• This includes the early recognition of these immunogenic membrane proteins that can serve as diagnostic markers, and the targeting of such markers for the destruction of the tumor, primarily thru ADCC. (jcancer.org)
  • The monoclonals (mAbs) that we have developed against specific immunogenic tumor membrane proteins have been studied in detail. (jcancer.org)
  • We were also able to define immunogenic membrane proteins from lung (squamous and adenoCa) as well as prostate neoplasms. (jcancer.org)
  • We will also look at the combination of mAbs with immunostimulants such as GMCSF and IL-2 (fusion proteins) and eventual conjugation of the mAbs with alpha and possibly B -emitters to help in targeting bystander cells. (jcancer.org)
  • Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) carrying multiple tumor-associated proteins inherited from parental cells play crucial roles in noninvasive breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, it is challenging to assess the subtle variations of surface proteins on sEV membranes due to the highly heterogeneous BC. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is required by FDA that the potential effects of tumor control and toxicity be defined using the naked antibodies produced under GMP conditions, In those situations where patients with recurrent malignancies are to be studied we have come to realize that a number of factors can influence the response to monoclonal therapy. (jcancer.org)
  • By cracking open a cellular membrane, Northwestern University synthetic biologists have discovered a new way to increase production yields of protein-based vaccines, significantly broadening access to potentially lifesaving medicines. (nsf.gov)
  • The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • The new manufacturing platform -- called in vitro conjugate vaccine expression, or iVAX -- is made possible by cell-free synthetic biology, a process in which researchers remove a cell's outer wall or membrane and repurpose its internal machinery. (nsf.gov)
  • this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)
  • The simple and sensitive signal amplification strategy exhibits great potential for early clinic diagnosis by precise protein profiling of sEVs. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the normal resting state, the nerve has a negative membrane potential of -70 mV. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • We employ linear discriminant analysis to successfully discriminate triple negative BC cell (MDA-MB-231 cell) derived sEVs from other breast cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, BT474 and MCF-10A cell). (bvsalud.org)
  • The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
  • This resting potential is determined by the concentration gradients of 2 major ions, Na + and K + , and the relative membrane permeability to these ions (also known as leak currents). (medscape.com)
  • 2018).Several slices of Beetroot were immersed in water and three different concentrations of Tween 20.It was then hypothesized that Higher concentrations of Tween 20 will increase the cell membrane permeability of Beetroot. (ipl.org)
  • In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • The phospholipid bilayer is selectivity permeable which means that the membrane allows only some substance to cross more easily than others. (ipl.org)
  • The plasma membrane needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its environment. (ipl.org)
  • The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • Since the modules are all, in this case, totally independent of one another, except through their varied influences on the membrane potential and the transmembrane concentration differences, their internal calculation are uninfluenced by other modules. (nih.gov)
  • During corneal epithelial wound healing, cells displaying stem/precursor cell features undergo a large expansion within the limbal niche and, subsequently, in the cells outgrowing from limbal biopsies set in explant culture 6 . (nature.com)
  • As the same increases in tear film hyperosmolarity described in dry eye disease can increase corneal epithelial transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channel activity, we evaluated its involvement in mediating an osmoprotective effect by L-carnitine against such stress. (karger.com)
  • The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that diverting the cytoplasmic subcellular localization of the anti-apoptotic form of Survivin to the nucleus would sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. (researchgate.net)
  • The nucleus is the most important organelle for a eukaryotic cell as it controls the cells growth and reproduction. (ipl.org)
  • Research supported under this announcement would identify the components that cause spermatozoa, HIV, and other pathogens to be targets of antimicrobial agents that spare epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • Currently marketed spermicides are surfactants that dissolve cell membranes indiscriminately, affecting pathogens, sperm, and epithelial cells alike, often irritating or damaging vaginal epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • The ideal spermicidal microbicide would not affect epithelial cells while killing spermatozoa and pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate the stemness of limbal epithelial stem cell sheets in relation to the donor's age. (nature.com)
