• We also carried out computer simulations to assess the empirical type I error rates of these meta-analysis methods.Our analyses provided modest evidence for type 2 diabetes-predisposing variants on chromosomes 4, 10, and 14 (using LOD scores or truncated p values), or chromosome 10 and 16 (using ranks). (ox.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: For both the microsatellite and SNP markers, linkage analysis suggested the involvement of a locus or loci proximal to the telomeric regions of chromosomes 2q and 7p, with both regions generating a LOD* score of 3.0 using a nonparametric identity by descent relative sharing method. (duke.edu)
  • 1997) found strong evidence of linkage on chromosomes 20 (lod score = 4.09) and 21 (lod score = 5.9). (findzebra.com)
  • In addition, this new genome scan identifies novel linkage peaks with multipoint lod scores greater than 1.0 on chromosomes 3, 6, 13, and 22. (arvojournals.org)
  • RESULTS: The strongest evidence for linkage was detected on chromosomes 13 (LOD 1.6). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Other regions showing a LOD score greater than 1 were observed on chromosomes 3, 5, 11, 12 and 15. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A mutation at SLC6A3 is not causative for TS in the two large families that generated significant negative lod scores (if the parameters of our analyses were correct) and is unlikely to be causative in the family that generated a negative lod score that did not reach significance. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • No variations in sequence were observed in the other 2 families, and negative lod scores excluded linkage to the PTPN11 locus, showing that LEOPARD syndrome is genetically heterogeneous. (medscape.com)
  • The maximum multipoint lod score of 3.28 was obtained in only one interval, between markers D6S1699 and D6S314. (bmj.com)
  • A genome-wide linkage analysis did not indicate or exclude linkage to the region on chromosome 12 to which CNA1 has been previously mapped, and did not provide a single or multipoint LOD score greater than 2.0 for any of the 400 microsatellite markers. (llu.edu)
  • Linkage was determined by genotyping microsatellite makers and calculating logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores. (molvis.org)
  • Multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated using parametric and nonparametric methods. (lu.se)
  • In parametric 2-point linkage analyses, the highest 2-point logarithm of odds (lod) score of 4.6 was observed with marker D4S424 on chromosome 4q31.21 (at ≈142 Mb). (elsevierpure.com)
  • A region of homozygosity harboring the neonatal diabetes disease gene on chromosome 10p12.1-p13 was identified (multipoint logarithm of odds score 3.25). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A model that included current age and the number of E2 alleles at the APOE locus as covariates gave a lod score of 4.1. (findzebra.com)
  • Power analysis at a LOD score of 3, gave 80% power to locate a single specific locus that accounts for 52% of the total phenotypic variation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This method makes an assumption that there is no more than one trait locus in the chromosomal region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed a genome scan, using variance components (VC) linkage analysis and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) joint segregation and linkage analysis, for three quantitative measures of RWR in 108 multigenerational families, with follow up of the strongest signals with parametric LOD score analyses. (nih.gov)
  • Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed using both parametric and nonparametric methods. (duke.edu)
  • We used both model-based and model-free methods of joint linkage and imprinting analyses. (qxmd.com)
  • Although a genome scan of rheumatoid arthritis families using GENEHUNTER-MODSCORE suggested regions that might be imprinted, further analyses using variance-components method failed to obtain significant signals of imprinting. (qxmd.com)
  • In multivariable analyses simultaneously considering education, income, and health literacy, LHL was associated with significantly worse scores on all PROs except disease damage. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: GWS was performed using 811 microsatellite markers providing about five centiMorgan (cM) resolution. (lu.se)
  • Methods and Results - We genotyped a total of 362 individuals, including 151 affected subjects for 485 autosomal microsatellite markers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We further restricted the linked region from 12.2 to 2.9 cM (2.37 Mb) by genotyping 15 additional markers in the 3 families with the highest lod scores. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Multipoint analysis resulted in a peak lod score of 6.2 in the interval between markers D6S313 and D6S252 and excluded the interval containing the North Carolina macular dystrophy gene. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, a highly significant linkage was detected with a number of markers located in the vicinity of the type I keratin gene cluster on band 17q21, with maximum 2-lod scores of 4.16 and 3.717 for the markers D17S1787 and D17S1886, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • A maximal NPL LOD score of 3.15, suggestive of significant linkage, was identified at chr6q26 for nicotine withdrawal sensitivity. (sri.com)
  • An increased risk of relapse, suggestive linkage at chr6q26, and nominally significant association with multiple OPRM1 SNPs were found with Rasch-modeled nicotine withdrawal sensitivity scores in a multiplex smoking pedigree sample. (sri.com)
  • One family contributed suggestive LOD scores (LOD 2.63 to 3.03, dominant model) at all these regions, without consistent evidence of a tumour suppressor gene. (lu.se)
  • A previous autosome-wide screen identified a nonparametric linkage (NPL) log-likelihood ratio (LOD) score of 2.7 on chromosome 6q26 for the sum of nine withdrawal symptoms. (sri.com)
  • Data from these define genetic and non-genetic variation, define a measure of heritability for expression of individual genes, and provide the basis for a new method of data reduction for genetical genomics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe here a new method, specifically designed for application to genetical genomics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1, 2 To date, four genes responsible for non-syndromic X linked mental retardation have been identified using this method. (bmj.com)
