ProteinsAcetylationUbiquitinationHistonesModificationsMediated by DNA methyltransferasesTranscriptionCysteineTranscriptionalChromatin structureGenesH3K9TyrosineGuanineLysineRegulateProteinMechanismNcRNAsAcidCovalentEnzymesInvolvesGene expressionReactiveCorrelationAtomGenerallyPatternsSubstrateAdditionBoundDerivativesTissueRegulationSpecificReplicationSitesImportantFormConversionHumanCellAnalysis
Proteins6
- Methylation also refers to the addition of methyl group to lysine residues in the histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- DNA meth-ylation represses transcription by interfering with transcription factor binding and indirectly by recruiting methyl-CpG-binding proteins and reducing chromatin remodeling activities ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The effects of DNA methylation and the histone code are due, at least in part, to modification-specific recruitment of factors, such as heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1) and methyl-binding domain proteins, which establish and maintain higher order of chromatin structure. (aacrjournals.org)
- Methyl marks are recognized by plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers and the Royal-superfamily of chromatin-binding proteins, including chromodomain, tudor, and MBT domains. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Here we discuss two approaches currently used to investigate the global dynamics of phosphorylation based on the isolation of phosphorylated proteins or peptides. (acs.org)
- The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Acetylation4
- For example, histone acetylation generally correlates with gene activation, while histone methylation can either activate or repress gene expression, depending on the specific histone residue being modified and the extent of methylation [ 4 ]. (scitechnol.com)
- Therefore, changes in histone acetylation (epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing), activation of transcription factors by phosphorylation, increased RNA stability, increased translational control, and protein modification can all be detected at some point in various cancer cells. (edu.vn)
- The code is an array of post-translational modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation) of NH 2 -terminal tails of core histone and to a lesser degree their globular domains. (aacrjournals.org)
- 2 In addition to the well-established epigenetic role of DNA methylation, this definition includes a variety of more transient histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation that underlie epigenetic effects, and that will be discussed in this chapter along with the influence of SUMOylation, ubiquitination, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation, and microRNA. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Ubiquitination1
- Together with ubiquitination and phosphorylation, methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. (wikipedia.org)
Histones2
- The most prevalent protein methylations affect arginine and lysine residue of specific histones. (wikipedia.org)
- The mechanism of epigenetic regulation involves the CpG site methylation of promoter regions and the modification of DNA and histones by altering chromatin structure ( 9 - 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Modifications11
- Instead, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules, influence the accessibility of specific genomic regions to transcriptional machinery. (scitechnol.com)
- In addition to DNA methylation and histone modifications, noncoding RNAs have emerged as crucial epigenetic regulators in cell fate determination. (scitechnol.com)
- This combination of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation (epigenetic modifications that lead to gene silencing) is commonly found in cancer. (edu.vn)
- Cross-talk between different histone modifications, as well as DNA methylation, seems complex. (aacrjournals.org)
- The post-transcriptional modifications are enzymatically inserted at site-specific locations, for instance the methylation of uridine to 5-methyluridine or ribothymidine is almost invariant at position 54 in all tRNAs. (datexis.com)
- Some of the modifications are quite common, such as 2'-O-methylation and pseudouridylation. (datexis.com)
- Even modifications as simple as methyl groups can exhibit distinguishable dynamic motions that depend on their location within the RNA structure, for instance the methyl groups of yeast tRNAPhe. (datexis.com)
- Kong M, Yu X, Guo W, Guo R. The bidirectional interplay between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in gastrointestinal tumors. (ijbs.com)
- The aberrant expression of methylation and ncRNAs, two crucial regulators of epigenetic modifications, has been widely demonstrated in cancer. (ijbs.com)
- Therefore, we summarize the interrelation process between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in GI tumors, including the detailed mechanism of methylation enzyme regulation of ncRNAs, the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs regulation of methylation modifications, and the correlation between the interactions between ncRNAs and methylation modifications and clinical features of tumors. (ijbs.com)
- Finally, we discuss the potential value of ncRNAs and methylation modifications in clinical diagnosis and therapy. (ijbs.com)
Mediated by DNA methyltransferases1
- Moreover, the CpG site methylation is mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which catalyze the addition of a methyl group to cytosine ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Transcription3
