Methionine and glutathione metabolism cysteine. Medical search. Frequent questions

The donation of methyl groups affects the proper function of many metabolic processes, including brain function, energy production and DNA metabolism. (jarrow.com)
The chemical signature that we discovered is evidence that CFS is an objective metabolic disorder that affects mitochondrial energy metabolism, immune function, GI function, the microbiome, the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine, and other brain functions. (omf.ngo)
Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent research has demonstrated that methionine can regulate metabolic processes, the innate immune system, and digestive functioning in mammals. (unm.edu)
Although several metabolic abnormalities have been identified in investigations of people with autism (eg, elevated 5-HT, reduced serum biotinidase, abnormal neurotransmitter functions, impaired phenolic amines metabolism), a metabolic workup should be considered on an individual basis. (medscape.com)
id":4381457088648,"title":"BioClinic Natural SAMe 400mg","handle":"bioclinic-natural-same","description":"\u003cp\u003eS-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) has several critical physiological functions and is the common thread between three key metabolic pathways. (inl.asia)
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) has several critical physiological functions and is the common thread between three key metabolic pathways. (inl.asia)

As the precursor of other non-essential amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical role in the metabolism and health of many species, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
The amino acid taurine is another metabolite of SAMe metabolism. (jarrow.com)
Cysteine is a non-essential sulfur amino acid, which plays a critical role in methionine, taurine and glutathione metabolism. (vitaminhouse.ge)
Cysteine is then metabolized to sulfite, taurine, and glutathione. (msdmanuals.com)
Methionine belongs to a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM or SAMe), L-cysteine, glutathione, taurine and sulfate. (mthfrgenehealth.com)
Subsequently, cystathionine is hydrolyzed to yield cysteine (Cys) and α -ketobutyrate via vitamin B 6 -dependent cystathionine γ -lyase (CSE) and finally to taurine (Tau) [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism 33 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

In plants and microorganisms, methionine biosynthesis belongs to the aspartate family, along with threonine and lysine (via diaminopimelate, but not via α-aminoadipate). (wikipedia.org)
It also intervenes in lipid metabolism, activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as methionine sulfoxide reductase A, and the biosynthesis of glutathione to counteract oxidative stress. (unm.edu)
For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)

In remethylation pathway, Hcy can be remethylated to form Met via methionine synthase (MS) or betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), in which cofactors such as folic acid and vitamin B 12 or betaine are required. (hindawi.com)
The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
However, chronic alcohol consumption decreases GSH generation through cysteine deficiency by suppressing the methionine cycle and trans-sulfuration system, whereas it turns on an alternative defense pathway, such as the xCT transporter, to compensate for GSH shortage. (e-cmh.org)

S limitation leads to photosynthesis and carbon metabolism disturbances that could be responsible for the oxidative stress observed in the young leaves of oilseed rape. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of methionine on metabolism, oxidative stress, and diseases. (unm.edu)

Next to the 8 essential aminos, I will try to discuss a number of them that have made the headlines recently: L-Glutamine, L-Arginine , L-Carnitine, L-Cysteine, and HMB. (bodybuilding.com)
Arginine and proline metabolism 26 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

Methionine (symbol Met or M) (/mɪˈθaɪəniːn/) is an essential amino acid in humans. (wikipedia.org)
As an essential amino acid, methionine is not synthesized de novo in humans and other animals, which must ingest methionine or methionine-containing proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Found in all living cells, SAMe is also called "activated methionine" since it is formed by reacting ATP and methionine (an essential amino acid). (jarrow.com)
Methionine is an essential amino acid that has a wide variety of jobs to do in the body and one of the most important of these jobs is in methylation, when you have methylation problems this can lead to serious health problems and disease. (mthfrgenehealth.com)
Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans. (pinnacleclinic.com)
4) a positive feedback to increase the utilization of methionine(an essential amino acid) when GSH is depleted. (paganz.org)

Glutathione is a combination of 3 amino acids - glutamate, cysteine and glycine. (7dermacenter.com)
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism 21 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism 36 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