  • 12- 17 However, there is still further allelic heterogeneity within this region as there are additional XLMR families published that map to Xq28 with a significant lod score but do not have abnormalities in any of these genes. (bmj.com)
  • The multipoint analysis of this region resulted in a lod score of 3.8 and a lod -1 region of 12.2 cM, containing 40 known genes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Using LODPAL, the power of detecting one of the three major genes related to SBP is 44.4% when a LOD score of 1 is used as the cut-off point. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cumulative results show a lod score of -6.2 at θ = 0 and of -3.9 at θ = 0.05 (dominant model, narrow disease definition). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The horizontal line above the y axis represents a significant LOD score of 0.05 (as determined by permuting the trait values). (jax.org)
  • There has been great interest in developing linkage analysis methods that allow for the adjustment of covariates, because this type of analysis can potentially allow us greater power to detect genetic effects after adjusting traits for the possible effect of covariates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LODPAL is an affected-relative-pair analysis method using a conditional-logistic model that allows covariates to adjust the relative risks associated with sharing alleles identity by descent (IBD) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our simulation results suggested that uneven marker density across studies results in substantial variation in empirical type I error rates for all meta-analysis methods, but that 2 cM bins and scores that make more explicit use of linkage evidence, especially the truncated p values, reduce this problem.We identified regions modestly linked with type 2 diabetes by summarizing results from 23 autosomal genome scans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The maximum lod score was 5.5 (theta = 0) with marker D6S280. (nih.gov)
  • Sobel ELange K Descent graphs in pedigree analysis: applications to haplotyping, location scores, and marker-sharing statistics. (jamanetwork.com)
  • the lod score in a third family was also negative, but not significant. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This attribute was a significant advantages before the advent of efficient and easy PCR genotyping methods (Weber and Broman, 2000). (nervenet.org)
  • The penetrance of BRCA2 was estimated by maximizing the LOD score in BRCA2-mutation families, over all possible penetrance functions. (nih.gov)
  • The heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) at the 6q, 2p and 14q loci in all families was 3.27, 1.66 and 1.24, respectively. (lu.se)
  • Application of OSA to the new linkage data significantly increases the lod score on chromsome 14 from 1.55 to 4.1 in a clinically distinct subset of 61 families (p=0.017). (arvojournals.org)
  • The results were obtained by allowing for genetic heterogeneity among these extended pedigrees, and ≈50% of families were linked to this region with the highest single-pedigree lod score being 3.6. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In Hispanic families, 104 LOD scores were greater than 3. (escholarship.org)
  • We have tested heritability-weighted averages to define expression of a transcript and found that these allow detection of more QTLs than previously described methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, analytical methods are included that modify previously used methods to obtain lower detection limits and/or to improve accuracy and precision. (cdc.gov)
  • The detection limit (DL, LOD, LLD) for a chemical analysis method is the lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected. (janusinfo.se)
  • METHODS: To investigate this family more thoroughly, a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screen was performed. (duke.edu)
  • By analyzing DNA alleles can be identified as being associated with disease states, such as in calculation of LOD scores. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 ] modified the two-parameter method originally described by Olson [ 1 ] by assuming a mathematical relationship between the two model parameters λ 1 and λ 2 , where λ 1 is the relative risk for a pair of relatives that shares exactly one allele IBD and λ 2 is the relative risk for a pair of relatives that shares two alleles IBD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: We found significantly worse PRO scores among individuals with LHL, even after controlling for disease activity and damage. (cdc.gov)
  • In African Americans 77 LOD scores greater than 3 were observed. (escholarship.org)
  • Positive lod score values were obtained for chromosome 6q22.31-q24.1, with evidence of three homozygous intervals. (bmj.com)
  • Several alternative methods have been proposed to combine multiple probe-specific values into a single expression estimate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hazard score (previously referred to as the PBT index) is used in Region Stockholm's knowledge support Pharmaceuticals and Environment and is the sum of the values for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity for a substance where each characteristic is assigned a numerical value, 0-3. (janusinfo.se)
  • The sum of the values constitutes the hazard score, 0-9. (janusinfo.se)
  • METHODS: Multipoint linkage analysis for BMI was conducted using both a variance component approach and a model-free regression method, and the resulting LOD scores were compared. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Olson's original method requires two additional parameters for each covariate, while the new method needs only one parameter by using the relationship λ 2 = 3.634 × λ 1 - 2.634. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, for expression level of TGFBR3 gene, we found a point-wise p-value of 0.03 for imprinting, but increase in the LOD score did not meet the required threshold to reliably identify imprinting as the correct mode of inheritance in genome-wide linkage scans. (qxmd.com)
