Metazoan homeobox genes human homeobox genes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mutants with a loss of the function of Pax6 (or its homologues Eyeless in Drosophila, Small eye in mouse, Aniridia in human) prevent eye development at early stages. (balzan.org)
This study systematically tested the function of all 13 Drosophila JmjC genes. (sdbonline.org)
Here, we identify and characterize the single Drosophila ortholog of the HB9/MNR2 gene family. (jneurosci.org)
Drosophila genes expressed specifically in all motoneurons have not been described, although a growing number of genes are known to be expressed in subsets of motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
We determined and documented embryonic expression patterns for 6,003 (44%) of the 13,659 protein-coding genes identified in the Drosophila melanogaster genome with over 70,000 images and controlled vocabulary annotations. (biomedcentral.com)
There are several reasons for choosing Drosophila melanogaster as an organism for the global study of gene expression during embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
We have assembled an atlas of gene expression patterns during Drosophila embryogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Using these devices, Otx2 and other head organizer TFs (for example, Lim1/Lhx1 (activator) or Goosecoid (repressor)) are able to upregulate or downregulate a large battery of target genes in the head organizer . (xenbase.org)
An underlying principle is that Otx marks target genes for head specification to be regulated positively or negatively by partner TFs through specific types of CRMs. (xenbase.org)
The analysis of both authentic Dorsal target genes and defined synthetic promoters suggests that the ectopic gradient is sufficient to generate the full repertory of DV patterning responses along the AP axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
Using this database, researchers can quickly retrieve the expression level data for target genes in different tissues and in response to different treatments to elucidate gene functions and explore the biology of rapeseed at the transcriptome level. (preprints.org)

The whole mitogenome of O. conispadiceus is 16,027 basepairs (bp) in length with a base composition of 41.4% A, 34.8% T, 16.1% C, 7.7% G and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a major non-coding region (MNR). (tonmo.com)
During expression of protein-coding genes, pre-mRNAs are transcribed in the nucleus and undergo several RNA-processing steps. (biomedcentral.com)

While the observation that NHR-67 forms punctae associated with transcriptional repressors in non-invasive cells is intriguing, the work does not yet established a clear link between the formation and dissolution of NHR-67 condensates with the activation of downstream genes that NHR-67 is actively repressing. (elifesciences.org)
Regulation of the NANOG gene by TFs, epigenetic factors, and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs, and transcriptional regulation of NANOG is well established in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Several other homeotic genes were then cloned by Gehring's and other groups. (balzan.org)
The ingenious scientist Walter Gehring then discovered (independently from Matthew Scott's group in the USA) that all homeotic genes have a 180 base pair sequence in common that he called the Homeobox. (balzan.org)

Nautilus shows a compact, minimalist genome with few encoding genes and slow evolutionary rates in both non-coding and coding regions among known cephalopods. (nature.com)
With Eddy De Robertis, he was the first to demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of Homeobox-containing genes present in all metazoan Bilateria, where they play a key role in patterning the body plan. (balzan.org)
The lack of comparative data for many of the remaining NKL genes, including Bari , Hhex and Nedx currently hampers further evolutionary conclusions. (biomedcentral.com)

The WRC domain can be combined with the cis-acting regions of downstream genes to regulate their expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondria provide most of the cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). (biomed.news)
Highly conserved non-coding elements are a distinctive feature of metazoan genomes. (genereg.net)

Such DNA constructs, when electroporated in fertilised eggs, produce transiently transgenic embryos and allow rapid gene functional and gene regulatory analyses , in precisely identifyable tissue precursors, from earliest embryonic stages in vivo . (uibk.ac.at)
Survival and gene signature analyses were performed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) data. (preprints.org)

We show that sall genes are broadly conserved across the Bilateria, and likely appeared in the bilaterian stem lineage. (biomedcentral.com)

Generation of molecularly defined null mutants revealed that loss of 8 out of 13 JmjC genes modify position effect variegation (PEV) phenotypes, consistent with their ascribed role in regulating chromatin organization. (sdbonline.org)
Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)

