LidocaineAnesthesiaBupivacaineCocaineAmide-type localMepivacaineSystemicToxicityLipid-solubleMetabolismTopicalEpinephrineBody fluidsUrineDepressant effectExposureDosesSpinalVasoconstrictorStructurally relatedInfiltrationPlacentaCardiovascularConductionConcentrationsOnsetConcentrationFetalAllergic reactionsReactionsMethemoglobinemiaStimulantPatientAminoIntermediateClinicalHypersensitivityAdultsAdverseToxicEsterAppetiteAbsenceFactorsSymptomsPatientsAllergyAgent
Lidocaine23
- Because lidocaine and its metabolites are not lipophilic, concerns about concentration in milk are minimal, WSAVA notes. (dvm360.com)
- In individuals, around 75% of xylidine is released in the pee as metabolite 4-hydroxy-2,6-xylidine and only 2% of lidocaine is released unaltered. (medicmex.com.mx)
- Lidocaine Viscous (Lidocaine Hydrochloride Oral Topical Solution USP) contains a local anesthetic agent and is administered topically. (druglib.com)
- Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action. (druglib.com)
- Lidocaine is metabolized rapidly by the liver, and metabolites and unchanged drug are excreted by the kidneys. (druglib.com)
- The pharmacological/toxicological actions of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, those of lidocaine. (druglib.com)
- Approximately 90% of lidocaine administered is excreted in the form of various metabolites, and less than 10% is excreted unchanged. (druglib.com)
- Renal dysfunction does not affect lidocaine kinetics but may increase the accumulation of metabolites. (druglib.com)
- Lidocaine is an amide-type local anesthetic available as a crystalline powder soluble in alcohol and normal saline. (medscape.com)
- Immunoassays are commercially available for determination of lidocaine levels, but chromatographic methods are preferred, if monitoring of the active metabolite is deemed necessary. (medscape.com)
- The active metabolite of lidocaine is monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and can accumulate in patients with renal failure. (medscape.com)
- This active metabolite also contributes to the toxicity of lidocaine. (medscape.com)
- Lidocaine , also known as lignocaine and sold under the brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. (explained.today)
- [5] [6] When used for local anaesthesia or in nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begins working within several minutes and lasts for half an hour to three hours. (explained.today)
- The efficacy profile of lidocaine as a local anaesthetic is characterized by a rapid onset of action and intermediate duration of efficacy. (explained.today)
- Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anaesthetics in dentistry. (explained.today)
- Buffering the pH of lidocaine makes local numbing less painful. (explained.today)
- How to use salonpas lidocaine 4 % topical patch local anesthetics. (web.app)
- Lidocaine belongs to a class of drugs known as local anesthetics. (web.app)
- Lidocaine lidoderm is a local anesthetic drug used to relieve pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia. (web.app)
- Nov 09, 2018 lidocaine is a local anesthetic numbing medication. (web.app)
- ORAQIX (lidocaine and prilocaine periodontal gel) 2.5%/2.5% Initial U.S. Approval: 2003INDICATIONS AND USAGEOraqix is an amide local anesthetic indicated for adults who require localized anesthesia in periodontal pockets during scaling and/or root planing. (drugs-library.com)
- An infusion of the local anesthetic Lidocaine may provide relief to patients with chronic migraines that do not respond to other medications. (neurosciencenews.com)
Anesthesia10
- The duration of anesthesia is significantly longer with bupivacaine than with any other commonly used local anesthetic. (nih.gov)
- Oraqix is an amide local anesthetic indicated for adults who require localized anesthesia in periodontal pockets during scaling and/or root planing. (drugs.com)
- Zorcaine ® is a combination of articaine HCl, an amide local anesthetic, and epinephrine, a vasoconstrictor, is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures. (nih.gov)
- Zorcaine ® is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age or older. (nih.gov)
- However, alternative class of local anesthetics (esters) were not available at our facility, so we performed spinal anesthesia with 250mcg of morphine. (fsahq.org)
- However, spinal anesthesia is a safe alternative when allergy testing is not complete or when alternative local anesthetics are not available. (fsahq.org)
- A nerve block often achieves anesthesia with a smaller amount of medication than is required for local infiltration. (medscape.com)
- In addition, unlike local tissue infiltration, nerve blocks can provide anesthesia without causing tissue distortion. (medscape.com)
- CARBOCAINE stabilizes the neuronal membrane and prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, thereby effecting local anesthesia. (medlibrary.org)
- CARBOCAINE is indicated for production of local anesthesia for dental procedures by infiltration or nerve block in adults and pediatric patients. (medlibrary.org)
Bupivacaine3
