• 2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde is formed from catechol by the enzyme catechol 2,3-dioxygenase during the degradation of benzoates. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of bacteria that can degrade a variety of aromatic compounds have been identified and the pathways involved in the degradation have been extensively characterized [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, the centralized degradation pathways mean synthesis of fewer degradative enzymes requiring less metabolic energy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overview: Tryptophan degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc degradation pathways I via anthranilate ( link ), II via pyruvate ( link ), or IX via 3-hydroxyanthranilate ( link ). (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation I ( link ), a dioxygenase cleaves off carbon dioxide and ammonia, leaving catechol. (lbl.gov)
  • In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation IV ( link ), anthranilate hydroxylase/monooxygenase (hpaH) yields 3-hydroxyanthranilate. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: 3-hydroxyanthranilate degradation is part of L-tryptophan degradation pathway XII ( link ). (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation to HPD I (meta-cleavage, link ), dioxygenase xylE converts catechol to (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate (also known as 2-hydroxymuconate 6-semialdehyde). (lbl.gov)
  • Catechol degradation to HPD II also involves xylE and HPD, link . (lbl.gov)
  • In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation III (ortho-cleavage, link ), the 1,2-dioxygenase catA forms cis,cis-muconate, a cycloisomerase forms (+)-muconolactone, an isomerase converts this to (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate (also known as 3-oxoadipate enol lactone), and a hydrolase cleaves this to 3-oxoadipate. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: MetaCyc pathway 3-oxoadipate degradation ( link ) involves activation by CoA (using succinyl-CoA) and a thiolase (succinyltransferase) reaction that splits it to acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. (lbl.gov)
  • This series of steps is part of protocatechuate para-cleavage, link , or catechol degradation II, link . (lbl.gov)
  • This is part of a MetaCyc pathway for catechol degradation, link . (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD) is a common intermediate in the aerobic degradation of many aromatic compounds. (lbl.gov)
  • 6 identified a gene cluster, hbpCAD , encoding the upper metabolic pathway of OPP which involves the transformation of OPP to 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoateand benzoic acid (BA). (nature.com)
  • The downstream transformation of BA involved a meta -cleavage pathway, although its genetic organization and function was not revealed and the overall network of genes driving the full metabolic pathway of OPP is still not known. (nature.com)
  • In this divergent mode, a metal-dependent dioxygenase channels these dihydroxylated intermediates into one of the two possible pathways: the meta -cleavage pathway or the ortho -cleavage pathway [ 7 - 9 ] (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, pathway IV yields indole-3-lactate, which could potentially be oxidized to indole-3-acetate, which has a known catabolic pathway, but no prokaryotes are known to consume tryptophan this way. (lbl.gov)
  • Pathway VIII yields tryptophol (also known as indole-3-ethanol), which could potentially be oxidized to indole-3-acetate and consumed. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In pathway I, dioxygenase kynA opens the non-aromatic ring, to N-formyl-L-kynureine, a hydrolase yields L-kynurenine (and formate), and a hydrolase yields anthranilate and L-alanine. (lbl.gov)
  • They play a key role in the metabolism of organic compounds by increasing their reactivity or water solubility or bringing about cleavage of the aromatic ring. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the convergent mode, structurally diverse aromatic compounds are converted to one of a few aromatic ring cleavage substrates such as catechol, gent sate, protocatechuate and their derivatives [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peripheral enzymes, particularly oxygenases and dehydrogenases, were found to transform structurally diverse substrates into one of these central intermediates by bringing about the hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus (Fig. 2A ), and hence it is thought that bacteria have developed these enzymes to extend their substrate range [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
  • Dioxygenase NbaC cleaves the aromatic ring, yielding 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde, a decarboxylase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate semialdehyde, a dehydrogenase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate, a deaminase forms (3E)-2-oxo-3-hexenedioate (also known as 2-oxalocrotonate), and a decarboxylase forms (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
  • The native and recombinant BphC enzyme was purified to homogeneity. (muni.cz)
  • Prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme (PPAE) was purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from larval cuticles of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. (lookformedical.com)
  • The metal ligands and active site residues of extradiol dioxygenases are conserved although several amino acid residues found exclusively in enzymes which preferentially cleave bicyclic substrates are missing in BphC_JF8. (muni.cz)
  • Oxygenases belong to the oxidoreductive group of enzymes (E.C. Class 1), which oxidize the substrates by transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and utilize FAD/NADH/NADPH as the co-substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Substrates containing a -COOH group are inhibitors for catechol oxidase. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cloning and characterization of a novel thermostable Mn(II)-dependent 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase from a PCB and naphthalene degrading Bacillus sp. (muni.cz)
