• This protocol consists of a culture method that can be mainly divided into four periods: primordial germ cell-like cell (PGCLC) derivation, primary oocyte differentiation (in vitro differentiation: IVDi), oocyte growth to germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes (in vitro growth: IVG) and oocyte maturation (in vitro maturation: IVM). (researchsquare.com)
  • The mean number of ovarian follicles, ovarian germinal vesicle oocytes and ovulated MII oocytes decreased significantly with maternal age. (cambridge.org)
  • Significant reduction of germinal vesicle (GV) and MII oocytes and significant increase of metaphase chromosome misalignment and premature chromatid segregation after meiotic maturation of oocytes, similar to human, presumably contribute to the decline in aged KM mice. (cambridge.org)
  • Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) occurs during oocyte meiotic maturation, a period when transcriptional processes are virtually inactive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) the oocyte is transcriptionally quiescent until fertilization and activation of the embryonic genome, occurring at the four-cell stage of development in the pig [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) is a landmark event of oocyte maturation. (cambridge.org)
  • In our previous studies, we found that zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) was strongly concentrated in the nuclear region of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and interacted with aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) and lamin A to promote GVBD. (cambridge.org)
  • Instead, many efforts concentrated on conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). (ivis.org)
  • It can be offered to women with infertility problems, combined with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), offering women pregnancy without ovarian stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1935, Pincus & Enzmann did the first experiment on immature rabbit oocyte, showing in vitro spontaneous maturation and fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • During ovulation, the primary oocyte will resume meiosis in response to signals, arresting in metaphase meiosis II, ready for fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
  • Usage of melatonin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures has been found to improve oocyte quality, survival, and fecundity. (jrhm.org)
  • Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used to identify chromosomal genetic abnormalities in embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Advancements in embryo culture, blastocyst biopsy techniques, 24-chromosome aneuploidy screening platforms, and improved genomic coverage of new sequencing platforms, such as next-generation sequencing, have made PGT safe and accessible for all patients who undergo in vitro fertilization. (medscape.com)
  • The use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), formerly known as preimplantation genetic screening or PGS, has increased in recent years, now encompassing an estimated 40% of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro maturation rate of Bligon goat oocytes supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and their ability for further embryonic development after in vitro fertilization. (sciencegate.app)
  • To prove the ability of mature oocytes to develop into embryos, 900 oocytes were processed for fertilization in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
  • Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)
  • [10] Meiosis then proceeds to second metaphase, where it pauses again until fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • in vitro fertilization. (who.int)
  • Poor ovarian responders (POR) are women undergoing in-vitro fertilization who respond poorly to ovarian stimulation, resulting in the retrieval of lower number of oocytes, and subsequently lower pregnancy rates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To ascertain whether the Kunming (KM) mouse is an available model for age-related decline in female fertility in human or not, oocytes from young (6-8 weeks), middle-aged (9 months) and aged (12 months) female mice were compared with respect to number of oocytes, frequency of in-vitro maturation (IVM) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and meiotic chromosome segregation and alignment. (cambridge.org)
  • Results: The results indicated that FSH supplementation significantly increased oocyte maturation rate (65.21±7.26 vs. 43.25±6.23%) as indicated by extrusion of PB1 and homologous chromosome pairing and lined in the equator. (sciencegate.app)
  • Injection of a MIR21 mimic increased oocyte maturation rate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Priming is the process by which the oocytes are primed with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) before retrieval. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vitro maturation (IVM) is the technique of letting the contents of ovarian follicles and the oocytes inside mature in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of these primordial follicles, only around 400 mature oocytes are released and could be potentially fertilised, with the rest undergoing atresia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primordial follicles containing the primary oocyte, arrested at prophase of meiosis I, develop into primary follicle containing cuboidal granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • If without the use of priming, oocytes are obtained when the largest follicles are around 10mm in size. (wikipedia.org)