Secondly, with the assistance of enzymes and folic acid, homocysteine can be transformed into the amino acid cysteine, a crucial contributing factor in the production of the antioxidant glutathione. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)

Starch and sucrose metabolism 38 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

Methaionine is also repsonsible for producing energy, reducing inflammation, synthesising neurotransmitters, homocysteine metabolism, protein methylation, phase 2 liver detoxification and supporting immune function. (mthfrgenehealth.com)
This study was aimed at investigating the effects of quercetin on mRNA expression and activity of critical enzymes in homocysteine metabolism in rats fed a methionine-enriched diet. (hindawi.com)
Like most bodily processes, homocysteine metabolism is highly complex. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
Glycogenic® by Metagenics ® - Glycogenics® advanced formulation provides a balanced blend of high potency B vitamins along with supportive nutrients in support of healthy homocysteine metabolism, energy metabolism and a healthy stress response. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
Homocysteine Factors by Pure Encapsulations - This product supplies folate as Metafolin®, a naturally occurring, universally metabolized, directly usable form, along with vitamins B12 and B6 in support of promoting healthy homocysteine metabolism. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)

Sulfur also is needed for amino acid metabolism and hormone synthesis, and is a key factor in the body's natural defenses. (vitasprings.com)
SAMe metabolism supports the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione peroxi-dase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase), which comprise a complex antioxidant system important for liver function, including Phase II detoxification. (jarrow.com)
Sulphur-based amino acids like methionine and cysteine are responsible for the synthesis of protein in the body. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
In addition to protein, synthesis sulphur is responsible for metabolism intermediaries like glutathione. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
Sulphur deficiency leads to the health conditions like impaired protein synthesis, metabolism and Gi disorders, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
It is directly linked with the synthesis of proteins in the body which are necessary for metabolism. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
This vitamin is a cofactor for 100+ enzymes in our body, particularly those essential to amino acid synthesis, energy and neurotransmitter production, antioxidant and immune function, plus protein and folate metabolism (key to methylation). (mindbodygreen.com)
However, when normal metabolism is disturbed, due to deficiency of cystathionine-b-synthase, which requires vit B6 for activation, Hcy is accumulated in the blood with an increase of methionine, resulting into mental retardation (homocystinuria type I). A decrease of cysteine may cause eye diseases, due to decrease in the synthesis of glutathione (antioxidant). (niscpr.res.in)
Well-recognized as a unique methyl donor for numerous biological reactions, including DNA methylation, it also links methylation to polyamine synthesis (necessary for cell survival and growth), and trans sulfuration, which is responsible for cysteine production, the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis.1,2 Its unique positioning within these intersecting pathways explain its role as a regulator of redox status, cellular metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. (inl.asia)
As the limiting precursor for GSH synthesis, cysteine can be produced either by the degradation of GSH or the methionine cycle. (paganz.org)

A methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, betaine (i.e., trimethylglycine) is a critical bioactive for lipid and energy metabolism, plus osmoregulation. (mindbodygreen.com)
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 22 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

Choline, Inositol and Methionine combine together to enhance fat metabolism, prevent excess fat buildup and reduce blood cholesterol. (tuscaloosaweightloss.com)

This is in contrast to cysteine residues, where the thiol group has a catalytic role in many proteins. (wikipedia.org)
This lack of a strong role is reflected in experiments where little effect is seen in proteins where methionine is replaced by norleucine, a straight hydrocarbon sidechain amino acid which lacks the thioether. (wikipedia.org)
As a consequence, methionine is often incorporated into the N-terminal position of proteins in eukaryotes and archaea during translation, although it can be removed by post-translational modification. (wikipedia.org)
Glutathione is necessary for the scavenging of free radicals produced during the metabolism of macronutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, fats and proteins) for energy. (jarrow.com)
Proteins involved in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism were also modulated by S restriction. (biomedcentral.com)
Sulphur deficiency will cause a low concentration of glutathione in the body and may adversely affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
When dietary proteins are metabolized, they are broken down into individual amino acids including methionine. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)