  • Our results imply that donors younger than 65 years of age are a better source of limbal epithelial stem cell sheet generation with high regeneration potential. (nature.com)
  • The protocol for cultivation of limbal epithelial cells varies greatly from study to study. (nature.com)
  • Our group developed the technique of the cultivation of limbal epithelial sheets on human amniotic membrane scaffolds (HAMS) with a xeno-free medium for clinical applications, which showed enhanced survival of limbal stem/progenitor cells 16 . (nature.com)
  • The attempt to equalize the concentrations of matter on both sides of a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis . (howstuffworks.com)
  • An example of a complex, single level model is one for the regulation of the ionic concentrations in an excitable cell. (nih.gov)
  • this study was to understand how cell membranes are able to store pigments in their intracellular compartments which then prevents the pigments from entering the general cytoplasm using different concentrations of a solution which in this case was detergent (Huber, et al. (ipl.org)
  • The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
  • When the salt concentration is higher on the outside of our cells than on the inside, water moves from the inside to the outside of the cells to correct the imbalance. (howstuffworks.com)
  • With seawater, the change in sodium concentration outside our cells is the main culprit. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effects of S1P on the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca²⁺]i, in HSV cells, utilizing dominant-negative (DN)-TRPC5 transfected cells to establish the role played by TRPC5 in this response. (researchgate.net)
  • Second, in in vivo preparations the cells were commonly out of sight and it was difficult to drive the second electrode into the cell. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Similarly, L-carnitine (1 mM) also reduced underlying whole-cell currents. (karger.com)
  • this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)
  • In the normal resting state, the nerve has a negative membrane potential of -70 mV. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • the nerve membrane is depolarized to a level of +35 mV or more. (medscape.com)
  • By the late 1970s the use of two microelectrodes to control the voltage in nerve and muscle cells had become a well established technique for the measurement of membrane current. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Web applications aimed at analyzing the whole tumor tissue, single cells, and spatial transcriptomics were used to examine the relationship of IMMT with TIME. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Single-cell level and whole-tissue level analyses revealed that high IMMT was associated with an immunosuppressive TIME. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In principle this could be done by gluing the two electrodes together or by aligning them outside the cell in a stereotaxically convergent micromanipulator pair prior to penetration but in practice the former technique was plagued by electrical interactions between the electrodes and the latter by the fact that the flexible tips of the electrodes did not track along straight lines as they penetrated the surrounding tissue. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Although the patch clamp technique is more popular nowadays, the dSEVC technique remains an essential tool when the cell is covered in connective tissues that cannot be easily removed or pushed aside, or when the cell is deep in tissue and cannot be visualized. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Apoptosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinctive form of cell death, critical in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. (researchgate.net)
  • Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)
  • Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)
  • That's because a cell's membrane is semipermeable - although sodium, chloride and other substances may not be able to easily diffuse in and out of the cell, water can. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In order to regain an isotonic state, a must for cell survival, the body attempts to eliminate the excess sodium from its extracellular fluids. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In calcein-AM loaded cells, hypertonic-induced relative cell volume shrinkage was fully blocked during exposure to L-carnitine. (karger.com)
  • If gone unchecked, the net transfer of water from the inside of your cells to the outside will cause the cells to shrink considerably - and shrinkage is never good. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Mitochondria are dynamic organelles which provide metabolic support and regulate cellular functions, including calcium homeostasis, redox status, and programmed cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How do the membranes of cells and the organelles they contain control the movement of materials? (ipl.org)
  • An active process of selective destruction of differentiated cells in multicellular organisms, apoptosis is one of two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being necrosis, a pathological process). (nih.gov)
  • Apoptosis is responsible for physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (nih.gov)
