Metabolism sugars and amino acids hexose sugars into bacteria. Medical search. Frequent questions

Under aerobic conditions, for example, D-glucose is used, but no acid is formed, as would be typical for fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
In Rhizobium species, a PEPCK-deficient mutant fails to grow on minimal medium with succinate or other citric acid cycle intermediates but can grow on glucose and glycerol as a sole carbon source, suggesting that PEPCK functions here as a key gluconeogenic enzyme ( 30 ). (asm.org)
Glucose is a simple sugar and an important carbohydrate in biology. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The main substrates that the body uses to liberate energy are carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fatty acids. (histocutup.co.uk)
A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
The unique structure of complex sugars allows them to be absorbed and broken down more sl owly than simple sugars, avoiding rapid spikes in blood glucose. (50webs.com)
Introduction of heterologous glucose- or fructose-proton symporters in an hxt 0 yeast background strain (derived from CEN.PK2-1C) restored growth on the corresponding sugar under aerobic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
To facilitate uptake and conversion of glucose at low extracellular concentrations, activity of high-affinity transporters ( K M ~ 1 mM) is required, in combination with hexokinase activity to 'trap' the sugar inside the cell in its phosphorylated form and therefore maintain a glucose concentration gradient over the cellular membrane [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Among these, pentoses (e.g., ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA)) and hexoses (e.g., glucose, or blood sugar) are the most common sugars in animal tissues. (oregonstate.education)
A. Monosaccharides are often referred to as simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds. (oregonstate.education)
Both glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula C6H12O6 and are hexoses (6 C). But glucose is an aldose (also called aldohexose) and fructose is a ketose, or a ketohexose. (oregonstate.education)
The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are glucose, fructose, and galactose (see Figure 3.1). (oregonstate.education)
Glucose is the form of carbohydrates found in circulating blood (blood sugar) and is the primary carbohydrate used by the body for energy production. (oregonstate.education)

Glutamate is an alpha-amino acid that is used by nearly all living things in biosynthesis of proteins. (mgm-biochem.com)
The anaerobic decomposition of plant and animal polymers including polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids to CO 2 , H 2 O and methane requires syntrophic metabolism as an essential step. (ucla.edu)
Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
Minerals, proteins, sugars, and phenolic compounds were measured in grains of peas and faba beans, and in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
Under ECO2, grains of pea and faba bean increased levels of proteins and phenolics, respectively, and the sugars-to-protein ratio decreased in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
In addition, the function of many proteins is regulated by phosphorlylating serine, threonine or tyrosine amino acids. (histocutup.co.uk)
Amino acids can be employed in energy generation but as their main function is to form the building blocks of proteins catabolising them in energy production disrupts protein synthesis and therefore tends to be used only as a last resort. (histocutup.co.uk)
Signal transduction : overview, receptors and G-proteins, specific signaling mechanism in bacteria and proteins. (iasexamportal.com)
Name the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. (studymode.com)

These include carbohydrates (pentoses, hexoses and oligosaccharides), sugar alcohols and amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
The juice is filtered, then heated, to hydrolyze carbohydrates into sugars. (50webs.com)
In the plant cell, carbohydrates could be present in the cell content as sugar or starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall structure (e.g., cellulose). (oregonstate.education)
One method of classifying carbohydrates is based on the number of carbon atoms per each molecule of a carbohydrate and on the number of molecules of sugar in the compound. (oregonstate.education)

Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
Most nutritionally important sugars are pentoses or hexoses. (oregonstate.education)

The glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate can be converted into the 6‐carbon sugar phosphate called fructose‐6‐phosphate by the reactions of triose phosphate isomerase, aldolase, and fructose bisphosphase. (cliffsnotes.com)
Fructose, or "fruit sugar," is found in ripened fruits and honey and is also formed by digestion of disaccharide sucrose. (oregonstate.education)

After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)

and (4) polysaccharides, large polymers of simple sugars. (oregonstate.education)
Simple sugars are also subdivided into aldose, a sugar that contains an aldehyde structure, or ketose, a sugar that contains a ketone group. (oregonstate.education)