The present kinetic model has demonstrated the importance of T[SH] 2 in leishmanial cellular redox metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
Remarkably, their survival is contributed by a very unique redox metabolism that the parasite has evolved with. (frontiersin.org)
Excluding the few exceptions where methionine may act as a redox sensor (e.g.,methionine sulfoxide), methionine residues do not have a catalytic role. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, Met appeared to be the only amino acid having its own specific regeneration system based also on a selenoprotein, the Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B. It thus looked obvious that Selenium (Se) was intimately linked to the antioxidant potential of sulphur amino acids. (adisseo.com)
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme(MTHFR), which is encoded by the MTHFR gene, is a critical enzyme that regulates the metabolism of folate and methionine, both of which are important factors in DNA methylation. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
There is a great deal of evidence suggesting that DNA methylation defects are associated with ASDs, and the role of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in folate metabolism may contribute to epigenetic mechanisms that modify complex gene expression, thus causing autism. (mthfrsupport.com.au)

Others are more common and are treated with folate, vit B12 and in selected cases as in methionine synthase deficiency, methionine, avoiding excess. (niscpr.res.in)

it is either remethylated to regenerate methionine or combined with serine in a series of transsulfuration reactions to form cystathionine and then cysteine. (msdmanuals.com)

Histidine metabolism 27 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

Enteric coated amino acids l-cysteine, l-lysine, methionine and l-glutathione support antibody production, cellular respiration and antioxidant activity. (supplementfirst.com)

Glutathione is a major antioxidant that plays an essential role in liver detoxification. (musclegearusa.com)
Beyond its role in detoxification, biotransformation processes are integral to nutrient metabolism. (clinicaleducation.org)

When this biologic chain is impaired and glutathione is formed successfully it protects the body from free radicals and reduces the levels of homocysteine. (7dermacenter.com)
Glutathione scavenges free radicals - especially hydrogen peroxide, and detoxes xenobiotics. (7dermacenter.com)

Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine. (pinnacleclinic.com)
Fructose and mannose metabolism 5 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Galactose metabolism 6 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism 7 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Purine metabolism 18 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Caffeine metabolism 19 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Pyrimidine metabolism 20 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Cysteine and methionine metabolism 23 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Tyrosine metabolism 28 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Phenylalanine metabolism 29 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Tryptophan metabolism 30 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
beta-Alanine metabolism 32 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism 34 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Selenocompound metabolism 35 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Glutathione metabolism 37 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism 43 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)

A Simplified Treatment Approach Based on the Glutathione Depletion-Methylation Cycle Block Pathogenesis Hypothesis for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) by Rich Van Konynenburg, Ph.D. (phoenixrising.me)
In January, 2007, in an effort to shed light on the validity of the Glutathione Depletion-Methylation Cycle Block (GD-MCB) Pathogenesis Hypothesis for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and to help clinicians to develop a practical treatment based on this Hypothesis, I suggested a simplified treatment approach. (phoenixrising.me)
This approach is designed to lift the hypothesized methylation cycle block and to restore glutathione levels to normal. (phoenixrising.me)
It was derived from a complete treatment program developed by Dr. Amy Yasko, N.D., Ph.D., for autism and other disorders that are also thought to involve methylation cycle block and glutathione depletion. (phoenixrising.me)
I would like to describe the history of the Glutathione Depletion-Methylation Cycle Block (GD-MCB) Hypothesis and the simplified treatment approach that is based upon it, and point out what I think the early treatment results mean with regard to this Hypothesis. (phoenixrising.me)
This study involved 141 children and adults with Autism, and results showed improvement in the methylation cycle and Glutathione levels of the group, and also significant progress in behavior and receptivity, using the Parental Global Impressions-Revised rating scale. (mthfrsupport.com.au)

Supplementation with methionine alone does not result in SAMe elevation, and, in fact, may cause elevation of homocysteine, an oxidizing metabolite. (jarrow.com)
The mRNA expression of methionine synthase was significantly increased after methionine or methionine plus quercetin supplementation, while its enzymatic activity was significantly increased after methionine plus quercetin supplementation. (hindawi.com)
Meanwhile, hepatic ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine was significantly decreased in response to methionine supplementation and normalized after the addition of quercetin. (hindawi.com)
This work is the first step in understanding GSH depletion and potentially cysteine supplementation. (paganz.org)
Glutathione Supplementation Can Boost Your Antioxidant potential and more! (vitanetonline.com)