  • biopsied human ovarian tissue and achieved a 10% rate of maturation from unilaminar follicles into metaphase II by a multi-step culture system: 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium with activin A 4 days of culture on membranes with activin A and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • The follicular fluid (FF) provides a crucial microenvironment for the proper development of follicles and oocytes through tightly controlled metabolism and cell signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retrospective analysis to determine the size of follicles on day of trigger contributing most to the number of mature oocytes retrieved using generalized linear regression and random forest models applied to data from IVF cycles (2014-2017) in which either hCG, GnRHa, or kisspeptin trigger was used. (plandl.best)
  • Follicles 12-19 mm on the day of trigger contributed the most to the number of oocytes and mature oocytes retrieved. (plandl.best)
  • Using simulated follicle size profiles of patients with 20 follicles on the day of trigger, our model predicts that the number of oocytes retrieved would increase from a mean 9.8 (95% prediction limit 9.3-10.3) to 14.8 (95% prediction limit 13.3-16.3) oocytes due to the difference in follicle size profile alone. (plandl.best)
  • Follicles 12-19 mm on the morning of trigger administration were most likely to yield a mature oocyte following hCG, GnRHa, or kisspeptin. (plandl.best)
  • Once ovarian follicles grow to an appropriate size, a trigger is administered to mature the oocytes in preparation for oocyte retrieval. (plandl.best)
  • Most IVF centers will therefore, monitor follicular size and administer the trigger of oocyte maturation once follicles are deemed to have grown to an appropriate size. (plandl.best)
  • Importantly, knowledge of the size of follicles on day of trigger from which one could reasonably expect to retrieve a mature oocyte could enable the accurate determination of trigger efficacy. (plandl.best)
  • Oocytes were collected from aspirated porcine tertiary follicles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, other procedures based on the in vivo and in vitro production of equine embryos have emerged in recent years. (ivis.org)
  • Reasons for the delayed development of in vivo and in vitro production of equine embryos include the scarce availability of abattoir ovaries and the lack of interest from horse breeders and registries. (ivis.org)
  • Today, the most practical use of OPU or transabdominal follicle aspiration is to recover in vivo matured oocytes [ 9 ] for oocyte transfer. (ivis.org)
  • This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
  • In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
  • In vivo and in organized cells, and proper symmetry are healthy individuals, macrophages can characteristics of higher-quality embryos, which phagocytize DNA that has been passively point to healthy development and higher rates of released into the blood from apoptotic or necrotic implantation. (who.int)
  • In this minireview, we chronicle the research that led to the recent discovery of forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) as an essential mediator of activin-regulated FSH beta subunit ( Fshb ) transcription in vitro and in vivo. (bioone.org)
  • This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have recently established a novel culture system in which mouse pluripotent stem cells differentiate to mature oocytes in a manner similar to oogenesis in vivo. (researchsquare.com)
  • ICSI produced the first pregnancy derived from an in vitro matured oocyte [ 5 ], and it was successfully carried to term. (ivis.org)
  • In IVF/ICSI, pregnancy rates are higher in women with secondary unexplained infertility, in the first two cycles, in IVF and in women receiving a transfer of two embryos regardless of the embryonic stage. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of this study was to analyse the association between oocyte cohort quality and the follicular levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) and antithyroid antibodies, as a function of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • 59 ICSI cycles constituted an abnormal oocyte cohort (n=34 cycles, in which more than 50% of oocytes presented at least one morphological abnormality) and a normal oocyte cohort (n=25 cycles, in which 50% or less of the oocytes presented at least one morphological abnormality). (bvsalud.org)
  • We examined various methods to enhance the accessibility of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technology to more users by making the technique easier, more efficient, and practical. (stanford.edu)
  • After intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 48 embryos were evaluated on day 3 of their development, according to their cell number. (who.int)
  • The modern approach to IVF involves blastocyst culture and biopsy followed by PGT and a single embryo transfer. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] This technique has evolved throughout the years and is now largely performed by biopsy of the blastocyst trophectoderm cells with analysis using techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to test for aneuploidy. (medscape.com)
  • The blastocyst stage of oocyte developed embryos was reached by 12.43±2.15% and 22.28±4.86% of the control and treatment groups, respectively. (sciencegate.app)
  • In each process, a robust number of mouse oocytes can be generated in a dish. (researchsquare.com)
  • It was found that FIGNL1, a member of MTSPs, was predominantly expressed in mouse oocytes and distributed at the spindle poles during meiosis in the present study. (cambridge.org)
  • Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
  • It is well known that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in various mitotic events, but its function in mammalian oocyte meiosis remains unknown. (cambridge.org)
  • These then begin meiosis to form the oocyte within the primordial follicle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • Oogonia enter meiosis during embryonic development, becoming oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oogenesis incorporates a unique sequence of differentiation processes, during which biologically significant events such as meiosis and oocyte growth are orchestrated with communication to surrounding somatic cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)
  • oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum (oogenesis proper). (wikipedia.org)
  • The dominant follicle contains the mature oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • To identify follicle sizes on the day of trigger most likely to yield a mature oocyte following hCG, GnRH agonist (GnRHa), or kisspeptin during IVF treatment. (plandl.best)
  • However, limited data exist to establish which follicle size on the day of trigger is most likely to yield a mature oocyte. (plandl.best)
  • The oocyte must maintain arrest at the diplotene stage until meiotic resumption occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study may be an important supplement for the mechanism of oocyte meiotic resumption and provide new diagnostic targets and treatment clues for infertility patients with oocyte maturation disorder. (cambridge.org)
  • Growth of the dominant follicle encompasses enlargement of the oocyte, replication of follicular cells, and formation and expansion of a fluid-filled follicular antrum or cavity, providing a specialized microenvironment for the development of oocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To characterize the effect of artificially increasing MIR21 on oocyte competence without inhibiting GVBD, a MIR21 mimic, scrambled microRNA negative control, or nuclease free water was micro-injected into denuded oocytes at 21 h of IVM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It could be concluded that the presence of urea at 40 mg/dL in maturation medium reduced the percentage of bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
  • ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the effects of melatonin in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
  • Our experiment was further divided into two: the first was to assess the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (treatments) on the maturation rate of COCs, and the second was to assess the effects of melatonin treatments on the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
  • Next, 600 oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto-orcein to examine maturation based on changes in the configuration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane breakdown. (sciencegate.app)
  • Poor in vitro embryo development is a major obstacle in porcine assisted reproduction. (mdpi.com)
  • In the current study, we utilized modified Spirulina maxima pectin nanoparticles as a supplement to improve porcine in vitro maturation medium. (mdpi.com)
  • The best oocytes are chosen to be matured in the hope of then being implanted using in vitro fertilisation techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results: The fertilisation rate was lower in the abnormal oocyte cohort (65.5% vs. 80%, respectively, p=0.012). (bvsalud.org)
  • Through in vitro maturation, folliculogenesis and latter parts of oogenesis are being mimicked outside of the ovaries- trying to recreate the conditions for these processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Removal of sperm tail using trypsin and pre-activation of oocyte facilitates intracytoplasmic sperm injection in mice and rats. (stanford.edu)
  • In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • PGTa allows for better embryo selection, which improves implantation rates with single embryo transfer and reduces miscarriage rates. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion: FSH supplementation significantly improves oocyte maturation and yields mature oocytes for future embryo development in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
  • Further, melatonin and its receptors play a significant role in antioxidant defense mechanism of ovary for follicular growth and maturation. (jrhm.org)
  • Therefore, in future, melatonin can be implicated as preferable therapeutic especially in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. (jrhm.org)
  • The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were distributed among treatments at concentrations of 0, 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 µMol/L melatonin. (sciencegate.app)
  • Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
  • however, the use of activated oocytes resulted in the same fecundity as that of fresh, untreated sperm. (stanford.edu)
  • 4 Of note, PGCLCs gave rise to sperm and oocytes by transplantation into neonatal testes and adult ovaries, respectively, 4,5 which means that PGCLCs have the potential to give rise to functional gametes. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibition of nuclear meiotic maturation via IBMX significantly increased MIR21 and decreased its target, PDCD4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They include metabolic products highly associated with ovarian function - amino acids for regulating pH and osmolarity, lipids such fatty acids and cholesterols for oocyte maturation, and glucocorticoids for ovarian steroidogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aceto-orcein staining was conducted to evaluate the maturation of oocytes based on the achievement of metaphase II phase that is indicated by the presence of metaphase plate and/or first polar body. (sciencegate.app)
  • They showed maturation occurs in isolation from normal follicular environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • JNK2 was associated with the spindles especially the spindle poles and cytoplasmic microtubule organizing centers at prometaphase I, metaphase I, and metaphase II stages. (cambridge.org)
  • Injection of myc-tagged JNK2α1 mRNA into oocytes also revealed its localization on spindle poles. (cambridge.org)
