AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Energy MetabolismEnergy IntakeLipid MetabolismEnergy TransferGlucoseMetabolismLiverFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferBasal MetabolismOxidation-ReductionKineticsOxygen ConsumptionGlycolysisConservation of Energy ResourcesSolar EnergyModels, BiologicalThermodynamicsBody WeightBiotransformationFatty AcidsMetabolic Networks and PathwaysNitrogenCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverEatingAdenosine TriphosphateLactic AcidRenewable EnergyTime FactorsInsulinCalorimetry, IndirectCarbonLactatesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMetabolism, Inborn ErrorsDietary FatsMolecular Sequence DataDietary ProteinsBlood GlucoseMitochondriaCarbon IsotopesBody CompositionAdipose TissueCitric Acid CycleEnergy DrinksCarbon RadioisotopesTriglyceridesModels, MolecularHomeostasisAcetatesCarbon DioxideMuscle, SkeletalLipidsMutationBrainPyruvic AcidCholesterolDietary CarbohydratesOxygenModels, ChemicalRats, Sprague-DawleyProteinsBiological TransportRNA, MessengerHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCytochrome P-450 CYP3AOxidative PhosphorylationTemperatureSignal TransductionPhosphocreatineCells, CulturedAnimal FeedAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesRats, Inbred StrainsFatty Acids, NonesterifiedGene Expression ProfilingAnaerobiosisAmino Acid SequenceLeptinPyruvatesWeight GainProtein BindingComputer SimulationBacterial ProteinsSwinePhosphatesGene Expression RegulationRats, WistarMice, Inbred C57BLCalorimetryHydroxylationMass SpectrometryGlycerolAerobiosisMetabolomeCattleFeeding BehaviorWaterMyocardium
ExpenditureMetabolicVariations in energy metabolismGenesCellular energyBody's energySkeletal muscleHost metabolismSlow metabolismDysregulationNutrientsAnaerobicOxidativeNeuronsMethyl donorAerobicLipidsBrainPhysiologyMitochondrial dysfunctionOrganismsMusclesPathwaysPhysiologicalPathological conditionsImbalanceCardiacDigestive systemProteinsMinimize energyCholesterolLipidMuscleBoosterBurn more caloriesResearchersFoodHormonesNutritionHomeostasisContentPathwayDysfunctionChemicalThyroidOxidationCognitiveCaloriesBiological processesProceedingsSpecificallyEnzymeRegulator
Expenditure13
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • In normal individuals, food intake and energy expenditure are tightly regulated by homeostatic mechanisms to maintain energy balance. (nature.com)
  • Specialized neuronal networks in the brain coordinate adaptive changes in food intake and energy expenditure in response to altered metabolic conditions ( Figure 1 ). (nature.com)
  • We studied the effect of meal frequency on human energy expenditure (EE) and its components. (cambridge.org)
  • The second section includes studies describing seasonal fluctuations of BMR and energy expenditure, with or without concomitant body weight changes. (unu.edu)
  • We found that energy expenditure was equivalent between germ-free (GF) and specific-opportunistic-pathogen free line (SPF) mice, and we extend this observation to the OligoMM12 microbiota (12 species across 5 phyla that are naturally abundant in a murine gut microbiota). (biorxiv.org)
  • Specifically, participants who went to sleep after exposure to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which emit polychromatic white light that contains less blue light than light-emitting diodes (LEDs), exhibited significantly decreased energy expenditure, core body temperature, and increased fat oxidation, indicating fewer negative health consequences compared with after nighttime exposure to LEDs. (azooptics.com)
  • Although no effect on sleep architecture was observed, energy expenditure and core body temperature during sleep were significantly decreased after OLED exposure. (azooptics.com)
  • A change in diet which results to reduced energy intake can cause the body to slow down the metabolism, as a way to minimize energy expenditure. (lasercosmetica.com)
  • The protocol comprised measurements of RMR by ventilated hood and energy intake and energy expenditure to predict RMR ratio (measured RMR/predicted RMR), energy availability, 24-hr energy balance and within-day energy balance in 1-hr intervals, assessment of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood plasma analysis. (humankinetics.com)
  • Activity, energy expenditure and energy requirements of infants and children : proceedings of an IDECG workshop held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, November 14 to 17, 1989 / Beat Schürch and Nevin S. Scrimshaw, editors. (who.int)
  • We conduct knockout experiments on animals and observe altered body weight and decreased energy expenditure in Fame knockout animals, corresponding to genome-wide association studies linking FAME with higher body mass index in humans. (lu.se)
