Metabolism or drug. Medical search. Frequent questions

The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics. (wikipedia.org)
However, in contrast to new medicaments, which are extensively studied in controlled clinical studies concerning metabolism, including cytochrome P450 isoenzyme differentiation, and further pharmacokinetics, designer drugs are consumed without any safety testing. (erowid.org)
Current Drug Metabolism aims to cover all the latest and outstanding developments in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and drug disposition. (eurekaselect.com)
The journal covers the following general topic areas: pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and most importantly drug metabolism. (eurekaselect.com)
Preclinical and clinical reviews describing the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics of marketed drugs or drug classes. (eurekaselect.com)
Baca QJ Golan DE Pharmacokinetics Chapter 3: Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy. (pharmacology2000.com)
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is a scientific discipline once primarily associated with safety evaluation in drug development that has, in the last two decades, become a core discipline within drug discovery, development and even post-marketing. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
Studying drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is required to identify lead compounds with optimal PK/PD properties, optimize efficacy, and minimize safety issues. (cn-bio.com)
Standard in vitro drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies face various challenges. (cn-bio.com)

Recent advances in pharmacogenomic research have begun to elucidate the inherited nature of interindividual differences in drug-induced adverse reactions, toxicity, and therapeutic responses. (medscape.com)
Individuals with aberrant genes for these enzymes may experience diminished efficacy or increased toxicity in response to certain drugs because of the different levels of activities associated with variant genotypes. (medscape.com)
The application of this knowledge will ultimately help individualize drug dosing and drug therapy selection, predict toxicity or therapeutic failure, and improve clinical outcomes. (medscape.com)
With increasing pharmacogenetic evidence, interindividual differences in drug-related toxicity and therapeutic response are no longer idiosyncratic. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] while acetaminophen toxicity is the main cause of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. (medscape.com)
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that the overall risk of liver toxicity from pemoline outweighs the benefits. (medscape.com)
I have published on such topics as drug metabolism as a determinant of drug toxicity, chemical, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity and ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity. (roundtablegroup.com)
The substances that result from metabolism (metabolites) may be inactive, or they may be similar to or different from the original drug in therapeutic activity or toxicity. (msdmanuals.com)
Species difference in drug metabolism and drug toxicity is a well-established phenomenon. (eurekaselect.com)
One preclinical approach to evaluate human drug properties, especially ADMET (absorption, disposition, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity) properties, is to apply in vitro experimental systems with relevant human properties. (eurekaselect.com)
The latest advances include the use of human hepatocytes to evaluate hepatic uptake, metabolism, efflux and toxicity. (eurekaselect.com)
This review summarizes the latest findings on human hepatocytes isolation, cryopreservation, culturing, as well as application in the evaluation of metabolic stability, metabolite profiling, hepatic uptake and efflux, metabolic drug-drug interactions, and drug toxicity. (eurekaselect.com)
The use of hepatocyte to evaluate the role of metabolism in drug toxicity represents a major advance in drug toxicity evaluation. (eurekaselect.com)
The use of the novel integrated discrete multiple organ coculture (IdMOC) system allows the evaluation of the role of hepatic metabolism on nonhepatic toxicity. (eurekaselect.com)
The implication of this work is that we might be able to predict the capacity of an individual's microbiome to metabolize drugs and use this information to avoid toxicity and inform proper dosing. (illinois.edu)

The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, it covers the following fields: pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and drug metabolism research, dealing with established, new and potential drugs, herbal medicinal products, environmentally toxic chemicals, the mechanisms by which drugs and herbs can interact with each other and with biological systems, and the pharmacological and toxicological consequences of these interactions, as well as drug metabolism and excretion. (degruyter.com)
Liver-enriched nuclear receptor (NR) proteins regulate the expression and activity of several pivotal hepatic biochemical pathways including the uptake, metabolism and excretion of cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, and xenobiotic compounds from the body. (ku.edu)
However, that is not denying the tremendous progress DMPK scientists have made in understanding absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) processes, contributing to enhanced drug design and the avoidance of DDIs, especially when set against a background of rising commercial, societal, regulatory and budgetary pressures. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)

Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer, and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. (wikipedia.org)
The book also includes a series of unusually practical drug interactions charts that prescribers will find invaluable as they make medication decisions. (thecarlatreport.com)
Similarly, the PXR protein also forms the molecular basis of an important class of drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting. (ku.edu)
Although the capacity of the microbiome to modulate drug metabolism has long been known, recent studies have explored these interactions on a much broader scale and have revealed an unprecedented scope of microbial drug metabolism. (illinois.edu)
Drug interactions of Remeron include alcohol and other drugs that can cause sedation such as benzodiazepines , narcotics, tricyclic antidepressants , certain antihypertensive medications, and some antihistamines , because Remeron adds to their sedating effects. (medicinenet.com)

Buxton ILO Chapter 2: Pharmcokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimiation in Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14e, (Brunton LL H Knollmann BC, eds) McGraw-Hill Education, 2023. (pharmacology2000.com)
The central role of DMPK in drug discovery is to contribute to the optimisation of compounds for man by balancing the properties associated with drug gastrointestinal absorption (for orally delivered therapies), distribution, clearance, elimination and DDI potential as rapidly and cost effectively as possible. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
Administer orally with fat-containing food (e.g., eggs, cheese, nuts, whole milk, meats, food prepared with butter or oils) to increase systemic absorption of the drug. (drugs.com)
Investigate the combined effects of intestinal absorption and liver metabolism using a multi-organ system, measuring the clearance of parent compound and production of metabolites. (cn-bio.com)

The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture, since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
The frequency of variant alleles for drug-metabolizing enzymes often differs among ethnic groups. (medscape.com)
many drugs are metabolized by enzymes that are encoded by polymorphically expressed genes. (medscape.com)
This review introduces the concept of pharmacogenetics in the context of drug-metabolizing enzymes and highlights the polymorphisms in DNA sequences that lead to clinically significant alterations in drug-metabolizing-enzyme activities. (medscape.com)
The manifestations of drug-induced hepatotoxicity are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to fulminant hepatic failure. (medscape.com)
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (including enzyme isoforms (forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes with differing substrate specificities)) account for over 95% of oxidative drug metabolism. (pharmacology2000.com)
Over the past decade, it has been well established that PXR functions as a master-regulator of xenobiotic- and drug-inducible expression and activity of numerous genes that encode key members of the phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes, as well as several membrane transporter proteins. (ku.edu)
Once in the liver, enzymes convert prodrugs to active metabolites or convert active drugs to inactive forms. (msdmanuals.com)
The liver's primary mechanism for metabolizing drugs is via a specific group of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. (msdmanuals.com)
The level of these cytochrome P-450 enzymes controls the rate at which many drugs are metabolized. (msdmanuals.com)
Many substances (such as drugs and foods) affect the cytochrome P-450 enzymes. (msdmanuals.com)
If these substances decrease the ability of the enzymes to break down a drug, then that drug's effects (including side effects) are increased. (msdmanuals.com)
Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)

Papers describing identification of in vivo or in vitro human or animal metabolites and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme dependent metabolism have been considered and summarized. (erowid.org)
Here, we provide a tutorial of how to study the microbiome in the context of drug metabolism, focusing on in vitro, rodent, and human studies. (illinois.edu)
Liver-, Lung-, and Gut-on-a-chip in vitro models can be used to study metabolism, metabolites, and transporter-mediated uptake and efflux. (cn-bio.com)
From slow to fast, a range of in vivo drug clearance rates can be accurately predicted using our metabolically competent, human-relevant in vitro Liver-on-a-chip. (cn-bio.com)

The major challenge faced by xenobiotic detoxification systems is that they must be able to remove the almost-limitless number of xenobiotic compounds from the complex mixture of chemicals involved in normal metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
The detoxification of the reactive by-products of normal metabolism cannot be achieved by the systems outlined above, because these species are derived from normal cellular constituents and usually share their polar characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Acetaminophen Normal Metabolism? (flashcardmachine.com)

