive therapeutic target for immune modulation. (cam.ac.uk)
- C57BL/6J mice are resistant to audiogenic seizures, have a relatively low bone density, and develop age related hearing loss. (mmpc.org)
Model organism2
- The mouse has since been used extensively as a model organism and is associated with many important biological discoveries of the 20th and 21st Centuries. (wikipedia.org)
- Using the inbred mouse as a model organism, QTL mapping has become a very important tool for finding the genes that regulate complex human diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, asthma and hypertension. (jax.org)
Biological1
- Mice have been used in biomedical research since the 17th century (from May 30, 1678) when William Harvey used them for his studies on reproduction and blood circulation and Robert Hooke used them to investigate the biological consequences of an increase in air pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Locus2
- A novel quantitative trait locus implicates Msh3 in the propensity for genome-wide short tandem repeat expansions in mice. (uchicago.edu)
- The Sanger group performed gene targeting in the JM8 ES cells to delete the retrotransposon from the agouti locus and restore agouti gene function, permitting the visualization of ES cell-derived mice on an inbred C57BL/6 background by agouti coat color. (umassmed.edu)
Glucose1
- Although young PTG heterozygous mice initially demonstrate normal glucose tolerance, progressive glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance develop with aging. (jci.org)
Genetically1
- The MPDt systematically characterizes biochemical and behavioral phenotypes of 40 commonly used and genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. (jax.org)
Embryonic4
- Hat1 +/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) display modest increases in endogenous DNA damage but have significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (nih.gov)
- Recently, researchers from the Sanger Institute (UK) have isolated stable and germline competent embryonic stem (ES) cells from C57BL/6N mice (1). (umassmed.edu)
- Experience has shown that injection of black C57BL/6N embryonic stem cells into albino C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd blastocysts is a particularly favorable combination for germline transmission. (umassmed.edu)
- Since these JM8A3 cells are heterozygous for the corrected agouti allele [A tm1brd ], crossing the resulting brown-on-white chimeras with C57BL/6N test mice yield embryonic stem cell-derived offspring with either agouti or black coats. (umassmed.edu)
Mammals2
- Mice are mammals of the clade (a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants) Euarchontoglires, which means they are amongst the closest non-primate relatives of humans along with lagomorphs, treeshrews, and flying lemurs. (wikipedia.org)
- Small mammals like mice or rats are indispensable for preclinical research. (uni-giessen.de)
Chromosome1
- Large deletion on the Y-chromosome long arm (Yq) of C57BL/6JBomTac inbred mice. (jax.org)
Species7
- Laboratory mice are usually of the species Mus musculus. (wikipedia.org)
- Other mouse species sometimes used in laboratory research include two American species, the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and the North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). (wikipedia.org)
- In 1902 Lucien Cuénot published the results of his experiments using mice which showed that Mendel's laws of inheritance were also valid for animals - results that were soon confirmed and extended to other species. (wikipedia.org)
- More laboratory mice are used in research every year than any other animal species. (uwm.edu)
- She and co-researchers found significant concordance among mouse, human and rat hypertension QTL, 4 between mouse and human HDL cholesterol QTL, 6 between rat and human kidney disease QTL, 7 between mouse and human atherosclerosis QTL, 8 and among various species for osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, type II diabetes and asthma QTL. (jax.org)
- Because of cross-species concordance, QTL and their underlying candidate genes can first be identified, cost-effectively, in mice and then the genes can be tested relatively easily in humans and verified in mice. (jax.org)
- In parallel, multiple technologies and manual finishing were used to produce an 85-Mb reference genome assembly from the more readily available mouse parasite species T. muris (Online Methods and Supplementary Note ). (nature.com)
Models3
