• Glycerol-3-phosphate is first acylated with acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is then acylated with another molecule of acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid. (hmdb.ca)
  • Phosphatidic acid is then de-phosphorylated to form diacylglycerol.Diacylglycerols are precursors to triacylglycerols (triglyceride), which are formed by the addition of a third fatty acid to the diacylglycerol under the catalysis of diglyceride acyltransferase. (hmdb.ca)
  • Since diacylglycerols are synthesized via phosphatidic acid, they will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position on the glycerol moiety and an unsaturated fatty acid at the C-2 position. (hmdb.ca)
  • Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • The lipid precursor phosphatidylethanolamine (PTLM), through the action of N -acyltransferase (NAT) and of arachidonic acid (ARa), leads to the formation of N -arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethonolamine (NAPE), which, through the action of NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), forms N -Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide-AEA) and phosphatidic acid (PHa). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PA(18:1(9Z)/0:0)is a phosphatidic acid. (ymdb.ca)
  • FFAR1 and FFAR4 bind to and are activated by medium-chain fatty acids (i.e. fatty acids consisting of 6-12 carbon atoms such as lauric acid) as well as long-chain unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oleic acid moiety is derived from vegetable oils, especially olive and canola oil, while the oleic acid moiety is derived from vegetable oils, especially olive and canola oil. (ymdb.ca)
  • Based on its binding and activation by medium-chain fatty acids i.e., capric acid, undecaenoic, and lauric acids, GPR84 has been recognized as possible member of the free fatty acid receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
  • GPR109A (also termed hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 22, niacin receptor 1, HM74a, HM74b, or PUMA-G), GPR91 (also termed the succinic acid receptor or SUCNR1), and GPR35 have been grouped with FFARs by some authors. (wikipedia.org)
  • it is often termed a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • And, GPR35, which remains classified as an orphan receptor (i.e., a receptor whose ligand(s) are not clearly identified) binds and is activated by a metabolite of tryptophan viz. (wikipedia.org)
  • ONO-7300243 is a potent LPA1 (Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor) antagonist with an IC50 of 160 nM. (csnpharm.cn)
  • Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. (hmdb.ca)
  • Through the action of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) and arachidonic acid (ARa) on 1,2-DAG, 2-AG is formed. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. (hmdb.ca)
  • It is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. (hmdb.ca)
  • These are lysophosphatidic acids where the glycerol is esterified with a fatty acid at O-1 position. (ymdb.ca)
  • We tested 806 metabolites covering a wide range of biochemical processes including those involved in lipid, amino-acid, energy, carbohydrate, xenobiotic and vitamin metabolism for their association with depression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, propionic acid is short-chain fatty acid consisting of 3 carbons (C's), CH3-CH2-COOH, and docosahexaenoic acid is long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid consisting of 22 C's and six double bonds (notated as "="): CH3-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH1=CH1-CH2-CH2-COOH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Docosahexaenoic acid-d 5 methyl ester is the deuterium labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester is a methylated docosahexaenoic acid analog which can be intercalated into membrane phospholipids without being oxidized or hydrolyzed [1][2]. (medchemexpress.com)
  • We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) are bioactive signaling phospholipids that have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Phosphatidic acids are quite rare but are extremely important as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. (ymdb.ca)
  • FFAR2 and FFAR3 bind and are activated by short-chain fatty acids, i.e., fatty acid chains consisting of 6 or less carbon atoms such as acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • An enzyme important for generating the signalling molecule lypophosphatidic acid (LPA). (glpg.com)
  • SAM is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis and hence in membrane remodelling during acid stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FTY720 Phosphate is a derivative of ISP-1 that is a fungal metabolite as well as a structural analog of sphingosine. (csnpharm.cn)
  • The erucic acid moiety is derived from seed oils and avocados, while the docosapentaenoic acid moiety is derived from fish oils. (hmdb.ca)
  • To identify metabolites associated with depression we performed a metabolome-wide association analysis in 13,596 participants from five European population-based cohorts characterized for depression, and circulating metabolites using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem accurate mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) based Metabolon platform. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, GPR84 has not yet been given a FFAR designation possibly because capric acid, the most potent medium-chain fatty acid in activating GPR44, nonetheless requires high concentrations (e.g., in the micromolar range) to do so. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid is a particularly potent activator of GPR35 and may be the most important of its naturally occurring activators. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lipidomic analysis showed that disruption of NcACBP caused no obvious changes in the overall abundance and turnover of fatty acids while knockout resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs). (wikipedia.org)