The thioether within methionine does however have a minor structural role due to the stability effect of S/π interactions between the side chain sulfur atom and aromatic amino acids in one-third of all known protein structures. (wikipedia.org)
Cysteine stabilizes protein structure and aids in the formation of collagen, being thereby indispensable to skin, hair and nail health. (vitaminhouse.ge)
It actively participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
Gastrointestinal disorders affect the absorption of protein in the body and hence affect metabolism. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
Sulphur acts as a cofactor for protein synthesiser amino acids like methionine and cysteine. (homehealthyrecipes.com)
Methionine is an amino acid that can either be used to build a protein, or it can give up its methyl group so that methylation can occur. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
Homocysteine is not found in the diet but is a byproduct created during protein metabolism, an excess of which is implicated in a higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease and viewed as a potential predictor of Alzheimer's disease. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
This perspective focuses on two areas that have yielded new useful information during the last 20 years: (i) structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of contact allergy based on the concept of hapten-protein binding and (ii) mechanistic investigations regarding activation of nonsensitizing compounds to contact allergens by air oxidation or skin metabolism. (cdc.gov)

In the case of CFS, when the CDR gets stuck, or is unable to overcome a danger, a second step kicks in that involves a kind of siege metabolism that further diverts resources away from mitochondria and sequesters or jettisons key metabolites and cofactors to make them unavailable to an invading pathogen, or acts to sequester toxins to limit systemic exposure. (omf.ngo)
B12 serves a complementary role with folate in the methionine cycle, as they are both essential cofactors for one-carbon metabolism, optimal homocysteine recycling to methionine, and methylation. (mindbodygreen.com)

this conversion requires the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase. (msdmanuals.com)
Glutathione also inhibits the enzyme tyrosinase that is actively part of melanin production. (7dermacenter.com)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a precursor for major coenzyme flavoproteins in the body, a required cofactor for the MTHFR enzyme, and thus, folate metabolism and methylation. (mindbodygreen.com)

It participates in cellular metabolism as a coenzyme. (7dermacenter.com)
Our team studies the regulation and cellular functions of the sulfur metabolism, in particular during adaptation to starvation for sulfur nutrients. (cea.fr)
The sulfur metabolism ( fig 1 ) is highly conserved across species and occupies a position apart in the cellular function and homeostasis owing to the reactivity of thiols and the characteristics of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. (cea.fr)

Methionine is one of only two amino acids encoded by a single codon (AUG) in the standard genetic code (tryptophan, encoded by UGG, is the other). (wikipedia.org)

The mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of cystathionine β -synthase and cystathionine γ -lyase were upregulated after quercetin, methionine, or quercetin plus methionine treatment and a more significant increase was observed for hepatic cystathionine β -synthase in the methionine plus quercetin treated rats, suggesting an interaction between methionine and quercetin. (hindawi.com)
During general alcohol metabolism, hepatocytes generate mitochondria- and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) whose accumulation elicits activation of the hepatic anti-oxidant system, including glutathione (GSH). (e-cmh.org)
In addition, we address different responses of alcohol metabolism that are specific to hepatic zones ( Fig. 1 ). (e-cmh.org)
Only about 5% is oxidised to the highly reactive toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which can be detoxified by hepatic glutathione(GSH). (paganz.org)

Vitamin B6 helps maintain healthy homocysteine levels via conversion to cysteine, which serves as a building block for collagen, keratin, and glutathione. (mindbodygreen.com)

In nuclear genes of eukaryotes and in Archaea, methionine is coded for by the start codon, meaning it indicates the start of the coding region and is the first amino acid produced in a nascent polypeptide during mRNA translation. (wikipedia.org)
Methionine metabolism is involved in DNA production (turning genes on and off). (mthfrgenehealth.com)

Under the catalysis of methionine adenosyltransferase, Met is converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is an important methyl donor in vivo . (hindawi.com)

