Metabolism toward oxidative. Medical search. Frequent questions

Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy of molecular oxygen, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (udemy.com)
Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. (udemy.com)
These questions will give you basic idea for Examination Preparation and/or interview on Oxidative Phosphorylation and Nitrogen Metabolism. (udemy.com)
Glucose utilization and blood flow are reduced in AD, and these changes are accompanied by downregulation of glucose transport, Na, K-ATPase, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy consumption. (iospress.com)
Thioretinaco ozonide, the complex formed from thioretinamide, cobalamin, ozone, and oxygen is proposed to constitute the active site of oxidative phosphorylation, catalyzing synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and phosphate. (iospress.com)
Depletion of adenosyl methionine causes dysregulation of methionine metabolism, hyperhomocysteinemia, reduced biosynthesis of thioretinamide and thioretinaco ozonide, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, decreased production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and impaired host response to infectious microbes, contributing to the pathogenesis of dementia and atherosclerosis. (iospress.com)
Since oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is also crucial to T cell function, we tested multiple doses of two complex I inhibitors to determine a regimen with optimal capacity to compromise tumor oxygen metabolism while sparing T cell metabolic fitness. (bmj.com)
Abnormal whole-body energy metabolism in iron-deficient humans despite preserved skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation. (figshare.com)
Thirteen iron-deficient (ID) individuals and thirteen iron-replete (IR) control participants each underwent 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of exercising calf muscle to investigate differences in oxidative phosphorylation, followed by whole-body cardiopulmonary exercise testing. (figshare.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
Aims/hypothesis: Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes is related to abnormalities in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in skeletal muscle. (regsj.dk)
In addition, increases in GPX, SOD3, G6PD, HK, and PFK at proteomic and transcriptomic levels suggested elevation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of glutathione and nucleotides, and antioxidative pathway activity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation, TCA and mitochondrial energy metabolism were reduced. (frontiersin.org)

