This chapter discusses the constituents of secondhand smoke and the measurement of exposure to secondhand smoke, beginning with measurement of airborne tracers of secondhand smoke and of its main biologic markers (or biomarkers)-the nicotine metabolite cotinine and metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (nationalacademies.org)
Many studies have analyzed nicotine metabolites in blood and urine to determine the toxicity caused by smoking, and assess exposure to cigarettes. (mdpi.com)
Biomarkers specific to SHSe are nicotine and its metabolites (eg, cotinine), and metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (cdc.gov)
1 Metabolites of nicotine (cotinine, trans -3′-hydroxycotinine and their glucuronides, and nicotine glucuronide) and NNK (NNAL (4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanol) and its glucuronides) can be measured in SHS-exposed individuals, with high sensitivity in various biological matrices ( table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Benzene11
The greatest sources of breast cancer carcinogens in the environment were found to be gasoline and chemicals created by combustion, such as benzene and butadiene. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The sole volatile component present in breath was benzene, and all of the metabolites present in urine were composed of those known for the differential metabolism of benzene and for aniline in the two species. (aspetjournals.org)
Benzene and aniline were detected in the blood of rats administered oral doses of DPT, and relatively high circulating levels of their metabolites were measured as early as 15 min postdosing. (aspetjournals.org)
The liver and bone marrow break benzene down into metabolites (the products of physical or chemical processes in the body). (healthvermont.org)
Some of these metabolites, such as hydroquinone, are more toxic than benzene. (healthvermont.org)
While many chemicals are suspected to be cancer-causing, benzene is one of the few substances that have been identified by the Environmental Protection Agency as a "known human carcinogen. (healthvermont.org)
Benzene metabolites found in a worker's urine indicate some level of exposure during the work shift. (cdc.gov)
Benzene is an exposure concern because the Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program has determined that it is a known carcinogen (i.e., can cause cancer). (cdc.gov)
0.05) increases from pre- to post-fire for some metabolites of VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene) and naphthalene were found. (cdc.gov)
INTRODUCTION: Firefighters are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during structural fire responses and training fires, several of which (e.g., benzene, acrolein, styrene) are known or probable carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
Probable4
Researchers at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) conducted and published clinical and nonclinical studies in response to concerns whether ranitidine converts to the probable human carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in humans. (fda.gov)
We know some of the liver toxins such as microcystin are probable carcinogens, but we've really scratched only the surface with regard to understanding what the health effects may be for the bioactive metabolites produced by these organisms. (eurekalert.org)
We identified targeted metabolites (probable carcinogens) such as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl ester (GE), indicating the conversion of 3-MCPD to GE in repeatedly heated oils based on PCA and OPLSDA models. (imperial.ac.uk)
Based on toxicology studies, they have been classified as probable or possible human carcinogens (Group 2A and 2B) by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. (peerj.com)
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process and individual risk to development of cancer depends not only on environmental factors or extrinsic exposure to carcinogens but also on genetic susceptibility of an individual. (bvsalud.org)
Aflatoxin6
Aflatoxin B1, which is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus growing on stored grains, nuts and peanut butter, is an example of a potent, naturally occurring microbial carcinogen. (wikipedia.org)
The potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant of grains used in animal feeds. (mdpi.com)
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of AFB1 in mammals, being partially excreted into milk, and is a possible human carcinogen. (mdpi.com)
It is also a plant pest, and contaminates food and feed with the potent carcinogen, aflatoxin, impacting several billion people worldwide. (liberty.edu)
Most metabolites of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), especially exo-AFB 1 -8,9-epoxide (AFBO), can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to vary degrees, causing oxidative stress and liver damage, and ultimately induce liver cancer in humans and animals. (hindawi.com)
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , including aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), aflatoxin B 2 , aflatoxin G 1 , and aflatoxin G 2 . (hindawi.com)
Potent2
For example, Thorotrast, a (incidentally radioactive) suspension previously used as a contrast medium in x-ray diagnostics, is a potent human carcinogen known because of its retention within various organs and persistent emission of alpha particles. (wikipedia.org)
Compared with cigarettes, G2 and G3 e-cigarettes resulted in significantly lower levels of exposure to a potent lung carcinogen and cardiovascular toxicant. (bmj.com)
