• Common inbred strains include BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and DBA. (uwm.edu)
  • Genome scan for trabecular bone density, from a cross between strains C57BL/6J and C3H. (jax.org)
  • Hepatic and renal 5'DI mRNA in a high (C57BL/6J) and low (C3H/HeJ) strain paralleled enzyme activity and concentration, in agreement with a recent report. (jci.org)
  • Inbred strains of mice can be classified into 3 categories according to their resistance to infection with S.typhimurium: susceptible (BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He), intermediate (DBA/2, C75L) and resistant (A, CBA). (prosci-inc.com)
  • C3H/HeJ or C3H/HePas (susceptible), BALB/c (intermediate) and C57BL/6 (resistant) mice were infected with the CL or Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, and TNF activity was measured in the sera during the acute phase of the infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • For instance, C57BL/6J mice are resistant to hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis but susceptible to pulmonary and intestinal fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Susceptible C3H/HeJ were outcrossed to partially resistant C57BL/6J mice. (jax.org)
  • In the present study a nest-building protocol was established using four different inbred mouse strains (CD1, BALB/c, C57Bl/6J, C3H) before assessing AD and FTD tau transgenic mice of Line 1 (L1) and Line 66 (L66) in this paradigm. (bvsalud.org)
  • C57BL/6 (B6), C57BL/10 (B10), and SJL mice showed markedly suppressed secondary anti-DNP responses when infected. (uky.edu)
  • Inbred strains are the result of at least 20 generations of brother-sister mating. (uwm.edu)
  • There are over 400 documented inbred strains of mice. (uwm.edu)
  • The Mouse Phenome Database (MPD) is particularly useful for helping investigators select the most appropriate strains to cross in a QTL mapping project. (jax.org)
  • The MPDt systematically characterizes biochemical and behavioral phenotypes of 40 commonly used and genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. (jax.org)
  • The objective of this study was to determine if there is variation in susceptibility of different strains of mice to MLA and to identify factors responsible for the variation that could be used as a model for cattle. (usda.gov)
  • The results of this study confirm previous reports that there is a fairly large animal to animal variability to larkspur toxicity, and that this variation is found across numerous strains of mice. (usda.gov)
  • The acute toxicity of methyllycaconitine (MLA) in ten different inbred strains of mice was compared. (usda.gov)
  • Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some inbred strains have been bred for over 150 generations, leaving individuals in the population to be isogenic in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available, where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is effectively wildtype in nature, where there is as little inbreeding as possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Certain plants including the genetic model organism Arabidopsis thaliana naturally self-pollinate, which makes it quite easy to create inbred strains in the laboratory (other plants, including important genetic models such as maize require transfer of pollen from one flower to another). (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbred strains have been extensively used in research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work that probably could not have been done without inbred strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • which is true of inbred strains, since they normally have at least 98.6% similarity by generation 20. (wikipedia.org)
  • Breeding of inbred strains is often towards specific phenotypes of interest such as behavioural traits like alcohol preference or physical traits like aging, or they can be selected for traits that make them easier to use in experiments like being easy to use in transgenic experiments. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the key strengths of using inbred strains as a model is that strains are readily available for whatever study one is performing and that there are resources such as the Jackson Laboratory, and FlyBase, where one can look up strains with specific phenotypes or genotypes from among inbred lines, recombinant lines, and coisogenic strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences would be due to the single genetic change, or to a difference in environmental conditions between two individuals of the same strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains is the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. (wikipedia.org)
  • A hybrid between two inbred strains can be used to cancel out deleterious recessive genes resulting in an increase in the mentioned areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The white-footed mouse serves as a natural reservoir for AP-ha, and laboratory studies have shown that numerous inbred strains of mice (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Physiological and genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains with a type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase deficiency. (jci.org)
  • Inbred mouse strains differ in their capacity to deiodinate iododioxin and iodothyronines, with strains segregating into high or low activity groups. (jci.org)
  • Recombinant inbred strains derived from crosses between high and low activity strains exhibit segregation characteristic of a single allele difference. (jci.org)
  • Southern analyses using a 5'DI probe identified a restriction fragment length variant that segregated with 5'DI activity in 33 of 35 recombinant inbred strains derived from four different pairs of high and low activity parental strains. (jci.org)
  • Following intranasal challenge by approximately 10 to the sixth power colony-forming units (cfu), recovery of the dosed strains were determined in C3H/HeJ mice at time intervals in the intestinal tract, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) complex, liver, and spleen. (epa.gov)
  • Early wasting and subsequent mortality may occur in mice of some inbred strains following infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. (pasteur.fr)