  • Food consumption was monitored in order to estimate energy expenditure on the two days. (cdc.gov)
Metabolic20
  • This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
  • "The study is a significant leap in the development of targeted therapy options for energy metabolic diseases" ​, Suomalainen-Wartiovaara continues. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Thus, the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells is essential to generate energy required for cell proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • 1 The brain monitors changes in the body energy state by sensing alterations in the plasma levels of key metabolic hormones and nutrients. (nature.com)
  • Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Thus, embryonic VitE deficiency in vertebrates leads to a metabolic reprogramming that adversely affects methyl donor status and cellular energy homeostasis with lethal outcomes. (oregonstate.edu)
  • While numerous somatic and mitochondrial genes with potential effects on metabolic rate have been identified, their contribution to human obesity has yet to be defined Likewise, although there is preliminary evidence for intrauterine and perinatal programming of genes involved in energy metabolism, their role in human obesity remain unclear. (drsharma.ca)
  • In this mini-review, we discuss metabolic engineering strategies specifically targeting energy metabolism as a strategy for yield enhancement. (portlandpress.com)
  • They modulate energy metabolism through the deacetylation of various substrates, including transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, and histones. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Since the body uses energy continuously even when sleeping, it's important to make sure not to slow down one's basal metabolic rate by eating properly with a balanced diet and engaging in some form of exercise. (lasercosmetica.com)
  • Endurance athletes are at increased risk of relative energy deficiency associated with metabolic perturbation and impaired health. (humankinetics.com)
  • We aimed to estimate and compare within-day energy balance in male athletes with suppressed and normal resting metabolic rate (RMR) and explore whether within-day energy deficiency is associated with endocrine markers of energy deficiency. (humankinetics.com)
  • The number of calories a body at rest uses to do these things is known as basal metabolic rate, also called basal metabolism. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The basic idea that is missing from current energy metabolic theories is how the aerobic and anaerobic systems interact. (lactate.com)
  • The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • The basal metabolic rate of an organism is the measure of the amount of energy consumed by all of these chemical reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
Variations in energy metabolism1
Genes1
  • As a consequence of such coordination, the nutrient-limited region of the community maintained an unexpectedly high level of metabolism, enabling it to express many signaling genes and functionally unknown genes with potential sociality functions. (nature.com)
Cellular energy4
  • contains Vitamin B12 which is designed to help your body convert food into cellular energy so you can continue to conquer the day. (picknsave.com)
  • Cellular energy metabolism is a highly regulated process that involves the conversion of nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP. (alliedacademies.org)
  • AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy status. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, have emerged as critical regulators of cellular energy metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)
Body's energy2
Skeletal muscle5
  • Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) was used to study in vivo the energy metabolism of brain and skeletal muscle in two members of an Italian pedigree with NARP syndrome due to a point mutation at bp 8993 of mtDNA. (nih.gov)
  • The energy metabolism of her skeletal muscle was also abnormal, as shown by resting higher inorganic phosphate and lower phosphocreatine concentrations than in normal subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Her mother, a 41 year old woman with minimal clinical involvement, showed a milder derangement of brain energy metabolism and normal skeletal muscle. (nih.gov)
  • Findings with MRS showed that this point mutation of mtDNA is responsible for a derangement of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and even more so in the brain. (nih.gov)
  • Factors that result in the age‐related decline in energy requirements include changes in neuroendocrine factors (e.g. sympathetic activity, thyroid function, etc.) as well as a reduction in skeletal muscle quantity and quality (resulting from reduced physical activity, reduced protein intake and other less‐well‐understood factors). (drsharma.ca)