The fully sequenced genome, since compact and unduplicated, gives acces to regulatory DNA segments, isolated for reporter gene essays in vivo . (uibk.ac.at)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.com)
Jumonji (JmjC) domain proteins (see Jarid2 ) influence gene expression and chromatin organization by way of histone demethylation, which provides a means to regulate the activity of genes across the genome. (sdbonline.org)
However, the range of gene expression patterns, the extent of the correlation of expression with function, and the classes of genes whose spatial expression are tightly regulated have been unclear due to the lack of an unbiased, genome-wide survey of gene expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
Using genome and transcriptome mining, we confirmed the presence of sall genes in a range of additional animal taxa, for which their presence had not yet been described. (biomedcentral.com)
Human genomic databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were interrogated to identify DPP9 LoF variants and associated cancers. (preprints.org)
Cancer genome sequencing reveals diverse acquired mutations in CTCF , which we have shown, functions as a tumour suppressor gene. (preprints.org)
We examined the consequences of CTCF depletion in immortalised human and mouse cells using shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and examined the growth and development of heterozygous Ctcf ( Ctcf +/- ) mice. (preprints.org)

A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
A single transcript chosen for a gene which is the most conserved, most highly expressed, has the longest coding sequence and is represented in other key resources, such as NCBI and UniProt. (ensembl.org)
The first stage involved identifying, in unrelated subjects showing linkage to 2q24-q33, genetic variants in exons and flanking sequence within candidate genes and comparing the frequency of the variants between autistic and unrelated nonautistic subjects. (neurotransmitter.net)

METHOD: Mutation screening of positional candidate genes was performed in two stages. (neurotransmitter.net)

The homeobox genes of animals are categorized into eleven classes, with the Antennapedia class (ANTP) being one of the largest, comprising the Hox, ParaHox and NK gene families [ 5 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Satou, Y. (2020): Gata is ubiquitously required for the earliest zygotic gene transcription in the ascidian embryo. (uibk.ac.at)
In studies initially focused on roles of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) in the developing mouse epidermis, we have discovered that a previously described cytokeratin 5 (K5)-Cre gene construct is expressed in early embryo development. (shengsci.com)
For example, mesoderm determinants are activated in the anterior third of the embryo, whereas neurogenic genes are expressed in central regions. (sdbonline.org)
Of 4,496 genes with detectable expression in the embryo, 2,549 (57%) fall into 10 clusters representing broad expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
We describe the tissue specificity of gene expression at each stage range using selected terms from a controlled vocabulary (CV) for embryo anatomy [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

JmjC proteins have been associated with many human diseases including various cancers, developmental and neurological disorders, however, the shared biology and possible common contribution to organismal development and tissue homeostasis of all JmjC proteins remains unclear. (sdbonline.org)
GRFs are a large gene family with highly conserved proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
The evolution of Sall proteins in bilaterians might have occurred mostly as a result of the loss of protein domains and gene duplications leading to diversification. (biomedcentral.com)

This allows to conclude that Homeobox-containing genes are coding for transcription factors which regulate the activity of other genes. (balzan.org)
NK genes are a group of homeobox transcription factors that are involved in various molecular pathways across bilaterians. (biomedcentral.com)
Discussion at the Vancouver meeting spanned several areas of research, including signaling pathway activation of EMT and the transcription factors and gene targets involved. (rupress.org)
In the vertebrate CNS, HB9/MNR2 transcription factors are specifically expressed in all somatic motoneurons and are necessary to distinguish motoneurons from interneurons, in part by repressing interneuron-specific gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
Gene transcription is mainly regulated by transcription factors (TFs) that bind to specific DNA sequences (called motifs) located in the promoter regions of genes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, most JmjC genes do not critically regulate development, as 10 members are viable and fertile with no obvious developmental defects. (sdbonline.org)

To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK family genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of NKL genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli . (biomedcentral.com)