  • Thus, sera collected from mice of strains differing in their susceptibility or resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection were checked for the presence and level of TNF alpha, a cytokine able to exert acute toxic effects. (pasteur.fr)
  • However, TNF activity could be measured in serum of all strains, following LPS infection, indicating that the infection was able to prime macrophages of infected mice to secrete TNF alpha. (pasteur.fr)
  • There is mounting evidence suggesting that inbred mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds demonstrate variable susceptibility to a fibrotic injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 44 studies were included covering 21 mouse strains and focusing on fibrosis in the lung, liver, kidney, intestine and heart. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Few studies have assessed the effect of the same injury stimulus in different organ systems using the same strains of mouse. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice are also easy to breed with a short generation time and a short life span allowing direct study of disease development and can accurately eludicidate how genetic sequences may vary in different strains and result in susceptibility to fibrotic pathologies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a common genetic approach that has been used in the past two decades to identify loci involved in differences in fibrotic response between inbred strains of mice [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this approach, two inbred strains that differ in fibrotic response are crossed and the F1 offspring are either mated together (intercross) or to one of the parental strains (backcross). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative trait loci analysis can be time consuming and can only analyse two different mouse strains at a time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transplantation between genetically identical individuals, i.e., members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains. (lookformedical.com)
  • Inbred mouse strains displayed different levels of nesting behaviour. (bvsalud.org)
  • BALB/c mice were more proficient than CD1 and C3H mice, while all strains displayed similar nest-building behaviour by day 7. (bvsalud.org)
  • The suppressive effect of Toxoplasma infection on initiation of memory cells to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) was drastically different among inbred strains of mice. (uky.edu)
  • Inbred strains of mice differ in susceptibility to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). (jax.org)
  • We tested 10 inbred strains of mice for their response to azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced CA-CRC and identified a bimodal inter-strain distribution pattern when tumor multiplicity was used as a phenotypic marker of susceptibility. (jax.org)
  • Balb/C, C3H, DBA/2) are also highly susceptible to infection ( 1 , 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, BALB/c mice are resistant to pulmonary fibrosis but susceptible to hepatic fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c ν/ν, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. (silverchair.com)
  • In contrast, the suppression did not occur in BALB/c mice. (uky.edu)
  • However, in BALB/c mice, the responses were not affected even by inoculation with 1 × 10 4 organisms. (uky.edu)
  • The difference in the suppressive effect of infection between B6 and BALB/c mice was also observed in the primary anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-KLH. (uky.edu)
  • Both H-2-linked and -nonlinked genes appeared to be responsible for the regulation of the immunosuppression, since the suppressive effect of infection in B10.D2 mice, which have the B10 background and the same H-2 haplotype as BALB/c, was weaker than that of B10 mice, but stronger than in BALB/c mice. (uky.edu)
  • Both the protein expression differences and the potential identification of genetic markers discovered in mice will provide the basis for future experiments to identify genetic factors that correlate with susceptibility to larkspur toxicity in cattle. (usda.gov)
  • Is TNF alpha involved in early susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected C3H/He mice? (pasteur.fr)
  • There is evidence that mouse strain differences influence susceptibility to fibrosis and this appears to be organ specific. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of genomic studies used to identify susceptibility pathways involved in disease pathologies have been performed in the mouse. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic analysis of susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. (jax.org)
  • We conclude that multiple genes control susceptibility to DSS colitis in mice. (jax.org)
  • Mapping hyper-susceptibility to colitis-associated colorectal cancer in FVB/NJ mice. (jax.org)
  • FVB/NJ hyper-susceptibility was detected as early as 8-week post-treatment initiation with FVB/NJ mice developing 5.5-fold more tumors than susceptible A/J or resistant B6 control mice. (jax.org)
  • Linkage analysis by whole genome scan in informative (FVB/NJxC3H/HeJ)F2 mice identified a novel susceptibility locus designated as C olon c ancer s usceptibility 6 (Ccs6) on proximal mouse chromosome 6. (jax.org)
  • Using the inbred mouse as a model organism, QTL mapping has become a very important tool for finding the genes that regulate complex human diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, asthma and hypertension. (jax.org)
  • Such mouse strain studies may prove useful in elucidating the genetic as well as epigenetic factors in humans that could help determine why some people are more susceptible to the development of certain organ specific fibrosis than others. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. (silverchair.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry of skin sections revealed a dense perifollicular and intrafollicular infiltrate of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in controls, while in IFNgamma(-/-) mice skin-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells were absent and the number of CD4(+) cells was significantly reduced. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • C3H/HeJ mice possess macrophages that lose the capacity to bind and phagocytose opsonized sheep erythrocytes (EA) when cultured. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Tumour infiltrating macrophages (TIMs) isolated from primary mammary carcinomas of C3H/Avy mice were cultured on bone slices to assess their ability to resorb bone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • That similarity has become all the more evident in the past 15 years as comparative genomics has demonstrated that the location of mouse and other model animal QTL can predict the location of homologous QTL in humans. (jax.org)