Host metabolism2
  • Virus infection may reprogram host metabolism for viral genome and protein synthesis, as well as lipid envelope generation for virion production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, interactions between the host and a reductionist microbiota are non-uniform over the circadian cycle, revealing a promising tool to identify key microbiota species/functions that modify host metabolism. (biorxiv.org)
Slow metabolism5
Dysregulation1
Nutrients3
  • They are organelles that act like a digestive system in the sense they take in nutrients, break them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell that can react with oxygen. (docbrown.info)
  • Metabolism converts the nutrients in the food that we eat in to essential energy which is needed to power all that we do, from something as little as thinking to growing physically or carrying out a physical activity. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Most importantly, the very structure of organisms is dependent on the continuous metabolism of nutrients into ATP, and its use in maintaining homeostasis. (lu.se)
Anaerobic3
  • VLamax - this is anaerobic capacity or the maximum rate of energy production by the glycolytic system. (lactate.com)
  • So at very low levels the anaerobic system that produces the lactate is being used only sparingly but at higher effort levels, the percentage of energy supplied by anaerobic energy increases and then reaches a point where it starts to increase very rapidly. (lactate.com)
  • Phosphate is also involved in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
Oxidative2
Neurons2
  • Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
  • These neurons project to other hypothalamic nuclei and to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem to control multiple aspects of the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. (nature.com)
Methyl donor1
  • These functional deficits occurred concomitantly with the following observations in adult E- brains: decreased concentrations of and increased peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially docosahexaenoic acid , DHA), altered brain phospholipid and lysophospholipid composition, as well as perturbed energy (glucose/ketone), phosphatidylcholine and choline/methyl-donor metabolism. (oregonstate.edu)
Aerobic4
  • Cancer cell energy metabolism is mainly dominated by three pathways of central carbon metabolism, including aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • And despite the very large majority of the energy being delivered from aerobic energy, something else controls this delivery. (lactate.com)
  • VO 2 max - this is aerobic capacity or the maximum rate of energy production by the aerobic system. (lactate.com)
  • VO 2 steady state - this is the amount of aerobic energy that is being used during a sub-maximal steady state exercise. (lactate.com)
Lipids2
  • Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. (wikipedia.org)
Brain12
  • The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes-a type of glial cell-have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. (nih.gov)
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Substantial evidence indicates that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • In the youngest patient, a 13 year old girl with retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and psychomotor retardation, there was an alteration of brain energy metabolism shown by a decreased phosphocreatine content, increased [ADP] and decreased phosphorylation potential. (nih.gov)
  • For the most part, the brain relies on glucose as its main energy source. (usmle-rx.com)
  • In times of low glucose levels such as fasting or starvation, the brain can use ketones, lactate, and amino acids (worth noting: the brain does not use fatty acids to generate energy). (usmle-rx.com)
  • List and briefly describe the major pathways for energy metabolism in the brain, and explain the role of astrocytes in these pathways. (usmle-rx.com)
  • Describe the role of glycogen in brain metabolism and the regulation of this process. (usmle-rx.com)
  • Our results demonstrated that NDEELNK supplementation alleviated scopolamine -induced PC12 cell damage by improving the cholinergic system, increasing energy metabolism and upregulating the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A (p-PKA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) signaling proteins in in vitro experiments. (bvsalud.org)
  • In simulations of cognitive processes, whether at the neural level, or the level of larger brain systems, the constant and ample supply of energy is implicitly assumed. (lu.se)
Physiology2
Mitochondrial dysfunction2