Conclusions: The effect of exercise training on oxidative stress may be relevant to risk for hormonally related cancers. (psu.edu)
There is increasing awareness that oxidative stress may be implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (nature.com)
Here we aimed to investigate blood oxidative stress marker profile in ASD children by a meta-analysis. (nature.com)
These results therefore clarified blood oxidative stress profile in children with ASD, strengthening clinical evidence of increased oxidative stress implicating in pathogenesis of ASD. (nature.com)
The human brain is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress because it accounts for only 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of oxygen 14 . (nature.com)
Therefore, it has been proposed that oxidative stress in the developing brains contributes to neuronal damage in genetically susceptible children, which is important in the pathophysiology of ASD. (nature.com)
Indeed, an increased oxidative stress was observed in the brains of ASD patients 18 . (nature.com)
The role of methionine on metabolism, oxidative stress, and diseases. (unm.edu)
It also intervenes in lipid metabolism, activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as methionine sulfoxide reductase A, and the biosynthesis of glutathione to counteract oxidative stress. (unm.edu)
He was invited to give one talk on "Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Alzheimer's Disease" that presents an alternative hypothesis to the dogma on the causes of AD. (cornell.edu)
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Short-term oxidative stress may also be important in prevention of aging by induction of a process named mitohormesis, and is required to initiate stress response processes in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione. (wikipedia.org)
The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. (wikipedia.org)
However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death, and even moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis, while more intense stresses may cause necrosis. (wikipedia.org)
Production of reactive oxygen species is a particularly destructive aspect of oxidative stress. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation is similar to oxidative stress, and these lesions have been implicated in aging and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
However, under the severe levels of oxidative stress that cause necrosis, the damage causes ATP depletion, preventing controlled apoptotic death and causing the cell to simply fall apart. (wikipedia.org)
While many of these products are used as markers of oxidative stress, the products derived from linoleic acid appear far more predominant than arachidonic acid products and therefore easier to identify and quantify in, for example, atheromatous plaques. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative stress in plants Taylor & Francis, London. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
Antioxidants ameliorate oxidative stress in alcoholic liver injury by modulating lipid metabolism and phospholipid homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, antioxidants ameliorated the alcohol-impaired mitochondrial function and inhibited excessive oxidative stress . (bvsalud.org)
In conclusion, antioxidants can regulate lipid metabolism and phospholipid homeostasis , which in turn inhibit oxidative stress and thereby exert protective effects against ALD. (bvsalud.org)
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important mechanisms of ventricular remodeling, predisposed to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (mdpi.com)
HIF-1alpha protein levels and glycolytic target genes in PGC1α negative and positive melanoma cells after exposure to hypoxia or oxidative stress. (figshare.com)
Our aim was to investigate the effects of consuming a Wheat Aleurone rich diet vs. a Refined Wheat diet for 8 weeks on fasting and postprandial glycemic and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in overweight/obese individuals. (unipr.it)
Conclusion: An 8-week Wheat Aleurone Diet improves the oxidative stress and increases plasma betaine levels in overweight/obese individuals with an increased cardiometabolic risk. (unipr.it)
Hard shell clams and eastern oysters exposed to moderate warming and ocean acidification conditions showed no sign of persistent oxidative stress. (necan.org)
We have identified proteins involved in key pathways, including oxidative stress, steroidogenesis, signal transduction and apoptosis, which have not previously been associated with changes occurring in the CL during the peri-implantation period. (elsevierpure.com)
However, they are more dependent on oxidative metabolism following hypoxia due to abnormal normoxic metabolism, which was associated with a functional deficit in response to stress. (ox.ac.uk)
On the other hand, oral administration of MSNs disturbed inflammatory factors and metabolites of ribose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, GSSG, and NADP+ associated with the pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione synthesis and oxidative stress albeit to a lesser extent than intravenous injection despite the administration of a ten-fold greater dose. (frontiersin.org)
Overall, systematic biological data suggested that intravenous injection of nanoparticles of pharmaceutical excipients substantially affected hepatic metabolism function and induced oxidative stress and inflammation, whereas oral administration exhibited milder effects compared with intravenous injection. (frontiersin.org)
Treatment with NU7026 did not alter the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress by hydroquinone but repressed the protein level of DNA-PKcs and blocked the induction of the kinase mRNA and protein expression by hydroquinone. (cdc.gov)
Coffee also has vasodilatory effects and contains antioxidant polyphenols, which reduce oxidative stress and modulate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Mechanisms of oxidative stress in the potentiation of noise -induced hearing loss by acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
The mechanism by which ACN renders the cochlea more vulnerable to noise damage is still unknown, but we hypothesize that the decrease of GSH and/or the inhibition of SOD reduce the cochlear intrinsic anti-oxidant defenses and ultimately create oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)
HALLIWELL, B. Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease. (bvsalud.org)
Several mechanisms of neuronal cell death have been proposed for HD, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and apoptosis. (medscape.com)

Fat oxidation, fitness and skeletal muscle expression of oxidative/lipid metabolism genes in South Asians: implications for insulin resistance? (gla.ac.uk)
Twenty men of South Asian ethnic origin and 20 age and BMI-matched men of white European descent underwent exercise and metabolic testing and provided a muscle biopsy to determine expression of oxidative and lipid metabolism genes and of insulin signalling proteins. (gla.ac.uk)
These data indicate that reduced oxidative capacity and capacity for fatty acid utilisation at the whole body level are key features of the insulin resistant phenotype observed in South Asians, but that this is not the consequence of reduced skeletal muscle expression of oxidative and lipid metabolism genes. (gla.ac.uk)
However, the correlation between the improved effect of antioxidants and lipid metabolism is still unclear. (bvsalud.org)
However, further studies with longer duration and larger sample size are needed to evaluate the benefits of aleurone-rich foods on glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with more severe metabolic abnormalities. (unipr.it)