Although these genes are found in various metazoans, plants, fungi and even unicellular eukaryotes, bilaterians have evolved the largest diversity of homeobox genes that arose predominantly due to extensive tandem duplications [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In 1995, Walter Gehring demonstrated the importance of Pax6 in an elegant experiment in which targeted ectopic expression of this gene in the fly generated eyes on legs, wings or antennae. (balzan.org)
Our data for the remaining seven NKL genes revealed expression in different structures associated with the developing nervous system in embryos of E. rowelli . (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, future studies should focus on the expression of these genes in other bilaterians, which would provide a basis for comparative studies and might help to better understand the role of NK genes in the diversification of bilaterians. (biomedcentral.com)
Co-expression of these genes in X. tropicalis early gastrula embryos was shown with in situ hybridization using hemisections. (xenbase.org)
Deletion of Jarid2 leads to impaired orchestration of gene expression during cell lineage commitment. (sdbonline.org)
Compartmentalization of dJmj in nucleolus together with some of PcG may be necessary to de-repress the expression of genes required to cellular growth and proliferation in the following meiotic divisions. (sdbonline.org)
The protein expression levels of GINS1, E2F1, and cell stemness-related genes (SOX-2, NANOG, OCT4, and CD133) were detected by Western blot. (bvsalud.org)
PGCs express several pluripotency-related TFs such as NANOG, POU5F3 , and SOX2 , and their expression controls transcription of germness-related genes in these cells [ 11 , 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
First, we illustrate how the abiotic forces of the intertidal environment drive the rhythmic coupling of gene expression to diel and tidal cycles in Mytilus californianus . (biologists.com)
The type I target gene folded gastrulation is activated only in response to peak levels of the Dl gradient, so that expression is restricted to a subdomain of the presumptive mesoderm. (sdbonline.org)
The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
Based on the available public RNA-Seq data, the expression patterns of PgGRF and PgGIF genes were analysed from 14 different tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression of the PgGRF gene was significantly upregulated under GA3 induction and three weeks of heat treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression level of the PgGIF gene changed only slightly after one week of heat treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell and tissue specific gene expression is a defining feature of embryonic development in multi-cellular organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Individual expression patterns are extraordinarily diverse, but by supplementing qualitative in situ hybridization data with quantitative microarray time-course data using a hybrid clustering strategy, we identify groups of genes with similar expression. (biomedcentral.com)
The remaining 1,947 (43%) genes fall into 29 clusters representing restricted expression, 20% patterned as early as blastoderm, with the majority restricted to differentiated cell types, such as epithelia, nervous system, or muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
Nearly 60% of the genes with detectable expression exhibit broad patterns reflecting quantitative rather than qualitative differences between tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
the expression patterns of over 1,500 of these genes are documented here for the first time. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation of gene expression in time and space is a major driving force of this process. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA in situ hybridization has the potential to reveal both spatial and temporal aspects of gene expression during development. (biomedcentral.com)
In many cases, the wild-type gene expression pattern has informed the interpretation of the phenotype produced by its mutation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
All these studies have shown that spalt is activated in response to several signal transduction pathways in different tissues and developmental processes [ 11 ], and the expression patterns and functions of sall genes, together with the analysis of their regulation, indicate they cannot be universally assigned to a specific signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. (biomed.news)
Many of them can be shown to act as long-range enhancers that drive expression of genes that are themselves regulators of core aspects of metazoan development and differentiation. (genereg.net)
We determined the expression patterns of 101,040 genes via FPKM analysis and displayed the results using the eFP browser. (preprints.org)
We used this information to develop the BrassicaEDB, including eFP, Treatment, Coexpression, and SRA Project modules based on gene expression profiles and Gene Feature, qPCR Primer, and BLAST modules based on gene sequences. (preprints.org)
The BrassicaEDB provides comprehensive gene expression profile information and a user-friendly visualization interface for Brassica crop researchers. (preprints.org)
All four DPP4-like genes were overexpressed in liver tumours and their joint high expression was associated with poor survival in HCC. (preprints.org)
High expression of genes that positively correlated with overexpression of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 were associated with very poor survival in HCC. (preprints.org)
We also analysed the impact of CTCF haploinsufficiency by examining gene expression changes in CTCF -altered endometrial carcinoma. (preprints.org)
Alternate forms of the PolII transcription initiation machinery have been proposed to play a role in selective activation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs during cellular differentiation. (silverchair.com)

