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Nitrogen FixationFixation, OcularFracture FixationEnergy MetabolismTissue FixationComplement Fixation TestsLipid MetabolismBone ScrewsBone PlatesExternal FixatorsMetabolismFixativesFracture Fixation, IntramedullaryGlucoseOrthopedic Fixation DevicesInternal FixatorsBone WiresLiverBone NailsFracture HealingFractures, ComminutedOxidation-ReductionBiotransformationNitrogenCarbon DioxideTime FactorsSaccadesMetabolic Networks and PathwaysTibial FracturesEye MovementsMicrosomes, LiverCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemFormaldehydeCarbonGlycolysisNitrogenaseFractures, UnunitedFemoral FracturesKineticsModels, BiologicalCarbon IsotopesCarbon CycleHumeral FracturesMetabolism, Inborn ErrorsFractures, ClosedFatty AcidsSymbiosisFractures, BoneChromatography, High Pressure LiquidMolecular Sequence DataOxygen ConsumptionGlutaralOsmiumLactic AcidSpinal FusionCarbon RadioisotopesAcetyleneHistological TechniquesMutationTreatment OutcomeFemoral Neck FracturesAcetatesCitric Acid CycleDislocationsLactatesSurgical Fixation DevicesInsulinRange of Motion, ArticularFractures, OpenRoot Nodules, PlantPhotosynthesisMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCytochrome P-450 CYP3ABacterial ProteinsBrainPelvic BonesOsteotomyAtlanto-Axial JointAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesBone TransplantationProsthesis DesignPyruvic AcidOxygenOsseointegrationTriglyceridesClavicleCholesterolGene Expression Regulation, BacterialForeign-Body MigrationAxisProsthesis FailureMitochondriaGene Expression ProfilingBlood GlucoseWrist InjuriesRNA, MessengerCells, CulturedEye Movement MeasurementsShoulder FracturesRats, Sprague-Dawley
PhotosynthesisPathwayRespirationNitrogen metabolismBiosynthesisProcess of nitrogen fixationOrganismsPhotosynthetic carbonPyruvateLipid metabolismBacteriaCompoundsMalicCarbon metabolismChlorophyllOxidativeAssimilationAlpha-keto acid metabAcetyl-CoA carboxySubstratesChloroplastRubiscoGlycolysisDehydrogenaseGenesMetabolic pathwaysEnergyPlant metabolismCofactorMicrobialActivates enzymesAminoCatalysisAnapleroticPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinaseMicrobesAtmosphericParticipatesReactionsAnaerobicAbstractMalateAutotrophicPEPCKPlantsBiologicalSynthasePlays essential rolesAuxinPhosphateNitrateUbiquitousGlucoseDermalNitrogenase
Photosynthesis4
Pathway9
  • It serves for essential co-factors of enzymes catalyzing redox reactions (heme), co-factors for the enzymes of the nitrogen fixation pathway (siroheme), leads to the production of the ubiquitous chlorophyll molecules and is involved in plastid-derived retrograde signaling. (hu-berlin.de)
  • The pathway is regulated by environmental stimuli and stress factors, plastid-derived signalling as well as transcriptional control and posttranslational modification of enzymes. (hu-berlin.de)
  • Research by Dr. David Emerich of the University of Missouri proposes that there may be a novel pathway utilized by B. japonicum in which the bacteria utilize metabolites of propionate metabolism to create an altered version of a 2-methylcitrate cycle. (umsystem.edu)
  • This pathway converts a C3 metabolite to two acetyl-CoA by fixation of one additional CO2 equivalent, or assimilates glyoxylate, a photorespiration intermediate, to produce acetyl-CoA without net carbon loss. (osti.gov)
  • article{osti_1500021, title = {Augmenting the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle by a synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate carbon fixation pathway}, author = {Yu, Hong and Li, Xiaoqian and Duchoud, Fabienne and Chuang, Derrick S. and Liao, James C.}, abstractNote = {The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is presumably evolved for optimal synthesis of C3 sugars, but not for the production of C2 metabolite acetyl-CoA. (osti.gov)
  • In Escherichia coli , besides the PEPCK reaction, there is another pathway to form PEP from C 4 -dicarboxylic acid which involves the NAD- and NADP-dependent malic enzymes (MAEA and MAEB) and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PPS). (asm.org)
  • IBS further showed transcriptional upregulation of enzymes involved in fructose and glucan metabolism as well as the succinate pathway of carbohydrate fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
Respiration2
  • Boron is important in many plant processes, including protein synthesis, translocation of nutrients, respiration, and metabolism of plant hormones. (msstate.edu)
