TriphosphateExtracellular adenosineDiphosphateMonophosphateBiochemicalMitochondrialDeaminaseReceptorsAdenine nucleotidesUptakePathwaysConcentrationsCalcium metabolismGlycolysisOxidative MetabolismSubstratesTumor MetabolismSecond messengersInhibitionPurineReceptorGPCRsCardiacMetabolicEnergy metabolismDepletionReactionsLiverNucleosideMoleculesCAMPModulateTightly regulatedStimulatesRegulationIncreasesMagnesiumStructuresInduceCellFunctionConcentrationPharmacologyCellular level
Triphosphate15
- Adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) is a ubiquitous extracellular signaling messenger. (elifesciences.org)
- Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts 'food energy' (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (jove.com)
- A previous study in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer showed that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) infusions had a favourable effect on fatigue, appetite, body weight, muscle strength, functional status and quality of life. (biomedcentral.com)
- Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a naturally occurring purine nucleotide which is present in every cell of the human body, well-known because of its intracellular energy-transferring role [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thioretinaco ozonide, the complex formed from thioretinamide, cobalamin, ozone, and oxygen is proposed to constitute the active site of oxidative phosphorylation, catalyzing synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and phosphate. (iospress.com)
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contain phosphate and use chemical bonds between phosphate groups to store energy. (msdmanuals.com)
- It has a central role in cell metabolism and signalling as such and as the backbone for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). (turkupetcentre.net)
- During hypothermic MP (4-12°C), liver metabolism is reduced, while oxygenation restores the intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate. (rug.nl)
- As this gentle vibrational energy penetrates your fat cells, it prompts light-sensitive chemicals called chromophores to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (mynurx.com)
- The fact is that the healthy cell is characterised by an ebullient metabolism, a dynamic system of energetic processes fuelled by ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the "energy currency of the cell). (revitalife.ca)
- Ribose is a fundamental building block of adenosine triphosphate (ATP - the substance in which the body stores intracellular energy), the preferential source of energy for skeletal muscle and heart tissue. (swansonaustralia.com)
- The effects include mitochondrial swelling and inhibition of respiratory function and energy (adenosine triphosphate) production. (medscape.com)
- In HFI, the deficiency of aldolase B results in the accumulation of intracellular phosphorylated fructose, leading to phosphate sequestration and depletion, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turnover, and a plethora of conditions that lead to clinical manifestations such as fatty liver, hyperuricemia, Fanconi syndrome, and severe hypoglycemia. (princeton.edu)
- Albendazole mechanism of action is to inhibit protein (tubular) synthesis, resulting in broken receipts and intracellular transport of nutrients and metabolism of substrates of substances (adenosine triphosphate and glucose), and reducing mitochondrial reactions through inhibition of fumeratereductases, resulting in the decrease of glycogen level and death of parasites from exhaustion. (vetsintez.com)
- Because magnesium is bound to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inside the cell, shifts in intracellular magnesium concentration may help to regulate cellular bioenergetics, such as mitochondrial respiration. (medscape.com)
Extracellular adenosine3
- Dipyridamole elevates extracellular adenosine concentrations by inhibiting equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). (turkupetcentre.net)
- In this study, we demonstrated in a mouse model that erythrocyte ENT1-AMPD3 is a master energy regulator of the intracellular purinergic hypoxic compensatory response that promotes rapid energy supply from extracellular adenosine, eAMPK-dependent metabolic reprogramming, and O 2 delivery, which combat renal hypoxia and progression of CKD. (bvsalud.org)
- Adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) is a protein responsible for the breakdown of extracellular adenosine and is primarily expressed by myeloid cells. (news-medical.net)
Diphosphate1
- Clopidogrel exerts its antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its receptor (P2Y12) and consequent ADP-mediated platelet activation [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Monophosphate6