Fig. 1: Reparative macrophages bypass the canonical glutamine metabolism pathway to potentiate efferocytosis. (nature.com)
As the main results, activation of oxidative pathways, such as the glycolytic pathway, was demonstrated in response to the increase in the activity of hexokinase. (fiocruz.br)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
Lactobacillus reuteri, a heterofermentative bacterium, metabolizes glycerol via a Pdu (propanediol-utilization) pathway involving dehydration to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) followed by reduction to 1,3-propandiol (1,3-PDO) with concomitant generation of an oxidized cofactor, NAD+ that is utilized to maintain cofactor balance required for glucose metabolism and even for oxidation of 3-HPA by a Pdu oxidative branch to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). (lu.se)
For this purpose, two different drugs were used: (1) Sodium thiosulfate (STS), a CN antidote commonly used in humans in case of CN poisoning and (2) 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) which blocks ACN metabolism through the oxidative pathway, preventing CN formation. (cdc.gov)

The meta-analysis showed that blood concentrations of oxidative glutathione (GSSG), malondialdehyde, homocysteine, S -adenosylhomocysteine, nitric oxide, and copper were higher in children with ASD than that of HC children. (nature.com)
Additionally, given the consistent and large effective size, glutathione metabolism biomarkers have the potential to inform early diagnosis of ASD. (nature.com)
Acrylonitrile (ACN), one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the world, is a very powerful pro-oxidant compound whose metabolism leads to a profound glutathione (GSH) depletion and to a production of cyanide (CN) which, in turn, can inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD). (cdc.gov)

Nitrogen Metabolism is the polymeric nitrogen containing compounds proteins and nucleic acids that define the major attributes of organism such as function and structure. (udemy.com)

We investigated whether differences in oxidative capacity and capacity for fatty acid utilisation in South Asians might contribute, using a range of whole-body and skeletal muscle measures. (gla.ac.uk)
Iron deficiency impairs skeletal muscle metabolism. (figshare.com)

Although these techniques tackle the coupling between neuronal activity and metabolism, they lack chemical specificity and fail in providing information on neuronal and glial metabolic pathways underlying those processes. (frontiersin.org)
To accomplish this, we used the glucose clamp technique with isotopic determination of glucose disposal and indirect calorimetry for measuring the pathways of glucose metabolism, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies to determine the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase and PDH activities. (arizona.edu)
We conclude that prevailing fasting hyperglycemic normalizes the nonoxidative and oxidative pathways of insulin-stimulated glucose in metabolism in NIDDM and may act as a homeostatic mechanism to normalize muscle glucose metabolism. (arizona.edu)
In this study we show that diabetic hearts retain the ability to adapt their metabolism in response to hypoxia, with functional hypoxia signalling pathways. (ox.ac.uk)

These results demonstrate that resveratrol could significantly scavenge reactive oxygen species, inhibit As 2 O 3 -induced oxidative damage, and significantly attenuate the accumulation of arsenic in renal tissues by facilitating As 2 O 3 metabolism. (springer.com)

These findings demonstrate abnormal whole-body energy metabolism in iron-deficient but otherwise healthy humans. (figshare.com)

Cadenas S, Barja G (1999) Resveratrol, melatonin, vitamin E, and PBN protect against renal oxidative DNA damage induced by the kidney carcinogen KBrO 3 . (springer.com)
Results showed that Vc and NAC attenuated intracellular lipid accumulation and oxidative damage induced by excessive alcohol exposure in hepatic AML12 cells . (bvsalud.org)

However, the hypoxia-induced changes in metabolism are additive to abnormal baseline metabolism, resulting in hypoxic diabetic hearts metabolising more fat and less glucose than controls. (ox.ac.uk)

Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. (wikipedia.org)

Oxidative metabolism of butylated hydroxytoluene by hepatic and pulmonary microsomes from rats and mice. (aspetjournals.org)

Efferocytosis is known to rely on aerobic glycolysis during engulfment of ACs, indicated by increased glucose uptake and enhanced lactate release 2 , but also requires mitochondrial metabolism to degrade accumulating long-chain fatty acids via fatty acid oxidation (FAO) 3 . (nature.com)
In the type 2 diabetic heart, glycolysis is suppressed whereas fatty acid metabolism is promoted. (ox.ac.uk)