  • Vitamin B2, or riboflavin if you prefer, has coenzymatic functions and it is fundamental in the process of cellular respiration and in the metabolism of fats, polishes, amino acids, etc. (getpersonalgrowth.com)
Nitrogen metabolism6
Biosynthesis4
  • In recent decades, many lipid metabolism genes and pathways have been identified, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie species differences in seed oil biosynthesis are not fully understood. (researchsquare.com)
  • Compared to rapeseed and castor bean, fewer lipid biosynthesis genes but more lipid metabolism genes were regulated in the maize embryo. (researchsquare.com)
  • For example, the limiting step and the control point for alginate biosynthesis is the activity of the GDP-mannose dehydrogenase enzyme, which is involved in the irreversible oxidation of GDP-mannose to GDP-mannuronic acid [ 24 ], and is NAD + -dependent [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vitamin B5 is very important as it is implicated in synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a very important element for energy metabolism and for the biosynthesis of compounds essential for the body such as fatty acids, cholesterol and acetylcholine. (getpersonalgrowth.com)
Process of nitrogen fixation2
Organisms1
  • This work provides a strategy to improve carbon fixation efficiency in photosynthetic organisms. (osti.gov)
Photosynthetic carbon1
  • The carboxysome is a specialized bacterial organelle that encapsulates enzymes into a virus-like protein shell and plays essential roles in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (nature.com)
Pyruvate1
Lipid metabolism3
  • To deliver their functions, some of them need to be transported within and across subcellular compartments during lipid metabolism. (aocs.org)
  • These observations on the distribution of ACBPs to a variety of locations are not unexpected if ACBPs were to cater for different functions in plant lipid metabolism. (aocs.org)
  • Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Bacteria4
  • The scientists inserted the gene for the enzyme into bacteria and mass-produced it so they'd have enough enzyme for their study. (eurekalert.org)
  • PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
  • Some bacteria specifically involved in carbon fixation are Cyanobacteria (such as Chroococcus , Nostoc , and Spirulina ) and some species of Aquifex ,such as Aquifex aeolicus . (kenyon.edu)
  • In this nitrogen fixation occurs with the help of a biological agent/diazotrophs like bacteria, strictly under anaerobic conditions, using the enzyme nitrogenase. (biokaryon.com)
Compounds4
  • In this context, 1 H MRS has allowed the measurements of energy metabolism-related compounds, whose concentrations can vary under different brain activation states. (frontiersin.org)
  • Also, genes for enzymes in the pathways for production of organic acids and for nitrogen uptake compounds were simultaneously expressed at similar levels in nitrogen-fixing nodules. (usda.gov)
  • All heterotrophic microbes can easily utilize these compounds for both energy metabolism and as carbon sources. (kenyon.edu)
  • Mammalian toxicity of munitions compounds: Phase I. Acute oral toxicity, primary skin and eye irritation, dermal sensitization, disposition and metabolism, and Ames tests of additional compounds. (cdc.gov)
Malic1
  • Other names in common use include NADP+-malic enzyme, NADP+-malate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), malate NADP+ dehydrogenase, NADP+ malate dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked malate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase (NADP+). (wikipedia.org)
Carbon metabolism1
  • The visible spectrum of solar radiation is known to stimulate photoheterotrophic bacterial carbon metabolism. (nih.gov)
Chlorophyll1
  • The visible light impact on metabolism may be of significant ecological relevance as it appears to promote cell-mediated mineralization of organic carbon in 'green-colored' chlorophyll-rich copiotrophic coastal seawater and inorganic carbon sequestration in 'blue-colored' oligotrophic open ocean. (nih.gov)
Oxidative1
  • Namely, the rate of oxidative metabolism in astrocytes is about half of that in neurons, and it can increase as much as the rate of neuronal metabolism in response to sensory stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