- Early research suggests that forskolin stimulates the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which plays a role in several biochemical processes. (comparedietpillprices.com)
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAmp) is an intracellular agent believed to regulate the metabolism of glycogen, sugar, and fat. (comparedietpillprices.com)
- IMP is then converted into either adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or guanosine monophosphate (GMP). (biologyonline.com)
- Bronchiolar obstruction, which causes airway obstruction in hyperresponsive airways, often results from the contraction of the airway's smooth muscles, increased viscid mucous secretions, and mucosal oedema consequent upon a reduced cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). (biomedcentral.com)
- All cyclic analogues exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory effects against forskolin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation, and the maximal effects were almost abolished by pertussis toxin (PTx) treatment. (nih.gov)
- Examples of second messengers are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), calcium ions, nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and phospholipids. (bscb.org)
Biochemical2
- Unbiased metabolomics, isotopic adenosine flux, and various biochemical and cell culture analyses coupled with genetic studies were performed. (bvsalud.org)
- Magnesium is involved in nearly every aspect of biochemical metabolism (eg, DNA and protein synthesis, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation). (medscape.com)
Mitochondrial4
- Therefore, we aimed to study whether decreased levels of intracellular HMGB1 or antibody-mediated neutralization of secreted HMGB1 would rescue mitochondrial dysfunction. (cdc.gov)
- Repeated 5-day ODE exposure significantly downregulated transcripts encoding mitochondrial respiration and metabolism (ATP synthase, NADUF, and UQCR) as well as glucose uptake. (cdc.gov)
- Here, we show that macrophage mitochondrial iron levels control systemic metabolism in male mice by altering adipocyte iron concentrations. (biomed.news)
- However, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in tumor cells has also been implicated in lung cancer metabolism. (spandidos-publications.com)
Deaminase2
- Adenosine deaminase isoform 1 (ADA1) is found in most cells, including blood cells. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Adenosine deaminase deficiency (DADA2) is characterized by monogenic vasculitis driven by a biallelic mutation in the ADA2 gene. (news-medical.net)
Receptors10
- Cellular signalling occurs through adenosine receptors (ARs). (turkupetcentre.net)
- All four adenosine receptor subtypes (A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 ) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), either increasing or decreasing intracellular cAMP levels by affecting adenylate cyclase activity. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Like other GPCRs, adenosine receptors have a single polypeptide chain, forming three extracellular and three intracellular loops. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Adenosine receptors are also referred to as purine receptors , or P1 purinoceptors . (turkupetcentre.net)
- Adenosine has the highest affinity to the A 1 R and A 2A R, intermediate affinity to A 3 R, and lowest affinity to A 2B R. Adenosine activates A 1 and A 2A receptors already in nanomolar concentrations. (turkupetcentre.net)
- The diversity of receptors known to impact cAMP-mediated signaling includes those known to affect cardiovascular and nervous systems, immune mechanisms, cell growth, differentiation, and general metabolism. (enzolifesciences.com)
- Bronchoconstriction, a state of bronchial smooth muscle tone is modulated by the interactions of the beta-adrenergic receptors and the metabolism of the intracellular cyclic nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
- The D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are metabotropic, meaning they trigger a cascade of protein activation or inactivation leading to the generation of intracellular signals. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- In the case of D1 receptors, activation leads to generation of the intracellular messenger cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Caffeine is an antagonist at adenosine receptors, which tells us that adenosine is important in the regulation of vigilance. (heresy.is)
Adenine nucleotides1
- Adenosine kinase in red blood cells converts adenosine into adenine nucleotides. (turkupetcentre.net)
Uptake2
- Adenosine modulates the release and uptake of glutamate . (turkupetcentre.net)