Urine5
We positively identified acetochlor mercapturate (ACM) as a primary metabolite of acetochlor in all urine samples collected during a 24-hour period from custom applicators who had applied acetochlor on either the day of or the day before urine collection. (cdc.gov)
The researchers assessed studies in which researchers had measured breakdown products (metabolites) of each chemical or the chemical itself in the blood, urine or other samples of humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The team found biomarkers in urine, blood and other samples for 62 of the 102 high-priority breast cancer carcinogens identified that could be used to measure women's exposure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
NNAL (4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanol), a metabolite of NNK, can be determined in the urine of SHS-exposed non-smokers. (cdc.gov)
Monitoring the Urine of Applicators in California for Residues of Chlordimeform and its Metabolites 1982-1985, Toxicology Letters, 33, 37-44. (inchem.org)
Detoxification3
Their sulfur-containing glucosinolates spur natural detoxification enzymes to clear carcinogens and toxins from the body. (hepatitisfoundation.org)
Glucosinolates in kale help regulate phase 1 liver detoxification which transforms toxins into intermediate metabolites. (hepatitisfoundation.org)
The metabolism of MeIQx is composed of metabolites involved in the detoxification pathways (printed in green) and components of the bioactivation pathway (printed in orange and red). (peerj.com)
Activation-independent carcinogens, such as ultraviolet rays or nitrosamines in tobacco products, possess characteristics enabling them to interact directly with DNA and other cellular components to cause harm. (wikipedia.org)
As far back as the 1930s, industrial smoke and tobaccosmoke were identified as sources of dozens of carcinogens, including benzo[a]pyrene, tobacco-specific nitrosamines such as nitrosonornicotine, and reactive aldehydes such as formaldehyde, which is also a hazard in embalming and making plastics. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore variations in the expression of these genes due to heritable genetic polymorphisms might modulate the process of carcinogenesis by altering the exposure levels of tobacco derived carcinogens. (bvsalud.org)
Cancer10
A carcinogen (/kɑːrˈsɪnədʒən/) is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer). (wikipedia.org)
Carcinogens are agents in the environment capable of contributing to cancer growth. (wikipedia.org)
Carcinogens can be categorized into two different types: activation-dependent and activation-independent, and each nature impacts their level and type of influence when it comes to promoting cancer growth. (wikipedia.org)
Activation-dependent carcinogens require metabolic activation or modification to induce cancer, while activation-independents ones do not. (wikipedia.org)
Examples of activation-dependent carcinogens[verification needed] range from certain viruses, such as HPV, to consumed alcohol, to excessive amounts of red and processed meats, impacting a person's health in ways they may not immediately associate with cancer. (wikipedia.org)
AFB 1 is extremely toxic and carcinogenic, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), as a class 1A carcinogen [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Common among these 10 interactions of organic compounds, their power to detect excess cancer agents is the electrophilic nature of or their metabolites, with DNA and R 1 risk at particular sites. (who.int)
Workers exposed to 4-chloro-2-toluidine, and to two other aniline derivatives in lesser degree, showed a standardized incidence rate of bladder cancer 72 times that of unexposed workers, suggesting that chlordimeform itself could be a human carcinogen. (inchem.org)
In view of the human data indicating increased incidence of bladder cancer following exposure to 4-chloro-2-toluidine, a metabolite of chlordimeform, and the occurrence of this compound as a residue in treated crops, the meeting recommends that chlordimeform should not be used where its residues, or those of its metabolite 4-chloro-2-toluidine, can arise in food. (inchem.org)
Environmental carcinogens and certain other endogenous factor (genetic alteration and mutation) interacting in a complex manner can give rise to development of cancer. (bvsalud.org)
Mutagens1
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a repair mechanism that removes DNA lesions induced by UV radiation, environmental mutagens and carcinogens. (bvsalud.org)
Compounds3
The glucuronidation and elimination of endogenous compounds ( e.g. , bilirubin) and xenobiotics, including HPPH, the major, para -hydroxylated metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) ( Butler, 1957 ), are catalyzed by a superfamily of membrane-bound isozymes known collectively as UGTs ( Dutton, 1980 ). (aspetjournals.org)
It's also possible that fiber may form a substrate for bacteria in the gut to produce anti-inflammatory compounds and metabolites," said Dr Chan. (medscape.com)
Kale may also enhance Phase 2 pathways that convert metabolites into easily excreted compounds through antioxidants and nutrients. (hepatitisfoundation.org)
Liver6
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous around the world, and a 2007 national survey by the EPA found microcystin, a recognized liver toxin and potential liver carcinogen, in one out of every three lakes that were tested. (eurekalert.org)
Metabolites of these two carcinogens were also formed in human liver slices, indicating a carcinogenic potential for DPT in humans. (aspetjournals.org)