Within the chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, A. bussei can use a large number of organic compounds as a source of carbon. (wikipedia.org)
A R. palustris No. 7 PEPCK-deficient strain showed growth characteristics identical to those of the wild-type strain either anaerobically in the light or aerobically in the dark when a C 4 -dicarboxylic acid, such as succinate or malate, was used as a carbon source. (asm.org)
Strains deficient in all three enzymes cannot grow on C 4 -dicarboxylic acids as a sole carbon source, whereas strains retaining one of these enzymes are still able to grow ( 14 ). (asm.org)
Using coordinated molecular and bioinformatic approaches we examine metabolism of model microbial communities to better understand the processes that drive anaerobic carbon recycling in nature. (ucla.edu)
Many processes of syntrophic metabolism are not well understood, and this impacts the ability to predict and model their metabolism and roles in carbon recycling in nature. (ucla.edu)
Sugars are the main source of carbon and energy, but they also have signaling functions [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
The hexose monophosphate shunt interconverts 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐carbon sugar phosphates. (cliffsnotes.com)
The 5‐carbon sugar phosphates are interconverted by the action of epimerase and isomerase to yield ribulose‐5‐phosphate, which is phosphorylated by the enzyme ribulose phosphate kinase to make RuBP, the acceptor of CO 2 . (cliffsnotes.com)
3- carbon monosaccharides are called triose sugars. (studymode.com)
6-carbon monosaccharides are called hexose sugars. (studymode.com)
Based on the number of carbon atoms, a carbohydrate can be classified as triose (3 C), tetrose (4 C), pentose (5 C), and hexose (6 C). The suffix " ose " at the end of a biochemical name flags the molecule as a "sugar. (oregonstate.education)
The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. (biomedcentral.com)

Most monosaccharides in animal tissues are of 5 C and 6 C sugars. (oregonstate.education)

The results showed that CVTC effectively preserved the quality of sweet potato tuberous roots, leading to a significant elevation in soluble solids and soluble sugars. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, kernels stored at low temperature exhibited higher levels of soluble sugars and lower starch content. (bvsalud.org)
Unlike soluble fiber, insoluble fiber does not feed undesirable bacteria well and is not readily fermented into short chain fatty acids. (50webs.com)

In this multi-stage process, fermentative bacteria hydrolyze the polymeric substrates present in all anaerobic habitats and then ferment the hydrolysis products to acetate and longer chain fatty acids, alcohols, aromatic compounds, CO 2 , formate, and H 2 . (ucla.edu)

The bacterium also produces the polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and monoacyldimannosyl-monoacylglycerol. (wikipedia.org)
Lipases convert lipids to long-chain fatty acids. (fao.org)

Fermentation of cellulosic biomass goes through an atypical glycolytic pathway in this thermophilic bacterium, with various glycolytic enzymes capable of utilizing different phosphate donors, including GTP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), in addition to or in place of the usual ATP. (biomedcentral.com)

PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
The other nucleotide triphosphates have a much more minor role in energy metabolism. (histocutup.co.uk)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
The ubiquity of syntrophic metabolism in many anoxic environments emphasizes that metabolic cooperation among microbial species is essential for the anaerobic conversion of organic matter in nature. (ucla.edu)
In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)
This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)

This reaction is the first step in the gluconeogenic pathway, in which citric acid cycle intermediates are converted to hexose. (asm.org)
In Escherichia coli , besides the PEPCK reaction, there is another pathway to form PEP from C 4 -dicarboxylic acid which involves the NAD- and NADP-dependent malic enzymes (MAEA and MAEB) and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PPS). (asm.org)
Conversely, PEPCK also functions in the anaplerotic pathway of some organisms, such as Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens ( 37 ), Alcaligenes eutrophus ( 39 ), Ruminococcus flavefaciens ( 40 ), Dipetalonema viteae ( 4 ), and Trypanosoma cruzi ( 6 ), where it forms OAA from PEP, which in turn enters the citric acid cycle. (asm.org)
These findings along with previous proteomic data suggest that Pfp, plays a role in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, while PfkA and PfkB may phosphorylate sugars in glycolysis but is responsible for sugar metabolism elsewhere under conditions outside of growth on sufficient cellobiose. (biomedcentral.com)

The long-chain fatty acids produced are further degraded by p-oxidation to produce acetyl CoA. (fao.org)
To address this, we use an integrated set of omics tools coupled with new informatics approaches to identify and characterize core metabolic pathways in model syntrophic communities when growing on unstudied or poorly studied classes of substrates ( i.e. , amino acids, carboxylates, and long chain fatty acids). (ucla.edu)