  • VitE deficiency was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction with concomitant impairment of energy homeostasis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • NDEELNK increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production , thereby reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and enhancing energy metabolism . (bvsalud.org)
Organisms6
  • In living organisms, a series of reactions is needed to get energy from food molecules. (visionlearning.com)
  • Organisms cannot survive without the energy from respiration and this process must go on continuously in every cell in any living organism. (docbrown.info)
  • Metabolism (/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. (wikipedia.org)
Muscles1
  • The ATP molecule can then power all the essential chemistry e.g. breaking down or synthesising molecules in an organism's metabolism (*) , facilitating active transport, organ function including the working of the muscles. (docbrown.info)
Pathways2
  • Energy metabolism is governed by intricate signaling pathways that sense nutrient availability, energy demands, and cellular stress. (alliedacademies.org)
  • This article explores the pathways of cellular signaling in energy metabolism, highlighting their physiological roles and implications in pathological conditions. (alliedacademies.org)
Physiological1
Pathological conditions1
  • Describe how metabolism is altered in pathological conditions (including hypoxia, ischemia, hypoglycemia, and depression). (usmle-rx.com)
Imbalance3
  • The first comprises studies describing the occurrence of body weight changes, taken as a proxy of energy imbalance. (unu.edu)
  • Studies on the fluctuation in food availability and energy intake have been omitted, unless evidence is presented that these functions resulted in energy imbalance. (unu.edu)
  • Hormonal Imbalance can also affect the body's rate of burning energy in kilojoules because the hormonal and nervous system releases chemicals that can affect the body's metabolism. (lasercosmetica.com)
Cardiac1
Digestive system2
Proteins2
Minimize energy1
  • However, this information is rarely used in controlling the details of cognitive processing to minimize energy consumption. (lu.se)
Cholesterol1
Lipid3
Muscle2
  • how quick weight loss keto metabolism booster pills GNC best fat burner pills at GNC weight loss at home in one month Alli slimming pills reviews the UK appetite suppression medication what are the best supplements to lose weight burn fat and build muscle. (jewishledger.com)
  • Fasting or Restrictive Diets - Too little intake of kilojoules of energy will result to a 15% drop of the body's BMR and would further drop if lean muscle tissues also burn energy. (lasercosmetica.com)
Booster1
Burn more calories1
Researchers3
  • Researchers from the University of Tsukuba have found that exposure to specific types of light before sleep can have variable effects on energy metabolism during sleep. (azooptics.com)
  • Because of this, many researchers around the world are studying energy production (metabolism) in cancer cells, in order to understand how it differs from metabolism in healthy cells. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • To do this, our world-class cancer metabolism researchers are working together with experts at AstraZeneca. (cancerresearchuk.org)
Food13
  • Food intake pattern and energy balance. (cambridge.org)
  • In the context of this paper, seasonality refers to a regularly recurring set of conditions leading to approximately annual alternations of restricted and unrestricted access to food energy, often coinciding with periods of variable demand for physical labour. (unu.edu)
  • it describes the likelihood and intensity of seasonal fluctuations on simultaneous demand and availability of food energy (Figure 1) . (unu.edu)
  • Yet the rate by which a body metabolizes or processes food intakes can affect the amount of energy used or otherwise stored as fat cells. (lasercosmetica.com)
  • That is the reason why it is important to regulate food or energy intakes as too much or too less can affect the body's rate of metabolism. (lasercosmetica.com)
  • Respiration is the process of releasing energy in the mitochondria from digested food- therefore respiration is an exothermic process. (docbrown.info)
  • Know how to do a simple calorimetry experiment to measure the energy content of a food. (docbrown.info)
  • Some people blame their weight on how their body breaks down food into energy, also known as metabolism. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Metabolism is the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs. (mayoclinic.org)
  • First off, the thyroid gland produces and stores hormones that help regulate the rate at which food is converted into energy - your metabolism. (illpumpyouup.com)