- Immunoglobulin G subclasses confer protection against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream dissemination through distinct mechanisms in mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
- This close relationship, the associated high homology with humans, their ease of maintenance and handling, and their high reproduction rate, make mice particularly suitable models for human-oriented research. (wikipedia.org)
- High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents age-related memory decline, and protects the brain from the neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neurological damage associated with epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and inherited conditions such as Down and Rett syndromes. (mdpi.com)
Significantly3
- Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, P-deficient (P(-/-)) mice had markedly reduced total and eosinophil cell counts in BAL and significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. (nih.gov)
- RESULTS: C57BL/6 Ctns(-/-) mice showed significantly higher renal cystine levels than the FVB/N strain. (cnrs.fr)
- When the researchers used an antibody to inhibit receptors for γδ T-cells, it significantly reduced the ability of obese mice to combat HSV-2, whereas it had no effect on lean mice, indicating that γδ T-cells played a role in the obese mice's immunity. (the-scientist.com)
Animals2
- Insect larvae such as tobacco hornworm can accelerate and economize preclinical research by complementing classic laboratory animals such as rats and mice. (uni-giessen.de)
- C57BL/6N mice at F121 were introduced from NIH to the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in 1978, and then to CLEA Japan, Inc. at F121+25 in 1988. (nomura-siam.com)
Activation1
- METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study we assessed static adhesion, cell spreading, granule secretion, integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation and platelet aggregation in washed mouse platelets lacking PKCtheta. (cam.ac.uk)
Mutant2
- This mutant mouse exhibits plaque and tangle pathology associated with synaptic dysfunction, traits similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. (mmrrc.org)
- Depending upon the study, these mice often have to be backcrossed 9 more generations with C57BL/6 mice to place the mutant allele on an inbred C57BL/6 background. (umassmed.edu)
Laboratory mice1
- The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine is currently one of the world's largest suppliers of laboratory mice, at around 3 million mice a year. (wikipedia.org)
Generations1
- Inbred strains are the result of at least 20 generations of brother-sister mating. (uwm.edu)
Genes3
- The laboratory mouse genome has been sequenced and many mouse genes have human homologues. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, the wide variety of carcinogens and varying degrees of exposure make identifying the predisposing genes difficult, but in a mouse model, such confounding variables can be controlled. (bmj.com)
- Identification of the genes predisposing to mouse lung cancer could have considerable implications for diagnosis, treatment, or chemoprevention of lung cancer in humans. (bmj.com)
Transplantation2
- We also demonstrated that human islet engraftment is improved in C57Bl/6-RAG(-/-) mice treated with liraglutide 200 microg/kg sc twice daily (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that liraglutide should be continued after transplantation. (unige.ch)
- Ectopic expression of the most robustly induced PU.1 target miR, miR-146a, directed the selective differentiation of HSC into functional peritoneal macrophages in mouse transplantation assays. (zfin.org)
Lathrop1
- Little and Castle collaborated closely with Abbie Lathrop who was a breeder of fancy mice and rats which she marketed to rodent hobbyists and keepers of exotic pets, and later began selling in large numbers to scientific researchers. (wikipedia.org)
Phenotypes1
- To investigate the effects of loss of β1 function in vivo , we have used gene-targeting methods to produce β1(-/-) mice, and we have analyzed their neuronal phenotypes. (jneurosci.org)
MeSH1
- Mice, Inbred C57BL" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
Commonly1
- The most commonly used methods for catching and picking up mice are grasping the animal near the tip of the tail, between thumb and forefinger, or by grasping the tail near the base or the neck between the ends of a smooth tipped forceps. (uwm.edu)
Deletion2
- Foxe1 Deletion in the Adult Mouse Is Associated With Increased Thyroidal Mast Cells and Hypothyroidism. (uchicago.edu)
- We generated mice that possess a heterozygous deletion of the PTG gene. (jci.org)