Drugs are an important cause of liver injury. (medscape.com)
More than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury, and drugs account for 20-40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure. (medscape.com)
Approximately 75% of the idiosyncratic drug reactions result in liver transplantation or death. (medscape.com)
Drug-induced hepatic injury is the most common reason cited for withdrawal of an approved drug, and one-third of all drugs withdrawn from the market are withdrawn for liver injury. (medscape.com)
Physicians must be vigilant in identifying drug-related liver injury because early detection can decrease the severity of hepatotoxicity if the drug is discontinued. (medscape.com)
In the United States, approximately 2000 cases of acute liver failure occur annually and drugs account for over 50% of them (39% are due to acetaminophen, 13% are idiosyncratic reactions due to other medications). (medscape.com)
Between 1998 and 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended withdrawal of 2 drugs from the market for causing severe liver injury: bromfenac and troglitazone. (medscape.com)
Most drugs must pass through the liver, which is the primary site for drug metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
Liver Injury Caused by Drugs Many drugs can affect the way the liver functions, damage the liver, or do both. (msdmanuals.com)
See also Drugs and the Liver. (msdmanuals.com)
HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. (springer.com)
For example, combining liver and gut models allows orally administered drugs to be studied in a multi-organ system. (cn-bio.com)
In the last few years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has withdrawn 2 drugs from the market for causing severe liver injury: bromfenac and troglitazone. (medscape.com)

Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 3224 : 5-Hydroxytptamine Metabolism in the Brain Under the Influence of Psychotropic Drugs. (erowid.org)

Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. (wikipedia.org)
More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug or poison. (wikipedia.org)
Investigating the metabolic changes in cancers cells, such as their higher rates of glycolysis (the generation of energy through the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate), has been a basic research focus for decades. (nature.com)
Because metabolic enzyme systems are only partially developed at birth, newborns have difficulty metabolizing certain drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
PhysioMimix ® Drug Metabolism Assays allow the measurement of parent and metabolite concentrations within the intracellular compartment and culture medium, to determine all standard metabolic parameters. (cn-bio.com)

Current Drug Metabolism is an essential journal for academic, clinical, government and pharmaceutical scientists who wish to be kept informed and up-to-date with the most important developments. (eurekaselect.com)
Current Drug Metabolism is an important new source of current and comprehensive reviews that are of interest to drug metabolism scientists working in academia, industry and government. (eurekaselect.com)

Genetic basis for a lower prevalence of deficient CYP2D6 oxidative drug metabolism phenotypes in black Americans. (jci.org)
These genes increase oxygen availability by inducing erythropoiesis and angiogenesis, and also reduce its demand via regulation of energy metabolism by reducing oxidative phosphorylation and inducing non-oxygen-demanding glycolysis [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)

We have focused on the most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the inherited nature of their deficiency, their frequency, and the clinical importance of drug-metabolizing-enzyme variants. (medscape.com)
Approximately 20 years ago, sub-optimal DMPK properties were recognised as a contributor to the failure of potential new therapies in early clinical trials and this precipitated the realignment of DMPK within discovery to assist in selecting optimal drug candidates to enter clinical trials. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
The front loading of DMPK to drug discovery can be attributed to a widely used but extremely misleading statistic from an analysis of compounds in clinical development between 1964-1985 in UK companies, where approximately 40 percent of drug attrition was attributed to sub-optimal PK properties. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)

The application of pharmacogenetics in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA sequences that cause clinically significant alterations in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities is discussed. (medscape.com)
In one particular area of study, variations in DNA sequences (i.e., genetic polymorphisms) explain some of the variability in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities which contribute to alterations in drug clearance and impact patients' response to drug therapy. (medscape.com)
The potential for a clinically significant event is enhanced if the drug is widely used and has a narrow therapeutic range, if the enzyme pathway plays a major role in the elimination of the drug, or if the number of therapeutic alternatives is limited. (medscape.com)
Monoamine oxidase represents an important non-P450 enzyme that plays an important role in drug metabolism. (pharmacology2000.com)
We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2 , Khka , and Khkc , and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. (springer.com)
Several CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms decrease the activity of the CYP2C9 enzyme and slow the body's metabolism of warfarin. (medlineplus.gov)

But efforts to translate this knowledge into therapies have been held back by the uncertainty of what is driving what, says Eyal Gottlieb, Head of the Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism Group at the CR-UK-funded Beatson Institute for Cancer Research in Glasgow, UK. (nature.com)
This India I EMBO Lecture Course will bring together eminent researchers and experts across the disciplines of cancer and molecular biology, structural biology, bioinformatics, medicinal chemistry and drug discovery, to share the recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in the field of tumour metabolism and drug discovery. (embo.org)

bioactivation, reactive metabolites, and developments for the identification of drug metabolites. (eurekaselect.com)
However, to minimize risk and optimize therapeutic benefits, it is critical that the metabolism of candidate pharmaceutical agents be elucidated, including identification and properties of key metabolites. (oxfordbiomed.com)
and (2) by directly modifying drugs administered to humans to yield active, inactive, or toxic metabolites. (illinois.edu)
Drug metabolism is a complex process where drugs are structurally modified to form metabolites. (cn-bio.com)

where is the majority of small-molecule drug metabolism carried out? (brainscape.com)
The small-molecule drug voriconazole (VRC) shows a complex and not yet fully understood metabolism. (mdpi.com)