  • Substrate specificity of catechol oxidase from Lycopus europaeus and characterization of the bioproducts of enzymic caffeic acid oxidation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Comment: There are two forms of anthranilate dioxygenase, 3-subunit antABC or 4-subunit andAabcd. (lbl.gov)
  • There was no phenol turn over under anaerobic condition (O 2 - free nitrogen) until air was admitted when phenol removal commenced [ 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Each enzyme entry contains its common name and synonym, reaction in which enzyme is involved, family and subfamily, structure and gene link and literature citation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For all significantly differentially expressed microRNAs inside of the 2 groups, we now have produced gene sets from their expressed target genes. (pdpksignaling.com)
  • Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene was found andamplified with the designed primers from the total DNA of C-14-1. (researchgate.net)
  • It is hydrolysed into formate and 2-oxopent-4-enoate by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genomic analysis identified two orthologous operons encoding the ortho -cleavage of benzoic acid (BA) ( ben/cat ). (nature.com)
  • The oxidation of β-naphthol by Volvox aureus, Lyngbya lagerlerimi and Nostoc linckia , and the oxidation of catechol by Chlorella vulgaris and V. aureus were suggested. (omicsonline.org)
  • Oxygenases can further be grouped into two categories i.e. monooxygenases and dioxygenases on the basis of number of oxygen atoms used for oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones without hydroxylating monophenols, the additional activity of tyrosinase. (lookformedical.com)
  • The enzyme is resistant to denaturation by various chelators and inhibitors (EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, H2O2, 3-chlorocatechol) and did not exhibit substrate inhibition even at 3 mM 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl. (muni.cz)
  • The results of cDNA cloning, peptide mapping, and amino acid sequencing of PPAE revealed that PPAE is synthesized as prepro-PPAE with 441 amino acid residues and is activated from pro-PPAE by cleavage of a peptide bond between Lys152 and Ile153. (lookformedical.com)
  • Pathways X and XIII yield indole-3-propionate, which may spontaneously oxidize to kynurate, but kynurate catabolism is not reported. (lbl.gov)
  • Additional pathways are not included: the fate of 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA is not known ( link ), and anthraniloyl-CoA reductase (the only anaerobic route known, link ) has not been linked to sequence. (lbl.gov)
  • ICP-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 4.0 to 4.8 manganese atoms per enzyme molecule. (muni.cz)
  • B, solute carrier relatives six member 2, solute carrier relatives 18 member one, and transcription factors and homeobox genes involved in neural crest derived cell de velopment, paired like homeobox 2a and 2b, GATA binding protein two and 3, heart and neural crest derivatives expressed two. (pdpksignaling.com)
  • An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. (lookformedical.com)
  • The primary structure of BphC_JF8 exhibits less than 25% sequence identity to other 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenases. (muni.cz)
  • The enzyme has a molecular mass of 125+-10 kDa and was composed of 4 identical subunits (35 kDa). (muni.cz)
  • Comment: Dehydrogenase praB forms 2-hydroxymuconate, tautomerase praC forms (3E)-2-oxohex-3-enedioate (2-oxalocrotonate), and decarboxylase praD yields 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
  • A decrease in Km accompanied an increase in temperature and the Km value of 0.095 uM for 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (at 60 C) is among the lowest reported. (muni.cz)
  • Specific activities of Catechol-2,3-dioxygenase and effects of temperature and pH and their stabilities on the enzyme relative activities were observed. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
  • The second ben/cat operon was located in a 92-kb scaffold along with (i) an operon ( opp ) comprising genes for the transformation of OPP to BA and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (and genes for its transformation) and (ii) an incomplete biphenyl catabolic operon ( bph ). (nature.com)
  • Genes & Development 21 (3): 316-331. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Many of these compounds have been reported to be toxic to the living organisms [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its application results in the production of large wastewater volumes which require treatment on site 2 . (nature.com)
  • A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2. (lookformedical.com)
  • A 3-D homology model of BphC_JF8 provided a basis for understanding the substrate specificity, quaternary structure and stability of the enzyme. (muni.cz)
  • Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations and prostate cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • They isolated a Pseudomonas azelaica strain HPB1 which was able to degrade OPP through the production of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl. (nature.com)
  • The algae could use nitro and amino- substituents, from amino naphthalenes, and amino- and nitrobenzoates as nitrogen sources, and chlorobenzoates could be dehalogenated and the chloride being accumulated by the cells [ 2 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • was investigated in BG11 medium with 10 mg/L triacontanol (TRIA) and without it to test whether the hormone could increase the removal efficiency by increasing biomass [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)