  • Protein isolation Chromatography methods: ion exchange, size-exclusion chromatography (or gel filtration), affinity chromatography Protein extraction and solubilization Concentrating protein solutions Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions Gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions 2D gel electrophoresis Electrofocusing The considerably small size of protein macromolecules makes identification and quantification of unknown protein samples particularly difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although no literature citations were found, it would seem that formate in urine and blood could be determined by a method based on ion chromatography (IC). (cdc.gov)
  • Folin reagent is stable at only acidic conditions and the method is susceptible to skewing results depending on how much tryptophan and tyrosine is present in the examined protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The International Type 2 Diabetes Linkage Analysis Consortium was formed to localize type 2 diabetes predisposing variants based on 23 autosomal linkage scans.We carried out meta-analysis using the genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) method which divides the genome into bins of approximately 30 cM, ranks the best linkage results in each bin for each sample, and then sums the ranks across samples. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Methods and results: In a total of 232 members of a large consanguineous Omani Arab pedigree (age: 16-80. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, many experimental methods (e.g., mass spectrometry) require computational analysis of the raw data. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence, protein analysis usually requires DNA methods, especially cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • All three methods of analysis identified a strong linkage signal for SWE on chromosome 13q. (nih.gov)
  • 0.004), a VC LOD score of 2.29, and a parametric LOD score of 2.94, based on a quantitative-trait model from MCMC segregation analysis (SA). (nih.gov)
  • Rather, the intention is to identify well-established methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In further use of a covariate-based linkage method to reanalyze genome scan data, Olson et al. (findzebra.com)
  • A parametric LOD-score of 3.31 was observed to get a 4.4 Mb interval on chromosome 12. (bibf1120.com)
  • The strongest evidence of linkage (LOD = 4.29) was with rs5882 (MAF = 0.46) in CETP with HDL. (escholarship.org)
  • Some examples of genetic methods include conceptual translation, Site-directed mutagenesis, using a fusion protein, and matching allele with disease states. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mean T-scores in depressed and non-depressed individuals were compared using multiple linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, disease activity, damage, body mass index (BMI), and household income. (cdc.gov)
  • The Folin reagent binds to tryptophan and tyrosine which means the concentration of the two amino acids affects the sensitivity of the method. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Rasch model has been used to develop a unidimensional sensitivity score representing multiple correlated measures of nicotine withdrawal. (sri.com)
  • 1989), but has not resulted in a routine method. (cdc.gov)
  • Method: Preoperative evaluation, preparation and premedication was assessment, and routine laboratory investigations was done. (bvsalud.org)
  • A third advantage of RI strains is that genotypes generated by different groups using a variety of methods can be pooled to generate high-density linkage maps. (nervenet.org)
  • Using a covariate-based linkage method, Olson et al. (findzebra.com)
  • Protein methods are the techniques used to study proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are experimental methods for studying proteins (e.g., for detecting proteins, for isolating and purifying proteins, and for characterizing the structure and function of proteins, often requiring that the protein first be purified). (wikipedia.org)
  • Computational methods typically use computer programs to analyze proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some proteins have never been directly sequenced, however by translating codons from known mRNA sequences into amino acids by a method known as conceptual translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike Lowry and Warburg-Christian Methods, Bradford assays do not rely on Tryptophan and Tyrosine content in proteins which allows the method to be more accurate hypothetically. (wikipedia.org)
  • Warburg-Christian method screens proteins at their naturally occurring absorbance ranges. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most proteins absorb light very well at 280 nanometers due to the presence of tryptophan and tyrosine, but the method is susceptible to varying amounts of the amino acids it relies on. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was noted by the authors that this method was free from interferences from proteins and bacterial cells so it might have applicability to biological fluids such as blood or urine. (cdc.gov)
  • Many of the analytical methods used for environmental samples are the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (cdc.gov)
  • Methods for the determination of formaldehyde in biological samples are given in Table 6-1. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study (CLUES), a cohort of adults in the San Francisco Bay Area with SLE. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: Data from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study (CLUES, n=323) were used. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: Population-based cancer registry data for 2005-2016 were linked with the Indian Health Service patient registration databases to address racial misclassification. (cdc.gov)
  • RMA provides statistically robust averaging methods, dChip fits a model that allows probe-specific binding affinities, and PDNN fits a model that allows sequence-specific binding affinities and nearest-neighbor stacking interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate four treatment methods, based on each patient's clinical presentation, gestational age of the pregnancy and haemodynamic stability, for the management of CSEP.Methods. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, and/or measuring, and/or monitoring formaldehyde, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to formaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). (lookformedical.com)
  • The method is sensitive at concentration ranges similar to the Bradford method, but requires a minuscule amount more of protein. (wikipedia.org)