Continued research in pharmacogenetics will further our understanding in interindividual differences in drug disposition. (medscape.com)
Enter your Drug Metabolism & Disposition username. (aspetjournals.org)

The metabolism of xenobiotics in our environment is an important field of investigation. (oxfordbiomed.com)

The metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs is an important aspect of pharmacology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)
Guengerich FP Chapter 4: Drug Metabolism in Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy. (pharmacology2000.com)

Internationally, data on the incidence of adverse hepatic drug reactions in the general population remains unknown. (medscape.com)
How can you improve human hepatic drug metabolism predictions? (cn-bio.com)

Taking a drug that is an inhibitor with one that is metabolized by CYP3A4 can be very severe. (flashcardmachine.com)
Because we previously clarified that azelastine, an antiallergy and antiasthmatic drug, is N-demethylated by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in humans, the reaction was used as a model. (nih.gov)
Individual forms of cytochrome P450 families have their own designation, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, all prominent drug metabolism cytochrome P450 isoforms. (pharmacology2000.com)

Metabolism in cancer cells differs from that in normal cells, but it is only recently that opportunities to specifically target these differences to develop novel anticancer drugs are being revealed. (nature.com)
I have 30 years of experience in the field of toxicology, with specific knowledge in the areas of drug metabolism, chemical-induced toxicities, and determinants of inter-individual differences in susceptibility. (roundtablegroup.com)
This could explain racial differences in drug effects and disease risk. (jci.org)
However, the predictive capability of allometry is limited for low clearance compounds, a requirement for oral drug candidates, as it does not account for species differences in metabolism. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
The metabolism of cancer cells is also different from the metabolism of normal cells, and these differences can be used to find targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. (wikipedia.org)

Pharmacogenetics has elucidated the genetic basis for interindividual variability in drug response and will continue to play a key role in defining strategies to optimize drug therapy. (medscape.com)

Low uptake of obesity medication is partly due to patchy insurance coverage, as about 1/3rd of insurers don't cover obesity drugs at all, including Medicare and Medicaid in around half of all states. (metabolism.com)

Streptomycin biosynthesis and metabolism. (cdc.gov)

These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense population of microorganisms whose metabolism impacts human health and physiology. (illinois.edu)

Gonzalez FJ Coughtrie M Chapter 5: Drug Metabolism in Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14e, (Brunton LL H Knollmann BC, eds) McGraw-Hill Education, 2023. (pharmacology2000.com)
Metabolism Drugs Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecasting period 2023-2030. (datamintelligence.com)
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jul 24, 2023. (drugs.com)
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Feb 1, 2023. (drugs.com)
Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet;48(4): 363-376, 2023 Jul. (bvsalud.org)

Cancer cells quickly adapt and reprogram glucose metabolism to meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements for growth and survival. (embo.org)

The term "pharmacogenetics" was first coined by Friedrich Vogel [ 1 ] in 1959, who defined it as the "study of the role of genetics in drug response. (medscape.com)

CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 represent cytochrome P450 families associated with drug metabolism. (pharmacology2000.com)

Taken together, the work presented in this dissertation contributes to understanding the interface between PXR, drug metabolism, and inflammation, which is expected to produce new opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. (ku.edu)
Rapid feedback to medicinal chemistry led design teams providing estimates of human PK and predicted therapeutic dose are pivotal to the efficient optimisation of lead compounds into candidate drugs. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)

Many of these genetic variants (i.e., genotypes) were discovered after observing adverse reactions (i.e., phenotypes) after administering common doses of drugs to patients. (medscape.com)

These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds (although in some cases the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves cause toxic effects). (wikipedia.org)

The effect of deletion of these combinations on cellular metabolism has been studied by flux balance analysis. (nih.gov)

Reducing attrition is the current focus for R&D and DMPK has a key role to play, not only in discovering and developing drugs with sufficient oral bioavailability, adequate half-lives and minimising potential for DDI liabilities, but to contribute via reducing attrition for lack of efficacy and poor safety profiles. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)