This metabolic scenario was accompanied by activation of the anaerobic fermentative metabolism, indicated not only by an increase in the activity of (LDH), but also by a reduction of the content of pyruvic acid and accumulation of lactic acid in the hemolymph of parasitized snails. (fiocruz.br)
With TSI growth medium, the lack of sufficient fermentative metabolism, left the color of the medium a bright red color, for with little metabolic reactivity, there is no accompanying change in pH, and no change in the color of the pH sensitive indicator dye contained in the medium. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

CEE significantly decreased CYP1A2 (caffeine metabolic ratio: 0.57 +/- 0.20 before, 0.40 +/- 0.20 after, P = .001) and significantly increased CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratio: 0.0116 +/- 0.0143 before, 0.0084 +/- 0.0135 after, P = .022) metabolism. (nih.gov)
Coordinated remodeling of tumor oxygen metabolism with existing drugs can compromise hypoxia-associated T cell suppression without compromising intrinsic T cell metabolic potential. (bmj.com)
Increased oxidative metabolism following hypoxia in the type 2 diabetic heart, despite normal hypoxia signalling and metabolic adaptation. (ox.ac.uk)
Metabolic disorders and disruption of metabolism. (aber.ac.uk)

We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is impaired in muscle of patients with inherited insulin resistance and defective insulin signalling. (regsj.dk)
Conclusions/ interpretation: These data indicate that inherited insulin resistance coincides with reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity in a PGC-1α- and muscle fibre type-related manner. (regsj.dk)

Thus, H2S and rhizobia synergistically subsided the oxidative damage by increasing the accumulation of metabolites and strengthening the antioxidant capacity under water deficiency. (authorea.com)

Evofosfamide) and limitation of tumor oxygen metabolism (e.g. complex I inhibition). (bmj.com)

CEE significantly influenced CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP-mediated dapsone oxidative metabolism but not CYP2C19, CYP2E1, or N-acetyltransferase 2 metabolism in postmenopausal women. (nih.gov)
Age influenced CYP2D6 metabolism and dapsone hydroxylation. (nih.gov)
Genetic basis for a lower prevalence of deficient CYP2D6 oxidative drug metabolism phenotypes in black Americans. (jci.org)
The cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated 4-monohydroxylations of the individual enantiomers of the racemic antianginal agent perhexiline (PHX) were investigated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) to identify stereoselective differences in metabolism and to determine the contribution of the polymorphic enzyme CYP2D6 and other P450s to the intrinsic clearance of each enantiomer. (aspetjournals.org)
Both enantiomers of PHX are subject to significant polymorphic metabolism by CYP2D6, although this enzyme exhibits distinct stereoselectivity with respect to the conformation of metabolites and the rate at which they are formed. (aspetjournals.org)

Since the mid-twentieth century the idea that brain energy metabolism is coupled to neuronal activity has emerged, and a number of studies supported this hypothesis. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, brain energy metabolism was demonstrated to be compartmentalized in neurons and astrocytes, and astrocytic glycolysis was proposed to serve the energetic demands of glutamatergic activity. (frontiersin.org)

PLC expression negatively correlates with PGC-1-mediated mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and uncoupling through Twist1 We next investigated whether downregulating PLC in PCa cells had any effects on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and uncoupling through inhibition of Twist1 expression. (rawveronica.com)

We performed a prospective, case-control, clinical physiology study to explore the effects of iron deficiency on human metabolism, using exercise as a stressor. (figshare.com)

Together, the results indicate that A. cantonensis infection induces activation of the anaerobic metabolism of A. fulica, characterized not only by the accumulation of lactic acid, but also by a reduction in the pyruvic acid and oxalic acid contents in the hemolymph of the infected snails. (fiocruz.br)