Disruption of syntrophic metabolism significantly impacts organic matter turnover in natural and anthropogenic environments: short-chain fatty acids accumulate, the pH drops, and methane production decreases. (ucla.edu)

It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (lookformedical.com)

anabolic processes include pathways like photosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and gluconeogenesis which are essential for the built-up of. (joolzherbal.com)
The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)
Various metabolic pathways can feed into the citric acid cycle provided that they generate acetyl CoA. (histocutup.co.uk)

In this study, we identified the phosphorylation site (serine at the 31st position of the linear amino acid sequence) of the AGPase large subunit (Sh2) using iTRAQTM. (bvsalud.org)
vi)a nucleic acid sequence according to any of (i) and (ii) which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code. (allindianpatents.com)
MS = A single protein comprised of tandem repeats of the UBIQUITIN 78 amino acid sequence. (doctorinternet.com)

Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)

The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)

Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)

Therefore, the dramatic changes of sugar type and concentration during the germination process undoubtedly regulates the enzyme activity and the pattern of gene expression of several enzymes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)

Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. (lookformedical.com)
MS = A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. (doctorinternet.com)

Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
These results demonstrate the potential of T. delbrueckii and S. bayanus as alternative yeasts for bread dough leavening, and provide a general experimental framework for the evaluation of more yeasts and bacteria. (omicsdi.org)
Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
The emergence of Crabtree-positive yeasts 100-150 million years ago probably coincided with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, providing a sugar-rich niche in which these yeasts evolved [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The genome contains, inter alia, genes for the biosynthesis of carotenoids and two putative acyl-CoA desaturases, by which the bacterium can synthesize monounsaturated fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
DAMs were consistently enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. (bvsalud.org)

It is believed that mitochondria originally arose from bacteria which formed a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotic cells. (histocutup.co.uk)
MS = A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. (doctorinternet.com)

Transformation was assessed by the standard parameters of morphological alteration, increased hexose uptake, loss of density inhibition, and anchorage-independent growth. (embl.de)
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)

In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
Yes, a tree is believed to be releasing O 2 during night time because at night CAM plants fix CO 2 with the help of phospho Enol Pyruvic acid and produce oxala acetic acid, which is converted into malic acid like C 4 cycle. (samacheerkalviguru.com)

as well as the highest solubilization percentage of minimally pretreated mid-season switchgrass in comparison to other organisms[ 7 ], while fermenting the derived sugars to ethanol and acetate plus hydrogen (H 2 ) [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)
Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)

A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
In contrast, overexpression of GPD1 in the laboratory strain results in increased fermentation rates in high-sugar dough and improved gas retention in the fermenting bread dough. (omicsdi.org)
Nous cherchons à comprendre les systèmes qu'utilisent C. phytofermentans pour fermenter la biomasse en combinant les mesures à haut débit de l'expression des gènes comme la protéomique ( Tolonen and Haas, 2014 ), la transcriptomique ( Boutard et al, 2014 ), et la métabolomique avec des analyses de la croissance, la fermentation et la microscopie (figure 1A). (cea.fr)

protein_coding" "AAC74850","yeaD","Escherichia coli","D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)

The bacterium shows no proteolytic or lipolytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
A population density of 10 4 - 10 5 lipolytic bacteria per ml of digester fluid has been reported. (fao.org)

This enzyme is also part of the citric acid cycle and uses the electron carrier flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH). (histocutup.co.uk)
The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is an aerobic process. (histocutup.co.uk)

It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. (lookformedical.com)

From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)

3) Cellulosome biogenesis in cellulolytic bacteria. (ucla.edu)

Nitrogen metabolism - amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. (iasexamportal.com)

Furthermore amino acids leucine and valine are assimilated. (wikipedia.org)

They are the site at which the Krebs cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place. (histocutup.co.uk)

The pulse of acetogenesis appears to have been collectively catalyzed by a number of different organisms and metabolisms, most prominently pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. (frontiersin.org)
The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. (doctorinternet.com)

However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)