Drug Elimination Drug elimination is the removal of drugs from the body. (msdmanuals.com)

Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy ( DMPT ) is the official journal of the European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Therapy (ESPT). (degruyter.com)
In addition to adequate potency against the target protein and an acceptable safety profile, a balance of optimised PK parameters and minimised drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential maximises the chance of a candidate drug becoming a successful therapy. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
There is some evidence that concomitant therapy with sulfasalazine and corticosteroids may not be more effective than either drug alone, but some subgroups of patients may have a better response to combined therapy (e.g., those with disease localized in the colon). (drugs.com)
One of several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that can be used when DMARD therapy is appropriate. (drugs.com)

The system can reflect compound permeability through an intestinal barrier, hepatic metabolism, organ-organ interaction, and crosstalk. (cn-bio.com)

Certain common changes (polymorphisms) in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes account for most of the variation in warfarin metabolism due to genetic factors. (medlineplus.gov)

Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body. (msdmanuals.com)

The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)

These conditions may result in failure of osteoid calcification (rickets) in children because of a disruption in the pathway of either vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)

The Design Make Test Analyse (DMTA) cycle is the multi-disciplinary engine of lead optimisation and drug discovery screening cascades. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)

In straightforward language, Dr. Carlat teaches the basics of drug metabolism, providing clinicians more insight into how psychiatric drugs behave (or misbehave! (thecarlatreport.com)
Many clinicians recommend that the drug be used in patients with left-sided disease, restricted to the colon. (drugs.com)

Many genes are involved in the metabolism of warfarin and in determining the drug's effects in the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Warfarin sensitivity is a condition in which individuals have a low tolerance for the drug warfarin. (medlineplus.gov)
Other people with warfarin sensitivity do not need as much drug to prevent clots because their clot-forming process is naturally slower than average and can be stopped by low warfarin doses. (medlineplus.gov)
Warfarin sensitivity does not appear to cause any health problems other than those associated with warfarin drug treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
Of the approximately 2 million people in the U.S. who are prescribed warfarin annually, 35,000 to 45,000 individuals go to hospital emergency rooms with warfarin-related adverse drug events. (medlineplus.gov)
Polymorphisms in other genes, some of which have not been identified, have a smaller effect on warfarin metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, the drug remains active in the body for a longer period of time, leading to warfarin sensitivity. (medlineplus.gov)
While changes in specific genes, particularly CYP2C9 and VKORC1 , affect how the body reacts to warfarin, many other factors, including sex, age, weight, diet, and other medications, also play a role in the body's interaction with this drug. (medlineplus.gov)
Additionally, people who have more than one polymorphism in a gene or polymorphisms in multiple genes associated with warfarin sensitivity have a lower tolerance for the drug's effect or take even longer to clear the drug from their body. (medlineplus.gov)

In addition, a renal tubular defect that reduces reabsorption may alter phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Comment: Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of tenofovir. (medscape.com)

Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic products that are more readily excreted. (wikipedia.org)

The journal serves as an international forum for the publication of full-length/mini review articles and guest edited issues in drug metabolism. (eurekaselect.com)

Because CYP isoenzymes metabolize a large number of structurally diverse drugs and chemicals, most of the variant genotypes of the CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A families have been identified and studied. (medscape.com)

Our organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models maintain phase I and II metabolism together with transporter function at in vivo- like levels for weeks. (cn-bio.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms12

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes72

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Pharmacokinetics9

Toxicity15

Excretion4

Interactions5

Absorption4

Enzymes14

Vitro4

Normal metabolism3

Liver13

Erowid Reference1

Metabolic8

Current Drug Metabolism2

Oxidative2

Clinical3

Enzyme6

Tumour2

Metabolites4

Small-molecule drug2

Disposition2

Xenobiotics1

Pharmacology2

Hepatic drug2

CYP3A43

Differences5

Interindividual variability in drug1

Uptake1

Biosynthesis1

Microorganisms2

20235

Glucose1

Genetics1

Cytochrome P450 Families1

Therapeutic2

Phenotypes1

Xenobiotic1

Cellular1

DMPK1

Elimination1

Therapy4

Intestinal1

Genetic1

Alteration1

Living organisms1

PATHWAY1

Discovery1

Clinicians2

Drug's effects1

Warfarin8

Renal2

Converts1

Publication1

CYP2D61

Transporter1