Assimilation2
  • A crop goes through metabolic pathways like carbon fixation, nitrogen assimilation, energy transformation, secondary metabolism, and oxidation defense. (chbio.com.tw)
  • An important step of the carbon cycle is the fixation of atmospheric CO 2 and its subsequent assimilation into organic molecules. (kenyon.edu)
Alpha-keto acid metab1
Acetyl-CoA carboxy1
  • Early investigations were focused on the 10-kDa ACBPs from mammals and yeast, and from these studies the 10-kDa ACBP has been implicated in biological roles ranging from acyl-CoA transport, maintenance of acyl-CoA pools within the cell and in the protection of acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from enzymes including acyl-CoA hydrolase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and acyl-CoA synthetase [reviewed in 3]. (aocs.org)
Substrates2
  • In enzymology, a malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.82) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (S)-malate + NADP+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } oxaloacetate + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-malate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are oxaloacetate, NADPH, and H+. (wikipedia.org)
  • This represents a step towards synthetically engineering large and stable nanoreactors that are capable of sequestering high copy numbers of cargo enzymes and providing selective permeability to substrates to boost enzyme activities. (nature.com)
Chloroplast2
  • Chloroplast production, cofactor in many plant reaction, activates enzymes. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In this process, numerous complex processes take place in the chloroplast, including the xanthophyll cycle, which involves the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and the protonation of the photosystem II protein subunit PsbS. (iapn.de)
Rubisco2
  • The CO 2 fixation is strictly dependent on the presence of Mg as it activates the enzyme Rubisco. (iapn.de)
  • Cyanobacteria have evolved a unique carbon fixation organelle known as the carboxysome that compartmentalizes the enzymes RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase. (doe.gov)
Glycolysis1
Dehydrogenase1
  • Growth on CO requires the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) that catalyzes the reversible conversion between CO and CO 2 . (hindawi.com)
Genes1
  • In castor bean, we observed differential regulation of vital oil biosynthetic enzymes and extremely high expression levels of oil biosynthetic genes, which were consistent with the rapid accumulation of oil in castor bean developing seeds. (researchsquare.com)
Metabolic pathways1
  • Although these techniques tackle the coupling between neuronal activity and metabolism, they lack chemical specificity and fail in providing information on neuronal and glial metabolic pathways underlying those processes. (frontiersin.org)
Energy6
  • These N-fertilizers are obtained, with few exceptions, from the Haber-Bosch industrial process of atmospheric N 2 fixation which is energy demanding and responsible for 1.44% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Since the mid-twentieth century the idea that brain energy metabolism is coupled to neuronal activity has emerged, and a number of studies supported this hypothesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review state-of-the-art MR methods to study brain function and metabolism in vivo , and their contribution to the current understanding of how astrocytic energy metabolism supports glutamatergic activity and cerebral function. (frontiersin.org)
  • Zinc is important in over 200 plant enzyme systems for protein synthesis and energy production. (msstate.edu)
  • Catalyzes a series of enzymes that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates and in obtaining energy. (theoldgristmillrestaurant.com)
  • Besides these functions, Mg is involved in many more cellular functions like enzyme activation and energy metabolism. (iapn.de)
Plant metabolism1
  • Carbon dioxide fixation, a process typically associated with plant metabolism, is a vital reaction in humans. (medscape.com)
Cofactor1
  • Patients seemed to respond to biotin administration, and each affected enzyme required biotin as a cofactor. (medscape.com)
Microbial1
  • We study the metabolism, physiology, and evolutionary ecology of microbial symbioses and uncultured microorganisms. (ncsu.edu)
Activates enzymes1