Glutamic Acid is the optically active form of glutamic acid with the L-configuration. (mgm-biochem.com)
L-glutamic acid powder is mainly used in the production of monosodium glutamate and spices. (mgm-biochem.com)
L-glutamic acid hydrochloride is used to improve the bitterness of beer, and can also be used as a salt substitute, nutritional supplement, and flavor enhancer. (mgm-biochem.com)
After glutamic acid is absorbed by the human body, it is easy to form glutamine with blood ammonia, which can relieve the poisonous effect of ammonia in the metabolic process and reduce blood ammonia. (mgm-biochem.com)
As a tonic for the nerve center and cerebral cortex, glutamic acid has a certain effect on the treatment of concussion or nerve damage, epilepsy, and mentally handicapped children. (mgm-biochem.com)
The patented medicines made from glutamic acid include medicinal glutamic acid oral tablets, sodium glutamate (potassium) injection, calcium glutamate injection, acetylglutamate injection, etc. (mgm-biochem.com)
Glutamic acid is used as a complexing agent for electroless plating. (mgm-biochem.com)
As a nutritional supplement, glutamic acid can be used as a hair growth agent. (mgm-biochem.com)
In blood ammonia transport, glutamine synthetase catalyzes the combination of glutamic acid and ammonia to generate glutamine. (mgm-biochem.com)

Photosynthesis: an anabolic process by which plants, some bacteria, and. (joolzherbal.com)
Overall, animal metabolism produces energy in a reverse process to that of photosynthesis. (oregonstate.education)

Seed dormancy and germination, hormonal regulation of growth and development physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, plant rythms and biological clock, secondary metabolites, plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. (iasexamportal.com)
Integration of transcriptomics and proteomics to elucidate inhibitory effect and mechanism of rosmarinic acid from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (biomedcentral.com)

This study aimed to investigate the influence of cyclic variable temperature conditioning (CVTC) on the rapid sweetening of sweet potato tuberous roots, as assessed through the analysis of sugar metabolism-related compounds and enzyme activities of tubers during storage. (bvsalud.org)
GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
The top five potential antifungal compounds in P. frutescens screened by network pharmacology are: progesterone, luteolin, apigenin, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. (biomedcentral.com)

Sequencing of a 2.5-kb chromosomal Sma I- Pst I fragment containing the structural gene revealed an open reading frame encoding 537 amino acids, homologous to known pckA genes. (asm.org)

How bacteria talk to each other: regulation of gene expression by quorum sensing. (microbiologyresearch.org)
With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)

L-Glutamate is one of the two amino acids that contain a carboxylic acid group on its side chain. (mgm-biochem.com)
In amino acid metabolism, glutamate is formed by the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to α-ketoglutarate. (mgm-biochem.com)
Glutamate is converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase and converted to gamma-aminobutyric acid by glutamate decarboxylase. (mgm-biochem.com)
L-glutamate monosodium salt has a strong meat umami taste, and is the most consumed flavoring agent in the world except sugar and salt. (mgm-biochem.com)
Brain tissue can only oxidize glutamate, but not other amino acids. (mgm-biochem.com)

Additionally, we demonstrated that ZmHXK4-6 and ZmHXK9 are located in the mitochondria and their location relies on the first 30 amino acids of the N-terminal domain. (biomedcentral.com)

This process produces a translucent syrup that's an alternative to white and brown sugar. (50webs.com)

The reducing sugars and free amino groups released (representing starch and protein hydrolysis, respectively) from fine puree were higher than coarse puree, and fine cracker was higher than coarse cracker due to the influence of initial particle size. (bvsalud.org)

Hydroxy pyruvate with help of NADH + H + becomes glyceric acid. (samacheerkalviguru.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms20

Chemicals and Drugs97

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care6

Glucose15

Proteins9

Carbohydrates4

Pentoses2

Fructose2

Sucrose1

Simple sugars2

Carbon14

Monosaccharides1

Soluble3

Alcohols1

Lipids2

Thermophilic1

Nucleotide3

Anaerobic4

Pathway4

Long-chain2

Short-chain1

Asparagine1

Pathways3

Sequence3

Polysaccharides1

Carbohydrate metabolism1

Fermentable1

Enzymes2

Galactose2

Yeasts4

Biosynthesis2

Eukaryotic cells2

Uptake2

Acetic acid2

Acetate1

Organic2

Fermentation3

Phosphate1

Lipolytic2

Citric acid2

Fatty acid1

Yeast1

Cellulolytic1

Protein synthesis1

Valine1

Krebs1

Organisms2

Ethanol1

Glutamic acid9

Photosynthesis2

Mechanism2

Compounds3

Genes1

Regulation2

Glutamate5

Mitochondria1

Produces1

Hydrolysis1

NADH1