In studies examining UGT family 1A variants, the "TATA" box polymorphism in the promoter region of UGT1A1, commonly associated with Gilbert's syndrome, is associated with reduced function in the UGT1A1 transcriptional promoter ( Burchell and Hume, 1999 ) and is associated with decreased formation of the glucuronide conjugate of the important procarcinogenic BaP metabolite, BaP- trans -7,8-dihydrodiol (BPD), in livermicrosomes ( Fang and Lazarus, 2004 ). (aspetjournals.org)
After AFB 1 is absorbed in the intestine, it is converted into various metabolites by many cytochrome oxidase P450 family members (CYP 450 s, CYPs) in the liver. (hindawi.com)
Relevant of mutagenicity and clastogenici- angiosarcomas of the liver, which carcinogens discussed in this chap- ty, including the induction of sister are rare tumours, were identified in ter do not include pharmaceutical chromatid exchange (SCE), chro- humans, rats, and mice exposed to drugs classified in Group 1, which mosomal aberrations (CA), and mi- vinyl chloride. (who.int)
These are termed xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) found especially in the liver but also in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract, and several are polymorphic and strongly influence individual biological responses to carcinogens. (bvsalud.org)
Chemicals3
Other mammary carcinogens include chemicals found in flame retardants, stain-resistant textiles, hormone replacement therapy and drinking water disinfection byproducts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For ethylene oxide, there ylene oxide), nasal tissue (formal- chemicals and chemicals that are was limited evidence of carcinogen- dehyde), and the kidney (TCE). (who.int)
Among this group of chemicals, tected in epidemiological studies of IARC evaluations of the carcinogen- there is remarkable concordance in exposed workers. (who.int)
Carcinogenic1
Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways1
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Environmental1
The proliferation of scientific data on putative environmental carcinogens requires the setting of priorities for agents to be selected as topics for evaluation or re-evaluation in future monographs. (who.int)
Human2
Identification of a major human metabolite of acetochlor in exposed herbicide applicators by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
however, data on human metabolites associated with known exposure to acetochlor have been lacking. (cdc.gov)
Exposures2
At high exposures, acetochlor accounted for less than 1 % of the total excreted acetochlor metabolites (approximately 2% of the ACM concentrations). (cdc.gov)
NIOSH recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration). (cdc.gov)
Humans1
One of the most commonly used additives in UPFs, the artificial sweetener aspartame, garnered headlines this summer when the World Health Organization (WHO) classified it as a likely carcinogen in humans. (medscape.com)
Enzymes1
Various products of these genes are enzymes involved in the activation or degradation of carcinogens/pro-carcinogens. (bvsalud.org)
Urinary1
His work spans topics such as sunscreen absorption, biomarker identification for biosimilar development, opioid safety with concomitant medications, opioid antagonist drug development and use, and urinary excretion of ranitidine metabolites. (fda.gov)
Xenobiotics1
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important in the elimination of most xenobiotics, including 5-( p -hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), the major, reputedly nontoxic, metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin. (aspetjournals.org)
Radiation1
CERCLA identifies all radionuclides as carcinogens, although the nature of the emitted radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, or neutron and the radioactive strength), its consequent capacity to cause ionization in tissues, and the magnitude of radiation exposure, determine the potential hazard. (wikipedia.org)
Levels1
Additionally, we tentatively identified two other acetochlor metabolites that appeared to be important at low levels of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Agents1
Although all patients are at risk for methemoglobinemia, patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia, cardiac or pulmonary compromise, infants under 6 months of age, and concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition. (drugs.com)
Data3
To build on previous authoritative safety assessments of steviol glycosides, a systematic assessment of mechanistic data related to key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs) was conducted. (sweeteners.org)
Over 900 KCC-relevant endpoints from peer-reviewed literature and high-throughput screening data (ToxCast/Tox21) were identified across individual steviol glycosides and derivatives, metabolites, and whole leaf extracts. (sweeteners.org)
This study by Chappell et al aimed to systematically identify, evaluate and integrate all available mechanistic data related to key characteristics of carcinogens (KCC) in order to assess potential carcinogenicity of steviol glycosides using a structured, quantitative framework. (sweeteners.org)
Formation2
This disarrangement is also responsible for the formation of DNA adducts, segments of DNA which bind to carcinogens, which furthers harm. (wikipedia.org)
Once bioactivated, MeIQx metabolites can lead to DNA adduct formation responsible for further genome instability. (peerj.com)
Body1
The metabolites are then eliminated from the body after about two days. (healthvermont.org)