Amino1
Catalysis1
  • 2013). Frontiers, opportunities, and challenges in biochemical and chemical catalysis of CO fixation. (degruyter.com)
Anaplerotic1
  • Thus, depending on the organism, PEPCK may have different physiological roles as a gluconeogenic or an anaplerotic enzyme. (asm.org)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1
  • The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
Microbes1
  • This directed attention toward the work of Lynen, who had previously demonstrated that carbon dioxide fixation in microbes required covalent attachment of the biotin to an apoprotein. (medscape.com)
Atmospheric1
  • Nitrogenase, the enzyme which reduces atmospheric nitrogen to biologically useful forms, requires low oxygen concentrations for its existence. (umsystem.edu)
Participates2
  • Montana State University chemists have determined the structure of an intermediate form of a unique enzyme that participates in some of the most fundamental reactions in biology. (eurekalert.org)
  • FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219 (FIN219)/JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 (JAR1) participates in phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated far-red (FR) light signaling in Arabidopsis and is a jasmonate (JA)-conjugating enzyme for the generation of an active JA-isoleucine. (bvsalud.org)
Reactions1
  • The study provides insights into the assembly and formation of carboxysomes and paves the way for engineering carboxysome shell-based nanoreactors to recruit specific enzymes for diverse catalytic reactions. (nature.com)
Anaerobic3
Abstract1
  • Complex enzymes that contain iron-sulfide clusters are found everywhere in nature, and they're involved in many fundamental processes, the researchers said in their Nature abstract. (eurekalert.org)
Malate1
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
Autotrophic1
PEPCK1
  • In Rhizobium species, a PEPCK-deficient mutant fails to grow on minimal medium with succinate or other citric acid cycle intermediates but can grow on glucose and glycerol as a sole carbon source, suggesting that PEPCK functions here as a key gluconeogenic enzyme ( 30 ). (asm.org)
Plants2
  • Insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in rhizobial symbiosis have the potential to improve the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation by plants and reduce costly fertilizer inputs. (usda.gov)
  • Evaluation of the scavenging capacity in plants is achieved by in vitro analysis of the enzyme activities by photospectrometry, and transcript abundance of the respective gene by molecular methods. (iapn.de)
Biological3
  • The potential for the use of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis to increase biological nitrogen fixation and avenues for research are discussed. (intechopen.com)
  • The increase of biological nitrogen fixation in these systems, through the breeding of tolerant cultivars to acidic soils and a stepwise legumes enrichment, alongside soil fertility management, may contribute to increasing biomass production, SOM content and overall ecological plasticity. (intechopen.com)
  • Name the enzyme required for biological nitrogen fixation. (biokaryon.com)
Synthase1
  • Depending on these analyses, appropriate experiments will be performed by members of Dr. Emerich's lab to further analyze the effects of this mutation and the role of 2-methylcitrate synthase in nitrogen fixation. (umsystem.edu)
Plays essential roles1
  • Precursor of the coenzima NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), vitamin PP plays essential roles in the metabolism of our body (superimposable to those of NAD precisely). (getpersonalgrowth.com)
Auxin1
  • Components of many enzymes, essentials for plant hormone balance and auxin activity. (biologydiscussion.com)
Phosphate1
Nitrate1
  • The bifunctional CODH ( cdhAB-2 ) is predicted to play an ubiquitous role in the metabolism of CO, and a novel nitrate reductase-associated respiratory complex was induced specifically in the presence of sulfate. (hindawi.com)
Ubiquitous1
Glucose2
Dermal1
  • The precise cause is unknown, but it may be due to abnormal elastin metabolism resulting in markedly reduced dermal elastin content. (medscape.com)
Nitrogenase2
  • Nitrogenase enzyme is sensitive to oxygen. (biokaryon.com)
  • Nitrogenase enzyme is a complex of two subunits: Dinitrogenase reductase and dinitrogenase. (biokaryon.com)