Due to the conserved nature of vertebrate cell behaviour, our results will be relevant to Wnt signalling during human embryonic development and could suggest novel vulnerabilities to Wnt-dependent diseases - a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutics. (exeter.ac.uk)

Many studies have investigated germ cell-specific gene promoters to understand their regulatory mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Most PgGRF and PgGIF gene promoters contain some hormone- and stress- related cis-regulatory elements. (biomedcentral.com)

Cellular interactions lie at the core of metazoan physiology and encompass an effective and elegant signaling repertoire that integrates up to trillions of cells in a single organism. (biomedcentral.com)
The microscopic environment inside a metazoan organism is highly crowded. (regenerativemedicine.net)

GRF genes are usually expressed at higher levels in young tissues but at lower levels in mature tissues [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Within each of these categories, we identified clusters of genes associated with particular cellular and developmental functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria are central hubs for cellular metabolism, coordinating a variety of metabolic reactions crucial for human health. (biomed.news)

Therefore, we investigated the mechanism that regulates transcription of the chicken NANOG ( cNANOG) gene in PGCs and ESCs. (biomedcentral.com)

The type IV target gene rhomboid is expressed in lateral stripes that encompass the ventral half of the presumptive neuroectoderm. (sdbonline.org)

Mesectoderm differentiation is controlled by the bHLH-PAS gene, sim . (sdbonline.org)

Other genes whose mutation produces homeotic transformations were discovered and analysed by Edward Lewis in the United States using classical genetic techniques. (balzan.org)

The Huang (1997) paper also clearly summarizes what is known about the regulation of genes involved in dorsal/ventral patterning. (sdbonline.org)
These matrix profiles will be useful for further characterization of regulatory inputs in long-range developmental gene regulation in vertebrates. (genereg.net)

Shimeld, S.M. (2022): Hmx gene conservation identifies the origin of vertebrate cranial ganglia. (uibk.ac.at)
On the basis of recent vertebrate studies, the HB9/MNR2 gene family is a prime candidate for a general determinant of somatic motoneuron cell type. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, vertebrate HB9/MNR2 genes are expressed specifically in somatic motoneurons and are essential for distinguishing motoneuron/interneuron cell types. (jneurosci.org)

Head specification by the head -selector gene, orthodenticle (otx), is highly conserved among bilaterian lineages. (xenbase.org)

Importantly, multiple genomic innovations including gene losses, independent contraction and expansion of specific gene families and their associated regulatory networks likely moulded the evolution of the nautilus pinhole eye. (nature.com)
1) the mechanisms and dynamics for gene regulatory switches affecting the pluripotent ectoderm in vivo . (uibk.ac.at)
We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
The life of a gene product, from transcription to degradation, is controlled by a series of regulatory decisions. (biomedcentral.com)
A germ cell-specific gene regulatory network is required to maintain the unique properties of primordial germ cells (PGCs) for transmission of genetic information to the next generation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mice carrying floxed alleles of the nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain gene (NMHC IIA(flox. (shengsci.com)

There are five distinct thresholds of gene activity in response to the Dorsal nuclear gradient in early embryos. (sdbonline.org)

He showed that the Homeodomain binds to specific DNA sequences of the promoter region of certain genes. (balzan.org)

JASPAR CNE is a collection of 233 matrix profiles derived by Xie et al based on clustering of overrepresented motifs from human conserved non-coding elements. (genereg.net)

Later on, with Kurt Wüthrich, he determined the three-dimensional structure of the protein domain (called Homeodomain) encoded by the Homeobox at atomic resolution. (balzan.org)

Linkage and association of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene with autism. (neurotransmitter.net)
Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed evidence for divergent distribution between autistic and nonautistic subjects were identified, both within SLC25A12, a gene encoding the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC1). (neurotransmitter.net)

Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. (preprints.org)

Associations of DPP9 with human liver cancer, exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DPP9 and loss of function (LoF) variants have not been explored. (preprints.org)

CQ treatment decreased the virus-like titers of the spleen also, lung, thymus, and human brain tissue, as well as the oropharyngeal and cloacal swab examples likened to NDV-infected hens by itself at 3 dpi. (immune-source.com)