It is also true that excess methionine transforms into homocysteine which hardens the arteries and causes heart disease. (7dermacenter.com)

First, the limitation of S supply provokes a decrease in cysteine and an increase in O-acetylserine (OAS), its precursor. (biomedcentral.com)

The sulfur metabolism is tightly regulated to fit cell requirements as lack or over-accumulation of certain sulfur-containing compounds have dramatic impacts on cell physiology, organism's health and ageing. (cea.fr)
The sulfur-metabolism is a complex and integrated process controlled at numerous levels. (cea.fr)

Crop plants take up sulphur (S) mainly in the form of sulphate and assimilate it into many compounds such as cysteine, methionine, glutathione (GSH), co-enzymes and vitamins. (biomedcentral.com)

A study has demonstrated that children with autism have lower blood levels of methionine, cysteine and glutathione compared to typical children. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth might improve irritability in children and adolescents with autism. (medlineplus.gov)

Without this metabolism, lipophilic xenobiotics accumulate in tissues, increasing the potential for toxicity . (clinicaleducation.org)

Whatever source you open you would read that glutathione is the king of all antioxidants. (7dermacenter.com)
One of the most important antioxidants is an amino acid called glutathione. (naturallysavvy.com)

Asparagine (Asn) is a central intermediate in amino acid metabolism and an important form of stored or transported nitrogen (N) in higher plants. (pinnacleclinic.com)
Vitamin B6 is provided in two forms: one in an active form for amino acid metabolism and one in a form appropriate for animals with reduced B6 levels. (supplementfirst.com)

Serum homocysteine was significantly increased after methionine treatment and decreased after the addition of quercetin. (hindawi.com)
It is concluded that quercetin reduces serum homocysteine by increasing remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine in rats exposed to a methionine-enriched diet. (hindawi.com)

Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acid methionine. (medscape.com)

Methionine is also involved in angiogenesis and various processes related to DNA transcription, epigenetic expression, and gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, methionine restriction prevents altered methionine/transmethylation metabolism, thereby decreasing DNA damage and carcinogenic processes and possibly preventing arterial, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. (unm.edu)
Methionine is further broken down in multiple processes that produce homocysteine. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)

Then homocysteine can meet up with another Methyl B12 to repeat the above, or with the aid of vitamin B6, it forms cysteine and then glutathione. (mthfrsupport.com.au)

N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) and Methionine are two aminos well known for their ability to enhance Glutathione production in the liver. (musclegearusa.com)
Liver damage blocks the process of creating glutathione and this leads to weak immune system response. (7dermacenter.com)
Lecithin granules help with fat metabolism and liver disease such as alcoholic fatty liver. (naturallysavvy.com)
Methionine - increases the fat removal in the liver. (naturallysavvy.com)

Of all methyl-donating substances known in mammalian metabolism, SAMe is the most important. (jarrow.com)

Two mechanisms were proposed for investigating GSH depletion: (i) a reduction in oral intake of methionine and (ii) a positive feedback from GSH to methionine. (paganz.org)

In addition, S is present within many plant secondary metabolites possessing various functions in plant metabolism [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs140

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes54

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Metabolic7

Taurine7

Biosynthesis3

Pathway3

Oxidative stress2

Arginine2

Essential amin6

Glutamate3

Antioxidant glutathione1

Sucrose metabolism1

Homocysteine metabolism5

Synthesis10

Glycine2

Inositol1

Proteins7

Redox3

Reductase3

Deficiency1

Serine1

Histidine1

Lysine1

Detoxification2

Free radicals2

Pathways16

Methylation cycle6

Supplementation5

Protein8

Cofactors2

Enzyme3

Cellular3

Tryptophan1

Hepatic4

Healthy homocysteine1

Genes2

Adenosyltransferase1

Excess1

Precursor1

Sulfur metabolism2

Enzymes1

Autism2

Xenobiotics1

Antioxidants2

Acid metabolism2

Serum2

Homocystinuria1

Processes3

Vitamin B61

Liver4

Mammalian1

Depletion1

Plant secondary metabolites1