  • Because of cross-species concordance, QTL and their underlying candidate genes can first be identified, cost-effectively, in mice and then the genes can be tested relatively easily in humans and verified in mice. (jax.org)
  • More laboratory mice are used in research every year than any other animal species. (uwm.edu)
  • She and co-researchers found significant concordance among mouse, human and rat hypertension QTL, 4 between mouse and human HDL cholesterol QTL, 6 between rat and human kidney disease QTL, 7 between mouse and human atherosclerosis QTL, 8 and among various species for osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, type II diabetes and asthma QTL. (jax.org)
  • Three mammalian species are reservoir competent: the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), and gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ), although serologic and molecular evidence has suggested that numerous other small, medium, and large mammals may also be reservoirs ( 1 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Differences evident between the L1 and L66 tau transgenic mouse models are likely due to the different human tau species expressed in these mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • The genetic basis for differential sensitivity of inbred mice to inflammatory bowel disease induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is unknown. (jax.org)
  • A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reversal of the tolerant state in vivo was established by antibody production in irradiated mice adoptively transferred with cells cultured in the presence of rIL-2. (nih.gov)
  • N-Nitrosodiethylamine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Induced Morphological Transformation of C3H/10T1/2CL8 Cells Expressing Human Cytochrome P450 2A6. (epa.gov)
  • In normal mice, the number of LacZ-positive cells decreased dramatically at 14 and 21 days after transduction and few positive cells were observed at day 28. (elsevierpure.com)
  • X-Gat histochemical analysis detected many LacZ-positive cells in lpr or gld mice liver even at 21 or 28 days after AxCALacZ injection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • As distinct from IFNgamma(+/+) mice, neither T-cell activation markers nor Th1 cytokines were upregulated in draining lymph node cells or skin-infiltrating leucocytes of AA-resistant IFNgamma(-/-) mice. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • However, there was no evidence for a shift towards a Th2 cytokine profile, nor for upregulation of regulatory T cells in IFNgamma(-/-) mice. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • IFNgamma(-/-) mice fail to activate Th1 cells in response to the transplanted (auto)antigens, which suggests an essential requirement for IFN-gamma-mediated Th1 activation in the induction of AA. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. (silverchair.com)
  • SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). (silverchair.com)
  • The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. (silverchair.com)
  • LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. (silverchair.com)
  • In B6 mice, an injection with 1 × 10 2 organisms of T. gondii induced a suppressed elicitation of the memory cells to DNP-KLH. (uky.edu)
  • Immunization of mice with TERT RNA-transfected dendritic cells (DC) stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which lysed melanoma and thymoma tumor cells and inhibited the growth of three unrelated tumors in mice of distinct genetic backgrounds. (nova.edu)
  • There were significant differences in the reduction rates of β-galactosidase activity of liver homogenates between lpr and MRL, or gld and C3H mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To date, the Mouse Genome Database through The Jackson Laboratory, lists 24 QTL in mice associated with fibrosis of which all but 3 are phenotypes in the lung. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anhedonia and low nesting scores in L66 mice are indicative of apathy-like phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules in the putative immune-privileged infrainfundibular site of the hair follicle was found to be weaker in AA-resistant IFNgamma(-/-) mice than in control mice with AA. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Mice infected with C. rodentium developed robust acquired immunity and were resistant to reinfection with wild-type C. rodentium or a C. rodentium derivative, DBS255(pCVD438), which expressed intimin derived from EPEC strain E2348/69. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mice vaccinated subcutaneously with Int280alpha, in the absence of adjuvant, were significantly more resistant to oral challenge with DBS255(pCVD438) but not with wild-type C. rodentium. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have investigated the humoral immune response to E1-deleted adenovirus vectors encoding the lacZ gene introduced into the brains of mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mice provide a suitable model for the study of human genetics because more than 95% of the genome is identical. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An E1/E3-deleted adenoviral vector expressing Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (LacZ) was injected via the portal vein into congenitally Fas-deficient mice (Ipr), Fas ligand-deficient mice (gld) and their control mice, MRL and C3H. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Timed mated rats and mice are determined by observation of a vaginal plug. (inotivco.com)
  • For models fulfilled from Envigo Affiliates in Europe, the last stage of gestation for mice is over 17 days and for rats is over 18 days, each at shipping. (inotivco.com)