  • Metabolism is how your body changes food into energy. (webmd.com)
  • Even when the body is at rest, we are internally producing heat through metabolism (breaking down the food we eat into energy). (cdc.gov)
Hormones1
  • The thyroid makes hormones that control the way every cell in the body uses energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Nutrition3
  • The energy trap : work, nutrition and child malnutrition in Northern Nigeria / by Richard Longhurst. (who.int)
  • Protein and energy : a study of changing ideas in nutrition / Kenneth J. Carpenter. (who.int)
  • Malnutrition, both protein-energy mal-nutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies, continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. (who.int)
Homeostasis2
Content1
  • Body Fat Content - Fat cells tend to burn fewer kilojoules of energy that the other body organs and tissues, which means having more fat cells can slow down one's BMR. (lasercosmetica.com)
Pathway2
  • The inward glucose gradient is maintained, and the molecule is committed to an energy-producing pathway. (usmle-rx.com)
  • Neuroprotective effects of NDEELNK from sea cucumber ovum against scopolamine-induced PC12 cell damage through enhancing energy metabolism and upregulation of the PKA/BDNF/NGF signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Dysfunction1
  • Potential consequences of inadequate energy and nutrient intakes in young athletes include poor bone health, fatigue, limited recovery from injuries, menstrual dysfunction in female athletes, and poor performance. (humankinetics.com)
Chemical8
  • Reminder: Metabolism is the scientific term used for all the chemical reactions that go on inside an organism's body. (docbrown.info)
  • Respiration is the process of transferring chemical energy to power the chemistry of ALL cells by breaking down sugars like glucose - aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen and overall the process is exothermic - energy releasing. (docbrown.info)
  • This is an exothermic reaction and forming H 2 O and CO 2 releases the maximum amount of chemical energy. (docbrown.info)
  • An organism's cells cannot use the energy directly, but a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is made and acts as a secondary chemical potential energy store. (docbrown.info)
  • Metabolism in the body is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the body's cells. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells. (usda.gov)
  • Their chemical energy can also be used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contain phosphate and use chemical bonds between phosphate groups to store energy. (msdmanuals.com)
Thyroid4
Oxidation1
  • Fat oxidation during sleep was correlated in a positive way with 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels after exposure to OLED, thereby indicating that the effect of melatonin activity on energy metabolism changes based on the kind of light exposure. (azooptics.com)
Cognitive2
  • Apparently, the E- animals alter their metabolism to compensate for the VitE deficiency, but these compensatory mechanisms are insufficient to maintain cognitive function. (oregonstate.edu)
  • In this work, we make use of some of this circuitry and explicitly connect it to the processing requirements of different cognitive subsystems and show first how a cognitive model can learn the relation between cognitive 'effort', the quality of the computations and energy consumption, and second how an adaptive inhibitory mechanism can learn to only use the amount of energy minimally needed for a particular task. (lu.se)
Calories2
  • The most recommended fat burners are those that burn calories at a much faster rate, but without depriving the body the energy needed to function normally, including engaging in regular exercises. (lasercosmetica.com)
  • Your metabolism stalls and you don't burn as many calories as you once did. (webmd.com)
Biological processes2
  • To meet this energy demand, cancer cells dramatically alter their internal metabolism - the biological processes that control the production of energy within cells. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • This means that energy is at the centre of all biological processes, including cognition. (lu.se)
Proceedings1
  • Protein-energy interactions : proceedings of an I/D/E/C/G Workshop held in Waterville Valley, NH, USA, October 21 to 25, 1991 / Nevin S. Scrimshaw & Beat Schürch, editors. (who.int)
Specifically1
  • The article discusses a collaboration between Cancer Research UK's wholly-owned technology development company, Cancer Research Technology (CRT) , and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca to develop new drugs that specifically target tumour metabolism. (cancerresearchuk.org)
Enzyme1
Regulator1