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection USP is available in sterile isotonic solution for injection via local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and caudal and lumbar epidural blocks. (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine is related chemically and pharmacologically to the aminoacyl local anesthetics. (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine (Marcaine) is another frequently used anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)
Cocaine9
- Norcocaine is a minor metabolite of cocaine. (wikipedia.org)
- It is the only confirmed pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine, although salicylmethylecgonine is also speculated to be an active metabolite. (wikipedia.org)
- The local anesthetic potential of norcocaine has been shown to be higher than that of cocaine, however cocaine continues to be more widely used. (wikipedia.org)
- Some researchers have suggested that hair drug testing for cocaine use should include testing for metabolites like norcocaine. (wikipedia.org)
- Metabolites of cocaine, like norcocaine, in addition to cocaine, should be present in samples from drug users. (wikipedia.org)
- They are designed to detect drug metabolites in the urine and can detect most commonly available illicit or recreational drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and barbiturates. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The cocaine drug is a potent central nervous system stimulant as well as a local anesthetic. (rapidtest.com)
- Emergency clinics and selected veterinary diagnostic laboratories have quick screening tests that can detect the most commonly abused drugs (including metabolites) in body fluids (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates). (vin.com)
- Cocaine is likely to contain adulterants (anesthetics, decongestants). (vin.com)
Amide-type local1
- CARBOCAINE is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics. (medlibrary.org)
Mepivacaine1
- Three metabolites of mepivacaine have been identified from adult humans: two phenols, which are excreted almost exclusively as their glucuronide conjugates, and the N-demethylated compound (2′, 6′ - pipecoloxylidide). (medlibrary.org)
Systemic6
- Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (CNS). (nih.gov)
- The rate of systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution. (nih.gov)
- Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but serious critical event. (medscape.com)
- Local anesthetics are generally considered safe and non-teratogenic, and can be a good alternative to systemic analgesia, according to WSAVA. (dvm360.com)
- For example, local infiltration of the cesarean incision line can reduce the need for systemic analgesia. (dvm360.com)
- To minimize systemic reactions to local anesthetic agents, intravascular injection (the most common cause of seizures) should be avoided. (dieutridau.com)
Toxicity3
- Other complications of local anesthetic use include neural toxicity, allergic reactions, and metabolic abnormalities, including methemoglobinemia (beyond the scope of this article). (medscape.com)
- Adverse reactions to local anesthetics are usually a reaction to epinephrine or overdose toxicity. (fsahq.org)
- Comprehensive toxicity assessment documents for each chemical under consideration are prepared by the National Advisory Committee for AEGLs, a panel comprised of representatives of federal, state, and local governmental agen- cies, as well as industry and private-sector organizations. (cdc.gov)
Lipid-soluble2
- Local anesthetic agents are relatively lipid-soluble, low-molecular-weight compounds that readily cross the blood-brain barrier. (dieutridau.com)
- However, if a compound is very lipid-soluble (eg, some anesthetic gases), it will not be affected greatly by protein binding. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Metabolism7
- Amide local anesthetics do not undergo metabolism to PABA, thus allergic reactions to amides are extremely rare. (fsahq.org)
- Changes in liver enzyme activity affect the breakdown of drugs that undergo hepatic metabolism, and increased renal function escalates the elimination of water-soluble drugs and their metabolites. (dvm360.com)
- Metabolites are intermediate organic compounds or are steming from metabolism. (alsachim.com)
- Anesthetics and hypothermia tend to decrease metabolism throughout the brain and thereby reduce global CBF. (neuro-anesthesia.org)
- Regional flow and metabolism coupling depends on the buildup of metabolites that cause local dilatation of the microvessels. (neuro-anesthesia.org)
- The liver is the principal site of metabolism, with over 50 percent of the administered dose being excreted into the bile as metabolites. (medlibrary.org)
- It has been shown that hydroxylation and N-demethylation, which are detoxification reactions, play important roles in the metabolism of the anesthetic. (medlibrary.org)
Topical1
- In general, the rate of absorption of local anesthetic agents following topical application occurs most rapidly after intratracheal administration. (druglib.com)
Epinephrine1
- It is often used mixed with a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong its local effects and to decrease bleeding. (explained.today)
Body fluids1
- Most human hospitals, emergency clinics, and some veterinary diagnostic laboratories have illicit drug screens available and can check for the presence of illicit drugs or their metabolites in different body fluids. (merckvetmanual.com)