  • The FFARs are GPCR receptors that bind and thereby are activated by particular fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, these receptors are more often defined as receptors primarily for non-straight-chain fatty acid ligands or physiological agents that are not fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • These metabolites are either directly food derived or are products of host and gut microbial metabolism of food-derived products. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a secondary metabolite of salicylic acid which has been hydrolyzed by liver enzymes during phase I metabolism. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Western blot analyses showed that lactic acid exposure correlates with an increase in protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L-Dihydroorotic acid can reversibly hydrolyze to yield the acyclic L-ureidosuccinic acid by dihydrowhey enzyme. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. (ymdb.ca)
  • β-Cells possess inherent mechanisms to adapt to overnutrition and the prevailing concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, and other fuels to maintain glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Both glucose and fatty acids may cause good/adaptive or evil/toxic actions on the β-cell, depending on their concentrations and the time during which they are elevated. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The most relevant bottleneck in production by LAB is in all likelihood related to the inhibitory effects of the low pH of the medium on cell growth, cell viability and in turn on lactic acid accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This deletion did not affect the overall fatty acid composition but modified the abundance of TAG. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The PTS1 signal peptide is about 12 amino acids long present at the C-terminus of the protein [13]. (5dok.net)
  • In vitro, Nlrp10 forms an Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC)-dependent, m-3M3FBS-activated, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-modulated inflammasome driving interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion. (biomed.news)
  • Mai K. (2021) Nutritional counseling frequency and baseline food pattern predict implementation of a high-protein and high-polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary pattern: 1-year results of the randomized NutriAct trial. (tu-berlin.de)
  • In contrast, others have favored the concept that exaggerated insulin secretion will cause insulin resistance ( 3 , 4 ), possibly via fatty acid-mediated impairment of insulin action ( 5 - 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
  • Therefore, our goal was the identification of novel targets for strain improvement possibly involved in the yeast response to lactic acid stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we demonstrated that the modulation of SAM2 can have different outcomes, from clear effects to no significant phenotypic responses, upon lactic acid stress in different genetic backgrounds, and that at least in one genetic background SAM2 deletion led to an industrially relevant increase in lactic acid production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss here the emerging view that β-cell "glucotoxicity" is in part indirectly caused by "lipotoxicity," and that β-cell abnormalities will become particularly apparent when both glucose and circulating fatty acids are high. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Active metabolite of oxcarbazepine (Cat. (tocris.com)
  • We profiled LPA-derived metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DG(22:1(13Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0:0), in particular, consists of one chain of erucic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of docosapentaenoic acid at the C-2 position. (hmdb.ca)
  • Deschamps FS, et al, 2002, Mechanism of response enhancement in evaporative light scattering detection with the addition of triethylamine and formic acid: Analyst, v.127, p. 35-41. (gerli.com)
  • Association of lysophosphatidic acids with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and progression to Alzheimer's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Are Serum Metabolites Associated with Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease? (ajkdblog.org)
  • Yeasts can be considered as alternative cell factories to lactic acid bacteria for lactic acid production, despite not being natural producers, since they can better tolerate acidic environments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The great interest in the production of highly pure lactic acid enantiomers comes from the application of polylactic acid (PLA) for the production of biodegradable plastics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, SAM2 was deleted in a strain previously engineered and evolved for industrial lactic acid production and tolerance, resulting in higher production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, this results in limited AC engulfment, impaired metabolic shift to mitochondrial fatty acid b-oxidation and ultimately reduced secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, with consequent inhibition of continual efferocytosis, resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. (biomed.news)