  • To avoid charges, cancellations for timed mated rats, mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters must be received one week prior to mating date, however, cancelled orders for timed mated rabbits will be charged at full price regardless of the amount of notice supplied. (inotivco.com)
  • If customer's research project requires such litters, Envigo recommends ordering timed mated pregnant rats and mice which can litter at customer's facility. (inotivco.com)
  • Recombination frequencies using previously mapped loci allowed assignment of the 5'DI gene to mouse chromosome 4 and identified its approximate chromosomal position. (jci.org)
  • Conserved linkage between this segment of mouse chromosome 4 and human HSA1p predicts this location for human Dio1. (jci.org)
  • The investment in training should be outweighed by the benefits observed with more reliable behavioral and physiological responses in the mice. (uwm.edu)
  • For those examinations heterozygous mutant mice were mated to C3H mice and the offspring were divided in the two groups of mutant and wildtype littermates according to the concentration of plasma urea. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • At the age of 4 weeks the body weight of the mutant mice and the wildtype mice showed no difference. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • After 6 weeks the mutant mice grew more slowly leading to a significantly lower body weight compared to the wildtype littermates. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Beside that they showed lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides and glucose and a lower activity of amylase than the wildtype mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • However urea secretion via the kidneys was impaired, since the mutants showed significantly lower urine urea levels compared to the wildtype mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Mice homozygous for FVB/NJ alleles at this locus had increased tumor multiplicity compared to homozygous C3H/HeJ mice. (jax.org)
  • 5'DI-deficient mice had twofold higher serum free T4 but normal free T3 and thyrotropin. (jci.org)
  • Only serum collected from infected C3H/He mice contained TNF activity. (pasteur.fr)
  • The TNF alpha/cachectin release in the sera of C3H mice may play a role in the early wasting and death of these mice after Trypanosoma cruzi infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • Whole embryo culture (WEC) of organogenesis-stage mouse embryos was adapted for glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolic studies to evaluate the hypothesis that de novo GSL biosynthesis is a prerequisite for growth and morphogenesis of the early postimplantation embryo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • WEC supports the growth and development of postimplantation mouse embryos to stages that are indistinguishable from those achieved in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we show that the LEE-encoded proteins EspA, EspB, Tir, and intimin are the targets of long-lived humoral immune responses in C. rodentium-infected mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Macrophage-mediated suppression of immune responses in Toxoplasma-infected mice. (uky.edu)
  • The infected DBA/2 and C3H/He mice produced moderately suppressed responses. (uky.edu)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Macrophage-mediated suppression of immune responses in Toxoplasma-infected mice. (uky.edu)
  • Plastic restraint devices can be used to hold mice and other rodents for longer periods of time. (uwm.edu)
  • Intestinal Survival, Competition and Translocation of Biotechnology Agents on Intranasal Exposure of C3H/HeJ Mice. (epa.gov)
  • This Mouse TLR5 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic peptide between 71-102 amino acids from the N-terminal region of mouse TLR5. (prosci-inc.com)
  • The mutant mice had significantly higher plasma concentrations of urea and total protein as well as a higher activity of the alkaline phosphatase. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Baseline prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex predicts the sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in male and female mice. (psych.ac.cn)
  • Reactivation of DEP-1 by stable overexpression of Prx-1 extended survival of mice in the 32D cell/C3H/HeJ mouse model of FLT3 ITD-driven myeloproliferative disease. (nih.gov)
  • Most QTL have been mapped in model organisms such as the mouse and the rat. (jax.org)
  • J:259852 Mouse Genome Informatics and the WTSI Mouse Genomes Project, MGI Strain Genome Feature and Gene Model Load. (jax.org)
  • The most commonly used methods for catching and picking up mice are grasping the animal near the tip of the tail, between thumb and forefinger, or by grasping the tail near the base or the neck between the ends of a smooth tipped forceps. (uwm.edu)
  • Female mice aged 5 - 6 months were assessed in the home cage over a period of 7 days with nest-building behaviour scored by three independent experimenters at intervals of 1-, 2- and 7-days post nestlet introduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • To test the involvement of the Fas-Fas ligand interaction in this apoptotic process, the period of transgene expression was measured in lpr and gld mice, which had received the same amount of AxCALacZ. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Regarding the relative organ weights the mutant mice showed significantly higher values for the spleen and the brain. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The histopathological investigation of the kidneys did not reveal any alterations, which could to explain the pathological increase of the plasma urea concentration in the mutant mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The investigation of the hematological parameters resulted in the occurrence of altered values in the 18 und 24 weeks old mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Data were collected from studies that were deemed eligible for analysis based on set inclusion criteria, and findings were assessed in relation to strain of mouse, type of injury and organ of investigation. (biomedcentral.com)