2022) Making biological knowledge useful for humans and machines. (caltech.edu)

Moreover, the conservation of this genetic control of eye development throughout evolution was demonstrated by the fact that insect and mammalian genes are interchangeable. (balzan.org)
Genetic and pharmacological interventions have successfully extended healthspan and lifespan in animals, but their genetic interventions are not appropriate options for human applications and pharmacological intervention needs more solid clinical evidence. (mdpi.com)
The genes/mutations could act alone or interact with other genetic and/or epigenetic or environmental factors, causing autism or related disorders. (neurotransmitter.net)

For his seminal contribution to the discovery of a universal principle underlying the body plan and eye development in metazoans. (balzan.org)
Walter Gehring made a second discovery of fundamental importance in developmental biology as he identified the Pax6 gene (which contains a Homeobox as well), a "master control gene" for eye development in all animals, including humans. (balzan.org)
The transcription factor of the Pax6 gene is critical for the development of the eye in all organisms endowed with a visual system. (balzan.org)
A conserved role in neural development has also been reported from NK2.2 , suggesting that the NKL genes might have been primarily involved in neural development in the last common ancestor of bilaterians or at least nephrozoans (all bilaterians excluding xenacoelomorphs). (biomedcentral.com)
The conversion of an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell is critical to metazoan embryogenesis and a defining structural feature of organ development. (rupress.org)
The results of this study may be helpful for further study of the function of PgGRF and PgGIF genes and lay a foundation for further study of their role in the growth and development of Panax ginseng . (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, 20 GRF gene members of ginseng were systematically identified and found to be distributed on 13 chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

The ginseng GIF gene family has only ten members, which are distributed on ten chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
We hypothesize that there might be at least three types of autism susceptibility genes/mutations that can be (i) specific to an individual patient or family, (ii) in a genetically isolated sub-population and (iii) a common factor shared amongst different populations. (neurotransmitter.net)
This comprehensive data mining suggests that DPP9 is essential for human survival and the DPP4 protease family is important in cancer pathogenesis. (preprints.org)

Cut homeobox genes are present in all metazoans. (wikipedia.org)
Fourth, we present a comparison of transcriptomic datasets and identify 175 genes that share common responses to heat stress across Mytilus species. (biologists.com)
In the present study, genes across the 2q24-q33 interval were analyzed to identify an autism susceptibility gene in this region. (neurotransmitter.net)

In agreement with results from in vitro DNA repair assays, a p200 CUX1-GFP fusion protein is rapidly recruited to DNA damage generated by laser microirradiation, while CUX1 knockdown in human cells causes a delay in the repair of oxidative DNA damage and mono-alkylated bases in genomic DNA, and sensitizes cancer cells to treatments with H2O2, ionizing radiation and the mono-alkylating agent temozolomide. (wikipedia.org)

CONCLUSIONS: A strong association of autism with SNPs within the SLC25A12 gene was demonstrated. (neurotransmitter.net)

A second gene, called CUX2, is expressed primarily in neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)

The human CUX1 gene is large, encompassing more than 440,000 base pairs with two alternative first exons and an additional 23 exons. (wikipedia.org)

Negative association findings and research involving the serotonin transporter gene, FMR1, RELN, WNT2, HOXA1, and HOXB1 genes may be found elsewhere on this site . (neurotransmitter.net)

Anatomy13

Organisms7

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

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Drosophila7

Target genes4

Protein-codin2

Transcriptional2

Homeotic genes2

Evolutionary3

Downstream genes1

Genomes2

Analyses2

Bilateria1

Phenotypes2

Genome8

Sequence3

Candidate genes1

ParaHox1

Embryo5

Proteins3

Transcription factors5

Regulate1

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Promoters2

Organism2

Tissues1

Cellular2

NANOG1

Encompass1

Differentiation1

Mutation1

Regulation2

Vertebrate3

Highly conserved1

Regulatory5

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Promoter1

Motifs1

Homeodomain1

Mitochondrial2

Pathways1

Variants1

Tissue1

20221

Genetic3

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Systematically1

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