Abnormal metabolism and the evasion of apoptosis are considered hallmarks of cancers. (hindawi.com)

Under anoxic conditions, the predominant double-base lesion is a species in which C8 of guanine is linked to the 5-methyl group of an adjacent 3'-thymine (G[8,5- Me]T). Most of these oxygen-derived species are produced by normal aerobic metabolism. (wikipedia.org)

Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)

These differences in metabolism were associated with decreased contractile recovery of the hypoxic diabetic heart following an acute hypoxic insult. (ox.ac.uk)

In addition, methionine restriction prevents altered methionine/transmethylation metabolism, thereby decreasing DNA damage and carcinogenic processes and possibly preventing arterial, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. (unm.edu)

Notably, all hypoxic and PHDI-preconditioned CDCs had decreased oxygen consumption and increased glycolytic metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)

CD40-CD40L interactions promote neuronal death in a model of neurodegeneration due to mild impairment of oxidative metabolism. (cornell.edu)

In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Preconditioning of Cardiosphere-Derived Cells With Hypoxia or Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inhibitors Increases Stemness and Decreases Reliance on Oxidative Metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
Western blotting and OCR analyses showed that overexpressing Twist1 in sh-PLC-transfected PCa cells abolished the sh-PLC-mediated increases in metabolism, uncoupling, OCR, and ATP production (Fig. (rawveronica.com)

In this context, 1 H MRS has allowed the measurements of energy metabolism-related compounds, whose concentrations can vary under different brain activation states. (frontiersin.org)

There are about 24,000 oxidative DNA adducts per cell in young rats and 66,000 adducts per cell in old rats. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we investigated in adult Long-Evans rats the effect of the alteration of CN production through the ACN metabolism on the promotion of NIHL by ACN. (cdc.gov)
in styrene metabolism between rats and mice. (cdc.gov)

Namely, the rate of oxidative metabolism in astrocytes is about half of that in neurons, and it can increase as much as the rate of neuronal metabolism in response to sensory stimulation. (frontiersin.org)

Neither baseline iron status nor IV iron significantly influenced high-energy phosphate metabolism. (figshare.com)
Interestingly, the combination of sh-PLC and sh-Twist1 promoted metabolism and AM095 free base uncoupling significantly more than either shRNA alone (Fig. (rawveronica.com)

The impact of MSNs on biochemical metabolism is poorly understood, and few studies have compared the effects of MSNs administered via different routes. (frontiersin.org)

For the first time, alterations in the oxidative metabolism of Achatina fulica experimentally infected with different parasite loads of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were determined. (fiocruz.br)
Additionally, the contents of some carboxylic acids in the hemolymph of infected and uninfected snails were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), permitting a better understanding of the alterations related to the host's oxidative metabolism. (fiocruz.br)

Here, we review state-of-the-art MR methods to study brain function and metabolism in vivo , and their contribution to the current understanding of how astrocytic energy metabolism supports glutamatergic activity and cerebral function. (frontiersin.org)

In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

Bacterial growth detection (or absence) is based on carbohydrate metabolism ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
Based on this test result, each culture had been inoculated with an oxidative bacterial organism. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy20

Organisms13

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes73

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Phosphorylation12

Stress40

Lipid metabolism5

Pathway5

Glutathione3

Proteins1

Skeletal muscle2

Pathways4

Reactive oxygen1

Humans1

Damage induced2

Hypoxia-induced1

Redox1

Hepatic1

Fatty2

Fermentative metabolism2

Mitochondrial metabolism1

Metabolic4

Insulin resistance2

Antioxidant1

Oxygen metabolism1

CYP2D65

Brain energy metabolism2

Inhibition1

Physiology1

Accumulation1

Abnormal1

Aerobic Metabolism1

Oxidation-Reduction1

Differences in metabolism1

Methionine1

Glycolytic1

Impairment1

Pyruvate1

Increases2

Concentrations1

Rats3

Neuronal1

Significantly2

Effects1

Alterations2

Energy1

Lactate1

Bacterial2