Urine5
- The primary metabolite in urine is a conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline. (druglib.com)
- CARBOCAINE is rapidly metabolized, with only a small percentage of the anesthetic (5 to 10 percent) being excreted unchanged in the urine. (medlibrary.org)
- The presence of a parent drug or its metabolites in blood or urine may help confirm exposure in suspect cases. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Trichloroethylene and its breakdown products (metabolites) can be measured in blood and urine. (cdc.gov)
- The main metabolite excreted in the urine is THC-9-COOH, which are found within hours of exposure and remain detectable in the urine for 3-10 days after smoking. (rapidtest.com)
Depressant effect2
- However, the local anesthetics have a primary depressant effect on the medulla and on higher centers. (nih.gov)
- These changes may be attributable to a direct depressant effect of the local anesthetic agent on various components of the cardiovascular system. (druglib.com)
Exposure3
- Although all patients are at risk for methemoglobinemia, patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia, cardiac or pulmonary compromise, infants under 6 months of age, and concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition. (drugs.com)
- They involve cellular immunity where T-cells are sensitized to the local anesthetic on first exposure, without formation of any antibody. (fsahq.org)
- However, the detection of trichloroethylene or its cause developmental effects such as spontaneous metabolites cannot predict the kind of health effects that abortion, congenital heart defects, central nervous system might develop from that exposure. (cdc.gov)
Doses3
- Large doses of local anesthetics should not be used in patients with heartblock. (themeditary.com)
- Fatalities may occur with use of local anesthetics in the head and neck region as the result of retrograde arterial flow to vital CNS areas even when maximum recommended doses are observed. (medlibrary.org)
- Minipill doses of the interaction 182 chapter 21 local ane.Silzetic agents 721 direction of metabolite to the preparation is prescribed after previously the inner tube is for dosages less than 0.2 mbq folk acid antagonists although the evidence appears to be perforated for a local anesthetic activity. (themauimiracle.org)
Spinal2
- The safety and effectiveness of any spinal anesthetic depend upon proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies. (themeditary.com)
- Spinal anesthetics should be used with caution in patients with severe disturbances of cardiac rhythm, shock, and heartblock. (themeditary.com)
Vasoconstrictor1
- Local anesthetic solutions like ZORCAINE that contain a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously, especially in patients with impaired cardiovascular function or vascular disease. (nih.gov)
Structurally related1
- 6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact DENTSPLY Pharmaceutical at 1-800-989-8826 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch DRUG INTERACTIONS Other local anesthetics or agents structurally related to local anesthetics (7.1) Drugs associated with drug-induced methemoglobinemia (7.2) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy: There have been no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. (drugs-library.com)
Infiltration2
- Table 1 summarizes the recommended dosages of ZORCAINE administered by intraoral submucosal infiltration or nerve block for various types of anesthetic dental procedures in healthy adults and pediatric patients. (nih.gov)
- The procedure offers several advantages over local tissue infiltration . (medscape.com)
Placenta1
- Local anesthetics appear to cross the placenta by passive diffusion. (nih.gov)
Cardiovascular1
- The toxicities associated with local anesthetics are cardiovascular and neurologic. (medscape.com)
Conduction3
- Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. (nih.gov)
- Local anesthetics block conduction in the following order: small myelinated axons (e.g. those carrying nociceptive impulses), non-myelinated axons, then large myelinated axons. (wikidoc.org)
- As the blood concentration of a local anesthetic agent increases further, CVS depression occurs, resulting in a decrease in blood pressure secondary to myocardial depression, impaired cardiac conduction, and eventual peripheral vasodilation. (dieutridau.com)
Concentrations2
- Issues arise because the metabolites are present in only low concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, drugs and their metabolites can cross the maternal-fetal barrier and can reach potentially hazardous concentrations in milk. (dvm360.com)
Onset2
- Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to "open" sodium channels, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in neurons that are rapidly firing. (wikidoc.org)
- 7 GLYDO has an onset of action of three to five minutes and takes full anesthetic effect within five to 10 minutes after complete instillation. (glydo.com)
Concentration1
- The amount of bone that gets broken in weightlifting, and physicians mix an anesthetic with the these steroids, the concentration increases. (bootb.com)
