FructoseAnaerobicThermophilicGlycolysisPathwayUptakePathwaysMonosaccharideLacticYeasts and bacteriaPentosesNucleotideCarbohydratesMannose metabolismEthanolAldohexoseMonosaccharidesMetabolicGalactoseYeastPhosphateEnzymesPNSBXyloseProteinsCarbohydrate metabolismHuman metabolismRhodopseudomonasSolubleCarbonPlantsMicrobialAmino groupBiosynthesisGlycosylationHydrogenRegulationNucleoside diphosphate sugarEukaryotic cellsSucroseBiochemicalReactionsReactionFermentationSynthesisProducesStrainContributesOccursCellEnergy
Fructose4
- In addition to monomeric hexoses (glucose and fructose), the must contains small amounts of sucrose disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose by the enzyme β-fructosidase (β-F). The natural sucrose content in the must is relatively low (and zero in the finished wine), and its addition is specifically prohibited in some countries. (sinatech.info)
- Introduction of heterologous glucose- or fructose-proton symporters in an hxt 0 yeast background strain (derived from CEN.PK2-1C) restored growth on the corresponding sugar under aerobic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
- To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
- If the aldolase reaction for triose → hexose evolved around glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate then perhaps the involvement of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was dictated by the underlying chemistry of the aldolase condensation, and the steps to glucose followed from there. (stackexchange.com)
Anaerobic10
- Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
- In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)
- After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)
- Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen, or more specifically when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally, in the absence of oxygen, as bacteria break down organic materials and produce biogas. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Rather, it is an important energy "shuttle" whose production is triggered by a variety of metabolites even before the onset of anaerobic metabolism as part of an adaptive response to a hypermetabolic state and, in particular, during sepsis.2 Here, we review hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis in Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Anaerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process in which glucose, a sugar molecule, is broken down without the use of oxygen.Like aerobic glycolysis, which metabolizes glucose in the presence of oxygen, it produces energy for the cells. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Complete aerobic metabolism of glucose produces water andComplete aerobic metabolism of glucose produces water and The Reactions of Glycolysis Fermentation: The Anaerobic Fate of Pyruvate Control of Metabolic Flux Metabolism of Hexoses Other Than Glucose. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Thermophilic2
- Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
- Fermentation of cellulosic biomass goes through an atypical glycolytic pathway in this thermophilic bacterium, with various glycolytic enzymes capable of utilizing different phosphate donors, including GTP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), in addition to or in place of the usual ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycolysis6
- Mannose XYZ permease is a member of the family, with this distinct method being used by bacteria for sugar uptake particularly exogenous hexoses in the case of mannose XYZ to release the phosphate esters into the cell cytoplasm in preparation for metabolism primarily through the route of glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). (jove.com)
- It can occur aerobically or … Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
- These findings along with previous proteomic data suggest that Pfp, plays a role in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, while PfkA and PfkB may phosphorylate sugars in glycolysis but is responsible for sugar metabolism elsewhere under conditions outside of growth on sufficient cellobiose. (biomedcentral.com)
- If there is no glucose there is no need for glycolysis: I deduce from this truism that - at some early stage in the evolution of metabolism - a pathway resembling gluconeogenesis must have arisen before glycolysis. (stackexchange.com)
Pathway2
- The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
- This reaction is the first step in the gluconeogenic pathway, in which citric acid cycle intermediates are converted to hexose. (asm.org)
Uptake4
- In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
- In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
- To facilitate uptake and conversion of glucose at low extracellular concentrations, activity of high-affinity transporters ( K M ~ 1 mM) is required, in combination with hexokinase activity to 'trap' the sugar inside the cell in its phosphorylated form and therefore maintain a glucose concentration gradient over the cellular membrane [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transformation was assessed by the standard parameters of morphological alteration, increased hexose uptake, loss of density inhibition, and anchorage-independent growth. (embl.de)
Pathways2
- Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
- The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)
Monosaccharide2
- Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar ), is an important carbohydrate in biology . (wikidoc.org)
- A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
Lactic5
- Currently, the main role of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in wine is to conduct the malolactic fermentation (MLF). (frontiersin.org)
- The main role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wine has traditionally been to perform the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid. (frontiersin.org)
- D-lactic acid, on the other hand, is associated with the metabolism of glucose (and other hexose sugars) by the same lactic bacteria (mainly leuconostoc and lactobacillus). (sinatech.info)
- A presence of D-lactic acid greater than 0.3 g/L is an indication of bacterial contamination, since these bacteria compete with the yeasts for sugars, until inhibiting alcoholic fermentation. (sinatech.info)
- Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may improve microbial status in the intestines and increase the metabolic activity towards polyphenolic degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
Yeasts and bacteria1
- These results demonstrate the potential of T. delbrueckii and S. bayanus as alternative yeasts for bread dough leavening, and provide a general experimental framework for the evaluation of more yeasts and bacteria. (omicsdi.org)
Pentoses3
- Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
- generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
- generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
Nucleotide3
- PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
- A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. (lookformedical.com)
- The other nucleotide triphosphates have a much more minor role in energy metabolism. (histocutup.co.uk)
Carbohydrates3
- Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
- Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis . (lookformedical.com)
- The juice is filtered, then heated, to hydrolyze carbohydrates into sugars. (50webs.com)
Mannose metabolism1
- Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Ethanol2
- Bioethanol or first generation ethanol in Brazil is obtained by fermenting glucose from sugar cane juice and molasses (a residue from sugar making) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (scielo.br)
- as well as the highest solubilization percentage of minimally pretreated mid-season switchgrass in comparison to other organisms[ 7 ], while fermenting the derived sugars to ethanol and acetate plus hydrogen (H 2 ) [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Aldohexose2