- The loss of eENT1-mediated adenosine uptake reduces intracellular AMP and thus abolishes the activation of AMPK α and bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM). (bvsalud.org)
Pathways2
- Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating intermediate metabolites to feed into other pathways. (jove.com)
- Moreover, they could modulate the intracellular signaling pathways composed of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) serine/threonine protein kinases in PTx-sensitive manner. (nih.gov)
Concentrations2
- Pathogenic microbes cause synthesis of polyamines in host cells by increasing the transfer of aminopropyl groups from adenosyl methionine to putrescine, resulting in depletion of intracellular adenosyl methionine concentrations in host cells. (iospress.com)
- Thus, there remains considerable interest in the measurement of intracellular cAMP concentrations in tissues and cell culture. (enzolifesciences.com)
Calcium metabolism4
- Vitamin D (Vit D) is a lipid-soluble vitamin whose main function is to maintain the balance between calcium metabolism and bone formation in the human body. (frontiersin.org)
- Protein deficiency is an important cause of deranged calcium metabolism. (raypeat.com)
- Vitamins K, E, and A are important in regulating calcium metabolism, and preventing osteoporosis. (raypeat.com)
- Lead may have direct effects on arterial smooth muscle through its interference with calcium metabolism. (medscape.com)
Glycolysis1
- The most striking and characteristic metabolic alteration in cancer cells is anomalous glucose metabolism and cancer cells tend to utilize glycolysis to obtain energy even under aerobic conditions via a process called 'aerobic glycolysis' ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Oxidative Metabolism1
- In addition, neutrophils from people with SLE have aberrant oxidative metabolism, increased apoptosis, and decreased phagocytic clearance. (news-medical.net)
Substrates1
- The other purinoceptors (P2) are more activated by ATP and other substrates than adenosine. (turkupetcentre.net)
Tumor Metabolism2
- Tumor Metabolism is strongly correlated with prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Given the vast differences in metabolism between healthy and tumor cells, there is hope that selective targeting of tumor metabolism may be achieved while limiting toxicity to healthy tissue. (spandidos-publications.com)
Second messengers1
- Cyclic AMP (slide 7.5.4 )and cyclic GMP (slide 9.3.6 ) function as intracellular second messengers. (heresy.is)
Inhibition1
- Methotrexate ( MTX ) increases adenosine release by inhibition of purine metabolism. (turkupetcentre.net)
Purine3
- Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside, composed of nucleobase adenine and β-D-ribose moieties. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Adenosine is rapidly catabolized by adenosine deaminases to inosine, which can be further deribosylated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to hypoxantine . (turkupetcentre.net)
- Altered purine metabolism or increased nucleoprotein metabolism is also implicated. (medscape.com)
Receptor1
- In intracellular signalling a signal arriving at the cell surface is received by a receptor molecularly tuned to receive it. (bscb.org)
GPCRs1
- cGMP) are important intracellular regulators downstream from GPCRs. (enzolifesciences.com)
Cardiac1
- Studies have shown that ribose supplementation can enhance cardiac energy levels and support cardiovascular metabolism. (swansonaustralia.com)
Metabolic2
- Citrate is a critical metabolic substrate and key regulator of energy metabolism in mammalian cells. (biomed.news)
- The Warburg effect shows that a unique metabolic phenotype was identified for cancer cells, featuring that compared to normal tissues, they are characterized by a high rate of glycolytic metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Energy metabolism2
- Phosphate is also involved in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
- But there are ways of looking at the organism, focusing on energy metabolism, that dont involve the ad hoc theory of calcium pumps, and that make it easy to keep things in context. (raypeat.com)
Depletion1
- Depletion of adenosyl methionine causes dysregulation of methionine metabolism, hyperhomocysteinemia, reduced biosynthesis of thioretinamide and thioretinaco ozonide, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, decreased production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and impaired host response to infectious microbes, contributing to the pathogenesis of dementia and atherosclerosis. (iospress.com)
Reactions1
- Almost all enzymes involved in phosphorus reactions (eg, adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase]) require magnesium for activation. (medscape.com)
Liver2