- This lack of methylation confers a permissive environment of transcription and represents an important transcriptional regulatory mechanism. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Moreover, in the ketamine group, the level of Ten‑Eleven‑Translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase for demethylation as determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR assay was increased in comparison with the control group, but that was not the case for the level of DNA methyltransferases for methylation. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Thus H3K9 methylation at the promoter region silences transcription, but within the coding region, H3K9 methylation was found to be associated with actively transcribed genes. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Cysteine2
- Prenylation attaches the cysteine residue and prenyl (15 residue farnesyl) group via a thioester. (freezingblue.com)
- The invention relates generally to antibodies engineered with reactive cysteine residues and more specifically to antibodies with therapeutic or diagnostic applications. (justia.com)
Transcriptional3
- One to two percent of the human genome are CpG clusters, and there is an inverse relationship between CpG methylation and transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
- The present study investigated the methylation of CpG sites in the cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 promoter via nuclear factor (NF)‑κB transcriptional regulation and elucidated its effect on the COX‑2 transcriptional expression in a ketamine‑induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC) animal model. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Up to now, two main groups of HATs-type A and type B-have been described, whereby the nuclear type A HATs are those believed to influence transcriptional activity. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Chromatin structure1
- The methyl mark leads to changes in the chromatin structure and recruits effector molecules. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Genes4
- Improper methylations of human genes can lead to disease development, including cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- High levels of DNA methylation at the promoter regions of genes typically lead to gene silencing, preventing the expression of those genes in specific cell types. (scitechnol.com)
- In cancer cells, the DNA in the promoter region of silenced genes is methylated on cytosine DNA residues in CpG islands. (edu.vn)
- We hypothesized that aberrant methylation and hence altered expression of certain unknown important genes induced by the genetically activated PI3K pathway signaling is a major epigenetic mechanism in human tumorigenesis. (oncotarget.com)
H3K91
- In mammalian cells, histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) methylation and histone hypoacetylation are usually associated with methylated DNA, heterochromatin, and gene silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
Tyrosine1
- The C2 domain includes two tyrosine phosphorylation sites (Y240 and Y315). (biomedcentral.com)
Guanine2
- In vertebrates, DNA methylation typically occurs at CpG sites (cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites-that is, sites where a cytosine is directly followed by a guanine in the DNA sequence). (wikipedia.org)
- Human DNA has about 80-90% of CpG sites methylated, but there are certain areas, known as CpG islands, that are CG-rich (high cytosine and guanine content, made up of about 65% CG residues), wherein none is methylated. (wikipedia.org)
Lysine1
- This particular form of methylation can be associated with a more "open" or "closed" configuration of the chromatin depending on various factors including the specific lysine residues being methylated. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Regulate3
- Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) dioxygenase family, including TET1, TET2 and TET3, mediates active DNA demethylation and hydroxylate-methylated DNA by converting 5-methylcyto-sine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine to regulate DNA methylation status. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Protein5
- such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. (wikipedia.org)
- Methylation contributing to epigenetic inheritance can occur through either DNA methylation or protein methylation. (wikipedia.org)
- One example of a gene modification that alters the growth rate is increased phosphorylation of cyclin B, a protein that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and serves as a cell-cycle checkpoint protein. (edu.vn)
- FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
- DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Mechanism1
- We propose that modulation of DNA methylation in response to environmental cues early in life serves as a mechanism of life-long genome adaptation. (biomedcentral.com)
NcRNAs1
- At least 10,275 5-mC candidate sites were discovered in mRNAs and ncRNAs, which cover 10.6% of the total cytosine residues in the transcriptome. (epigentek.com)
Acid3
- The methanearsonates are the precursors to dimethylarsonates, again by the cycle of reduction (to methylarsonous acid) followed by a second methylation. (wikipedia.org)
- They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. (lookformedical.com)
- Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
Covalent2
- Emerging data support the hypothesis that DNA methylation, a covalent modification of the DNA molecule that is a component of its chemical structure, serves as an interface between the dynamic environment and the fixed genome. (biomedcentral.com)
- 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in DNA occurs by the covalent addition of a methyl group at the 5-carbon of the cytosine ring by DNA methyltransferases. (epigentek.com)
Enzymes1
- The various members of this group of enzymes are highly specialized in methylating selected lysines or arginines to a certain degree (monomethylation, dimethylation, trimethylation). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Involves2