- Two stereoisomers of the aldohexose sugars are known as glucose, only one of which ( D -glucose) is biologically active. (wikidoc.org)
- Aldohexose sugars have 4 chiral centers giving 2 4 = 16 stereoisomers . (wikidoc.org)
Monosaccharides2
- 3- carbon monosaccharides are called triose sugars. (studymode.com)
- 6-carbon monosaccharides are called hexose sugars. (studymode.com)
Metabolic2
- For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)
- C. celer possesses a flexible fermentative metabolism that allows redistribution of fluxes at key metabolic nodes to simultaneously control redox state and efficiently harvest energy from substrate even under unfavorable conditions (i.e. low pH and high P H2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Galactose1
- Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. (lookformedical.com)
Yeast2
- Often, they are instead the product of the metabolism of yeast and bacteria and are modified and released in wine during the fermentation processes. (frontiersin.org)
- From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphate1
- Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes3
- Therefore, the dramatic changes of sugar type and concentration during the germination process undoubtedly regulates the enzyme activity and the pattern of gene expression of several enzymes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
- Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)
PNSB2
- Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple non-sulfide bacterium (PNSB), and some strains have been proven to promote plant growth. (bvsalud.org)
- Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)
Xylose2
- 2 2 Webb SR, Lee H. Regulation of d-xylose utilization by hexoses in pentose-fermenting yeasts. (scielo.br)
- Growth and fermentation of D-xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a novel D-xylose isomerase originating from the bacterium Prevotella ruminicola TC2-24. (scielo.br)
Proteins5
- Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
- Minerals, proteins, sugars, and phenolic compounds were measured in grains of peas and faba beans, and in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
- Under ECO2, grains of pea and faba bean increased levels of proteins and phenolics, respectively, and the sugars-to-protein ratio decreased in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
- Signal transduction : overview, receptors and G-proteins, specific signaling mechanism in bacteria and proteins. (iasexamportal.com)
Carbohydrate metabolism1
- The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
Human metabolism1
- The transduction of energy is a fundamental aspect of human metabolism. (histocutup.co.uk)
Rhodopseudomonas1
- The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
Soluble1
- Unlike soluble fiber, insoluble fiber does not feed undesirable bacteria well and is not readily fermented into short chain fatty acids. (50webs.com)
Carbon1
- Sugars are the main source of carbon and energy, but they also have signaling functions [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Plants6
- These findings imply that, depending on the PNSB's growing conditions, it may interact with various soil bacteria and facilitate their infiltration into plants. (bvsalud.org)
- The emergence of Crabtree-positive yeasts 100-150 million years ago probably coincided with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, providing a sugar-rich niche in which these yeasts evolved [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)
- Photosynthesis: an anabolic process by which plants, some bacteria, and. (joolzherbal.com)
- Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
- Pathogens that attack plants promote massive reprogramming of the plant metabolism for the synthesis of chemical defenses-a process that can be costly in terms of plant growth and fitness [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Microbial1
- In this context, the exploration of temporal interplay between populations with different lifestyles (comprising metabolism, motility, sporulation, etc.) becomes of primary importance to interpret the changes in fundamental quantities in a microbial community, such as the protein-to-RNA ratio that ultimately impacts the overarching community phenotype(s). (nature.com)
Amino group2
- In amino acid metabolism, glutamate is formed by the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to α-ketoglutarate. (mgm-biochem.com)
- SUGARS containing an amino group. (lookformedical.com)
Biosynthesis1
- A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Glycosylation1
- GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
Hydrogen1
- In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
Regulation2
- With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
- How bacteria talk to each other: regulation of gene expression by quorum sensing. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Nucleoside diphosphate sugar1
- A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins , sulfatides and cerebrosides. (lookformedical.com)
Eukaryotic cells1
- It is believed that mitochondria originally arose from bacteria which formed a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotic cells. (histocutup.co.uk)
Sucrose1
- The determination of the total sugar content, including the one derived from the hydrolysis of sucrose, improves the control of the fermentation process both at its beginning and at the end (residual sugars), improving its general control. (sinatech.info)
Biochemical1
- Metabolism is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism. (studymode.com)
Reactions1
- In metabolism, many anabolic reactions fall into this category. (joolzherbal.com)
Reaction1
- On the other hand, thermophiles have shown great potential for H 2 generation, mainly because of the more favorable thermodynamics of the reaction at elevated temperatures which allows to generate a limited variety of by-products and to reach the theoretical yield of 4 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fermentation3
- A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
- In contrast, overexpression of GPD1 in the laboratory strain results in increased fermentation rates in high-sugar dough and improved gas retention in the fermenting bread dough. (omicsdi.org)
- Nous cherchons à comprendre les systèmes qu'utilisent C. phytofermentans pour fermenter la biomasse en combinant les mesures à haut débit de l'expression des gènes comme la protéomique ( Tolonen and Haas, 2014 ), la transcriptomique ( Boutard et al, 2014 ), et la métabolomique avec des analyses de la croissance, la fermentation et la microscopie (figure 1A). (cea.fr)
Synthesis1
- Nitrogen metabolism - amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. (iasexamportal.com)
Produces1
- This process produces a translucent syrup that's an alternative to white and brown sugar. (50webs.com)
Strain1
- Moreover, the sugar-negative platform strain constructed in this study acts as a valuable starting point for future studies on sugar transport or development of cell factories requiring specific sugar transport mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Contributes1
- however recently the function of LuxS has been noted to be integral to central metabolism since it contributes to the activated methyl cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Occurs1
- Seed germination is a crucial process in the plant life cycle when a dramatic variation of type and sugar content occurs just as the seed is hydrated. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell1
- Small talk: cell-cell communication in bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Energy1
- Slower absorption also allows the body to utilize complex sugars for energy instead of having to store them as fat for later use. (50webs.com)