- The liver is quickly "recharged"to support metabolism when at normothermia (35-37°C) and to ameliorate the detrimental effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury during transplantation. (rug.nl)
- Cholesterol metabolism by the liver is shown to be regulated by brain circuits. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Nucleoside1
- Adenosine cannot freely pass across the cell and vesicular membranes, but it needs to be transported by nucleoside transporters, which are present in most cells, including erythrocytes . (turkupetcentre.net)
Molecules2
- Hyperthermia may promote vasodilation, increase aerobic metabolism and induce production of protective molecules such as heat shock proteins. (rug.nl)
- As the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer, ATP molecules boost your metabolism and promote the immediate use of stored energy, or fat, for fuel. (mynurx.com)
CAMP4
- This editorial highlights the relevance of interfering in cancer cell progression through the pharmacological manipulation on the cell metabolism of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP, and on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling, which may avail the reduction of toxic effects promoted by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, thus decreasing the incidence of interruption in antitumoral treatment. (researchgate.net)
- Enzo Life Sciences offers the most sensitive and complete colorimetric ELISA kits for quantification of intracellular or extracellular cAMP or cGMP in a variety of sample types. (enzolifesciences.com)
- Most sensitive (0.006 pmol/ml) colorimetric kit for intracellular cAMP quantification. (enzolifesciences.com)
- The principal process by which intracellular cAMP levels are reduced is via hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Modulate1
- Knowledge of inhalation deposition patterns is, modulate diacetyl toxicity by inhibiting its metabolism and/or therefore, essential for evaluating inhalation risk, particularly altering its inhalation dosimetric patterns. (cdc.gov)
Tightly regulated1
- Intracellular adenosine production and release is tightly regulated, and it is not stored in vesicles. (turkupetcentre.net)
Stimulates1
- Increases cell respiration and metabolism, stimulates oxygen consumption and enhances skin repair. (zelens.com)
Regulation2
- Agonists, including endogenous agonist adenosine, lead to the activation of all AR subtypes, and subsequent regulation by desensitization and trafficking ( Mundell and Kelly, 2011 ). (turkupetcentre.net)
- A 2014 study published by Trends in Cell Biology revealed that a natural decline in NAD+ may be directly linked to a decrease in sirtuin (proteins located in mitochondria that are associated with aging, cellular protection and regulation, and metabolism) activities. (medicinalherbals.net)
Increases1
- Adenosine increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier . (turkupetcentre.net)
Magnesium3
- Magnesium and potassium are mainly intracellular ions, sodium and calcium are mainly extracellular ions. (raypeat.com)
- Magnesium is the second-most abundant intracellular cation and, overall, the fourth-most abundant cation. (medscape.com)
- Approximately 99% of total body magnesium is intracellular or bone-deposited, with only 1% present in the extracellular space. (medscape.com)
Structures1
- The cell's ability to manufacture and utilize ATP is determined by the integrity of its enzyme systems and its intracellular structures. (revitalife.ca)
Induce1
- adenosine and adenosine agonists attenuate inflammation , and induce vasodilation and angiogenesis in the cardiovascular system . (turkupetcentre.net)
Cell3
- In soft tissues, phosphate is mainly found in the intracellular compartment as an integral component of several organic compounds, including nucleic acids and cell membrane phospholipids. (msdmanuals.com)
- both cell types can release adenosine. (turkupetcentre.net)
- In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Chen et al. (biomed.news)
Function1
- Translational studies in patients with CKD and cultured human erythrocytes examined the role of ENT1 and AMPD3 in erythrocyte function and metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Concentration1
- Interstitial adenosine concentration is normally in the range 20-200 nM, and its extracellular half-life is short, a few seconds at most. (turkupetcentre.net)
Pharmacology1
- This article constitutes an in-depth review of the pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and biosafety aspects of tocotrienols. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular level1
- Invisa-RED is a noninvasive laser treatment that uses specific wavelengths of therapeutic light energy to stimulate your metabolism at the cellular level. (mynurx.com)