Fetal1
- Fetal/maternal ratios of local anesthetics appear to be inversely related to the degree of plasma protein binding, because only the free, unbound drug is available for placental transfer. (nih.gov)
Allergic reactions3
- Allergic reactions to local anesthetics are often attributed to preservative compounds such as metabisulfite or methylparaben. (fsahq.org)
- Ester local anesthetics have a higher incidence of allergic reactions due to one of their metabolites, para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). (fsahq.org)
- True allergic reactions to amide local anesthetics are extremely rare but have been documented. (fsahq.org)
Reactions3
- Type-II and Type-III reactions have been rarely reported and are not clinically significant with local anesthetics. (fsahq.org)
- Reactions resulting in fatality have occurred on rare occasions with the use of local anesthetics, even in the absence of a history of hypersensitivity. (themeditary.com)
- Various toxic reactions have been reported after use of local anesthetics, but with very low incidence. (dieutridau.com)
Methemoglobinemia3
- Methemoglobinemia: Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with local anesthetic use. (drugs.com)
- If local anesthetics must be used in these patients, close monitoring for symptoms and signs of methemoglobinemia is recommended. (themeditary.com)
- Comment: Local anesthetics may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia when concurrently exposed to drugs that also cause methemoglobinemia. (medscape.com)
Stimulant1
- CNS stimulant, appetite suppressant, and local anesthetic. (vin.com)
Patient3
- The aim of this study was to assess essential metabolites pyruvate and its product lactate, as early biomarkers in relation to long-term functional- and patient-reported outcome after ATR. (nih.gov)
- This study established that the metabolite pyruvate is a good potential biomarker, prognostic of patient outcome at the one-year follow-up after ATR surgery. (nih.gov)
- R at i o n a l e s this ensures that the patient in feeling like an active metabolite important unclear unclear 1. (oaksofwellington.com)
Amino2
- All three of these anesthetics contain an amide linkage between the aromatic nucleus and the amino, or piperidine group. (nih.gov)
- Hydrolysis of amino ester compounds yields para -aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a well-known allergen, as an intermediate metabolite. (medscape.com)
Intermediate1
- Most local anesthetic agents share the same basic chemical structure, which consists of an aromatic ring, linked to an intermediate chain, linked to a hydrophilic amine segment. (medscape.com)
Clinical2
- Clinical local anesthetics belong to one of two classes: aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics. (wikidoc.org)
- Clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents. (dieutridau.com)
Hypersensitivity1
- Oraqix is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type or to any other component of the product. (drugs.com)
Adults1
- The recommended dosages of ZORCAINE in healthy adults serve only as a guide to the amount of anesthetic required for most routine dental procedures. (nih.gov)
Adverse1
- The program was undertaken due to the need of federal, state, and local govern- ments, as well the public and private sectors, for guidance on adverse health effects to anticipate upon inhalation of toxic chemical vapors. (cdc.gov)
Toxic2
- The dose of anesthetic used in typical volumes for this procedure is not toxic. (medscape.com)
- Respiratory depression and ultimately respiratory arrest may occur secondary to the toxic effect of the local anesthetic agent on the respiratory center in the medulla. (dieutridau.com)
Ester2
- They differ in this respect from the procaine-type local anesthetics, which have an ester linkage. (nih.gov)
- Local anesthetics are classified as either ester or amide compounds. (fsahq.org)
Appetite1
- Muscle mass, strength, stimulate appetite high-energy phosphate metabolites in human suggesting that reinfection is uncommon within the 90 days after initial infection, vaccination should be deferred for at least 90 days after receiving monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma. (bootb.com)
Absence1
- In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Factors1
- It is likely to be an important regulator of local CBF, perhaps by affecting arterioles upstream of the microvessels dilated by metabolic factors. (neuro-anesthesia.org)
Symptoms1
- MK-677 for sale testosterone treatment are more likely to survive fair due diligence, even metabolites), and your symptoms will return. (lancastria.org.uk)
Patients1
- Patients with true allergy to amide local anesthetics are often treated with an alternative class of local anesthetic. (fsahq.org)
Allergy1
- Since this was an elective procedure, our options were to either postpone the surgery for allergy testing or choose an alternative local anesthetic to avoid any cross-reactivity. (fsahq.org)
Agent2
- An infraorbital nerve block requires 1-3 mL of the chosen anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)
- [15] [16] As a local numbing agent, it is used for the treatment of premature ejaculation. (explained.today)