  • Works in various organisms have revealed that the kinase is involved in centrosome separation, duplication and maturation as well as in bipolar spindle assembly and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • Embryo morphology al ows options, the discovery of cell-free DNA in the evaluation of its growth, viability, and biological fluids has led to major advances in implantation capacity. (who.int)
  • This case of discordant twins is not unique, however, and nine other twin pairs have subsequently consulted our center for ovarian transplantation in preference to conventional oocyte donation . (infertile.com)
  • The low maturation rate of oocytes is an important reason for female infertility and failure of assisted pregnancy. (cambridge.org)
  • Edwards and Gardner successfully performed the first known embryo biopsy on rabbit embryos in 1968. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction: Oocyte quality contributes to the development of an optimal embryo and thus a successful pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro maturation allows female goat (does) contributes toward reproduction despite the fact that the animal has been slaughtered. (sciencegate.app)
  • Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) of cows derived from follicle aspiration were divided into three groups. (sciencegate.app)
  • In patients designated as "poor responders," so-called due to poor response to ovarian stimulation given during IVF workup, the limited number of obtained oocytes remains the major problem in optimizing the live birth rates [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AIPL1 was also proved to accumulate in the GV region of oocytes, and ZP3 deletion can significantly inhibit the aggregation of AIPL1 in the nuclear region. (cambridge.org)
  • The oocytes are then cultured in media containing nutrients important for oocyte survival, such as gonadotrophins, growth factors and steroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pre-activated oocytes were more resistant to physical damage, showed higher survival rates, and required less time per injection. (stanford.edu)
  • Ectopic expression of gene BCL2 enhances the survival and proliferation of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs within the pre-implantation embryo, although the identity and long-term contribution of the transplanted cells warrants further investigation. (stanford.edu)
  • Mares were killed 7.5-8.5 days after transfer and the uterus and oviducts flushed for embryo recovery. (bioone.org)
  • Because only unaffected embryos are transferred to the uterus for implantation, PGT is the only method available for screening embryos before pregnancy and provides an alternative to current post conception diagnostic procedures (ie, amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling), which are frequently followed by the difficult decision of determining the pregnancy's disposition. (medscape.com)
  • Only healthy and normal embryos are transferred into the mother's uterus, thus diminishing invasive prenatal diagnoses, late pregnancy termination, or the birth of a child with a serious genetic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Oocytes' proportion with at least one abnormality was 79.4% in the abnormal oocyte cohort and 29.0% in the normal oocyte cohort. (bvsalud.org)
  • Preimplantation genetic testing is an umbrella term that refers to the assessment of embryos prior to implantation or pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • As a unique functional test of these iPSCs, we injected them into the pre-implantation embryos of another non-human species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). (stanford.edu)
  • Chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs: Improved culture and generation of primate cross-species embryos. (stanford.edu)
  • When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a result of a lower number of oocytes retrieved, there are fewer embryos to select and transfer, and subsequently these patients have lower pregnancy rates per transfer and lower cumulative pregnancy rates per started cycle compared with normal responders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the mouse, a sec8 mutant has been identified, but these mice die shortly after gastrulation of the embryo, precluding a more detailed analysis of the role of the complex (Friedrich, 1997). (sdbonline.org)
  • This study was aimed to determine the effect of urea in maturation medium on in vitro oocyte maturation rate. (sciencegate.app)
  • In vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were cultured in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide or inhibitors of MAP2K (0.4 μM PD0325901) and GSK3 (3 μM CHIR99021) from the zygote (Day 1) stage. (bioone.org)
  • The embryo is the earliest stage of development and remains within the egg or reproductive organs of the mother until hatching or birth. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Oocyte arrest at the diplotene stage is maintained in part through the activity of phosphodiesterase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) into AMP [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inability to transcribe mRNA during this stage of development and the probable necessity for post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) suggests an important role for non-coding RNA in the maturing oocyte. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This follicle consists of the oocyte surrounded by flattened pregranulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • One thousand five hundred cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 50 IU/L FSH or without FSH (control). (sciencegate.app)
  • Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP , that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low-quality embryos, on the other cells, thereby maintaining a relatively low basal hand, frequently display morphological level [16-18]. (who.int)
  • The following is our step-by-step protocol for producing functional oocytes from pluripotent stem cells. (researchsquare.com)