Adipose tissue1
- These mice have reduced glycogen stores in adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, corresponding with decreased glycogen synthase activity and glycogen synthesis rate. (jci.org)
Jackson Laboratory4
- The increased role of QTL mapping and favored status of the inbred mouse in that role, are due to the improvement and development of genetic research tools (many of them pioneered by The Jackson Laboratory) to manipulate the mouse genome. (jax.org)
- C57BL/6, was introduced to the Jackson Laboratory to form the C57BL/6J strain. (nomura-siam.com)
- C57BL/6J mice were introduced from the Jackson Laboratory to NIH and were maintained as C57BL6N. (nomura-siam.com)
- In addition, C57BL/6J mice at F166 were introduced from the Jackson Laboratory to CLEA Japan, Inc., in 1989, at which time their production and supply was started. (nomura-siam.com)
Female1
- In comparing the immune response of lean and obese female mice, the study authors write in the study that they hoped to find out how obesity affects the immune response of the genital mucosa. (the-scientist.com)
Wild-type5
- Unexpectedly, we found a CD97 cDNA copy number-dependent reduction of DSS-induced colitis in Tg compared to wild-type (WT) mice that was confirmed by applying a simple DSS protocol. (nih.gov)
- In contrast to wild-type mice, Trpm8−/− showed a strong aversion to mentholated (100 µg/mL) nicotine (200 µg/mL) and preferred nicotine alone. (bmj.com)
- Trpm8−/− mice show aversion to lower concentrations of menthol than wild-type mice. (bmj.com)
- The similarity strain-typing panels of wild-type mice with brain material from between BSE and vCJD was shown by experimental human vCJD case-patients from France, the Netherlands, transmission of the 2 diseases into standard panels of Italy, and the United States. (cdc.gov)
- inbred wild-type mouse lines (RIII, C57BL, and VM [ 1 , 2 ]) results were compared with those for 2 reference vCJD and into FVB mice ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Seizures1
- β1(-/-) mice appear ataxic and display spontaneous generalized seizures. (jneurosci.org)
Differences3
- However, differences in incubation times require further (PrPSc) in the brain, and glycosylation pattern of PrPSc as subpassage in mice to establish any true differences in assessed by Western blot analysis. (cdc.gov)
- In a study published November 8 in Cell Reports , researchers found that thanks to differences in their vaginal microbiomes compared with lean mice, obese mice fed a high-fat diet had stronger immune responses against HSV-2, which causes genital herpes in humans. (the-scientist.com)
- C57BL/6NJcl mice grow slightly better than C57BL/6JJcl mice, but there are no marked differences between the two sublines. (nomura-siam.com)
Gestation1
- As a general rule, inbred mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than outbred and hybrid mice. (wikipedia.org)
Strain of mice1
- The 129 strain of mice had twice the amount of alpha 7 nAChR subunit expression as the A/J strain, which was in direct proportion to the approximate two fold difference in LD50. (usda.gov)
Gene2
- Inbred C57BL/6J mice carry two copies of an age-related hearing loss gene (Ahl). (cdc.gov)
- Gene expression data from mice with low-dose whipworm infection provide a detailed description of a regulated T H 1-like immune response to the infected cecum that is not limited to the immediate site of infection. (nature.com)
Pups1
- Young mice ( pups) should be grasped by the cupping the hands around the whole body or by grasping the skin across the shoulder blades with a forceps. (uwm.edu)
Results3
- One naturally occurring genetic defect in mice results in an animal with no hair that is called a nude. (uwm.edu)
- Results Mice showed aversion to menthol concentrations of 100 µg/mL and above. (bmj.com)
- Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is an acquired strain in the RIII, C57BL, and VM mice, whereas in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), FVB mice, both diseases exhibit the same pattern of PrPSc or prion disease, that results in a fatal neurodegenerative deposition ( 3-5 ). (cdc.gov)
Microbiota2
- Gut microbiota modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury response in mice. (uchicago.edu)
- The microbiota of obese mice differed from that of the lean mice, with a higher level of gut-derived bacteria such as E. coli . (the-scientist.com)
Insulin1
- Insulin resistance in older PTG heterozygous mice correlates with a significant increase in muscle triglyceride content, with a corresponding attenuation of insulin receptor signaling. (jci.org)