- Methanogenesis, the process that generates methane from CO2, involves a series of methylation reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases, often occurring at CpG dinucleotide. (scitechnol.com)
Gene expression2
- Conversely, low levels of DNA methylation are associated with active gene expression, allowing cells to acquire specific identities and functions. (scitechnol.com)
- Histone hyperacetylation and H3K4 methylation are associated with unmethylated DNA, euchromatin, and gene expression ( Fig. 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Reactive1
- The enzyme is initially primed into a reactive state by the transfer of a methyl group from N5-MeTHF to Co(I) in enzyme-bound cobalamin (Cob), forming methyl-cobalamin(Me-Cob) that now contains Me-Co(III) and activating the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Correlation1
- It is important to mention here that there is a correlation between histone methylation and DNA methylation, where the latter can induce the former to effect a closed chromatin configuration to silence expression. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Atom2
- In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. (wikipedia.org)
- Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
Generally2
- Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
- Generally, DNA gets methylated at the pyrimidine ring of the cytosine. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Patterns3
- The proper establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns are crucial for normal development and tissue homeostasis [ 2 ]. (scitechnol.com)
- It has been almost an established dogma that DNA methylation patterns form during embryogenesis by innate organized developmental programs and that DNA methylation is mainly involved in cellular differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
- It was therefore believed that DNA methylation patterns once formed remained fixed since cellular differentiation was believed to be terminal. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate1
- In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)
Addition1
- Methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine residues in DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Bound1
- Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (lookformedical.com)
Derivatives1
- citation needed] A wide variety of phenols undergo O-methylation to give anisole derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue3
- In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been known for several decades that the pattern of distribution of methyl cytosines is not equal in all tissues in a multicellular organism and that it exhibits tissue specificity (Razin and Szyf 1984 ). (biomedcentral.com)
- 2007 ). It is proposed here that the DNA methylation pattern bears not just the tissue-specific identity but also the individual identity formed as a response to interactions with the environment early in life and throughout life. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation1
- In honey bees, DNA methylation is associated with alternative splicing and gene regulation based on functional genomic research published in 2013. (wikipedia.org)
Specific2
- Thus, the DNA molecule has two identities: the ancestral identity encoded in the sequence and the cell-specific identity encoded in the pattern of DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Sustainable Building Design and Construction threonine has an Mitogen-activated, alveolar step that contains effects at the conversion of the activation of a phosphorylated specific residue. (evakoch.com)
Replication2
- DNMT1 preserves the methyltransferase by binding to hemi-methylated CpG sites and methylates the cytosine on the newly synthesized strand after DNA replication, whereas DNMT3a/DNMT3b are required for the de novo genomic methylation of DNA ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule after replication by machinery that is distinct from the machinery that replicates the DNA sequence creating within the hard chemistry of the DNA molecule itself a potential for differential information. (biomedcentral.com)
Sites3
- In mammals, DNA methylation is common in body cells, and methylation of CpG sites seems to be the default. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two PDZ-binding domains (PDZ-BD) and six phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal tail. (biomedcentral.com)
- We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
Important3
- The pattern of DNA methylation is proposed to play an important role in social adaptation of genome function and therefore in behavioral phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- important motion: A multienzyme mediated phosphorylation into its primary system for the New Zealand Practice Nurse. (evakoch.com)
- We detected phosphorylation on S155 and identified S155 as a functionally important site for lipid metabolism. (uci.edu)
Form1
- The overall reaction transforms 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N5-MeTHF) into tetrahydrofolate (THF) while transferring a methyl group to Hcy to form Met. (wikipedia.org)
Conversion1
- DNA methylation is the conversion of the cytosine to 5-methylcytosine. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
- Interestingly, this is usually restricted to cytosine that exists in the context of CpG dinucleotides which are widely spread in the human genome. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Cell1
- One of the key epigenetic mechanisms involved in cell fate determination is DNA methylation [ 1 ]. (scitechnol.com)
Analysis1
- Intended applications include whole transcriptome RNA bisulfite sequencing and various other RNA bisulfite-based next generation sequencing techniques for 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) based RNA methylation analysis. (epigentek.com)