  • Experimental knockdown of IMMT impeded the migration and viability of BC cells, arrested the cell cycle, disturbed mitochondrial function, and increased the ROS level and lipid peroxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A secondary aim was to establish the effect of SMC migration on the above response parameters to S1P using the HSV scratch assay, where a ∼2 mm line of cells was scraped away from the surface of a glass cover slip and the remaining cells incubated for 24 h. (researchgate.net)
  • This suggested a functional change in the cell following migration that may have been attributable to TRPC5, for example, channel up-regulation. (researchgate.net)
  • The plasma membranes functions are to protect the contents of the cell and control the migration of particles moving throughout the cell. (ipl.org)
  • First, the penetration by a second electrode in small cells often caused damage that resulted in leakage of cellular contents and a large electrical conductance across the membrane. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Recent studies indicate that one such inhibitor, Survivin, may have dual functions that are specific to its cellular location, including suppression of apoptotis (cytosolic) and regulation of cell division (nuclear). (researchgate.net)
  • Microbicides offer a potential alternative to physical barrier methods for prevention of HIV transmission. (nih.gov)
  • 65). Expression of the proliferation marker Ki67, stem/progenitor cell markers p63α and ABCG2, cornea specific marker PANCK, and differentiation marker CK12 were evaluated. (nature.com)
  • Experimental verification using siRNA knockdown and clinical specimens of BC patients confirmed the mechanisms behind IMMT on BC cells and the clinical significance, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study combined a multi-omics survey with experimental verification to reveal the novel clinical significance of IMMT in BC, demonstrating its role in TIME, cancer cell growth and mitochondrial fitness, and identified pyridostatin as a promising drug candidate for the development of precision medicine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further experiments delineate the optimal conditions for efficient viral transduction of cultures, enabling 'high throughput' fluorescence-mediated 3D reconstruction of genetically targeted neurons at comparable quality to state-of-the-art biocytin fillings, and demonstrate feasibility of long term live cell imaging of human cells in vitro . (elifesciences.org)
  • What I found to be so fascinating is with the amount of cells we have in our bodies we would be able to rotate around earth almost nineteen times. (ipl.org)
  • With the exception of layer four intratelencephalic neurons in sensory areas (spiny stellate cells) pyramidal neurons typically show a long apical dendrite. (elifesciences.org)
  • The middle layer of the membrane consists of the hydrophobic region. (ipl.org)
  • Cell membrane- the blue outside layer on my model: The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. (ipl.org)
  • This highlights potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis, neointimal hyperplasia and coronary heart disease. (researchgate.net)
  • The predominant role of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex in structuring the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and cristae junctions formation and in affecting mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism has recently become the focus of a growing number of investigations [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using siRNA gene silencing, Ca 2+ imaging, planar patch-clamping and relative cell volume measurements, we determined if the protective effects of this osmolyte stem from its interaction with TRPV1. (karger.com)
  • PURPOSE The purpose of this program announcement is to encourage research to explore the similarities between membranes of spermatozoa and pathogens, and the properties that contribute to differential fusibility of membranes at the molecular level. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of this initiative is to discover membrane properties that spermatozoa share with a variety of pathogens, including HIV, that render them susceptible to attack by naturally occurring and synthetic antimicrobial peptides and other non-surfactant compounds. (nih.gov)
  • It has been hypothesized that these properties or components are related to spermatozoa and pathogens having externally fusible membranes, and that such properties are lacking in membranes that are resistant to external fusion. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, research to assess, at a molecular level, the process involved in cell fusion and the properties of membranes that aid in viral adsorption is encouraged. (nih.gov)
  • Marine plants and invertebrates have no mechanism to control osmosis , so their cells are the same salinity as their environment (35 for ocean dwellers). (howstuffworks.com)
  • 0.001), and the maximum response in the DN-TRPC5 transfected HSV cells reached only 60% of the maximum response in control cells. (researchgate.net)
  • The time sharing technique is complex and if not properly implemented results in a system that might be slow, noisy or inadvertently clamp a fraction of the series resistance of the electrode instead of the cell alone. (scholarpedia.org)
  • One thing that all cells share is that they all have a Plasma Membrane. (ipl.org)
  • Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen. (nih.gov)
  • The potential for severe allergic reactions limits the use of procaine and other ester-type anesthetic agents. (medscape.com)
  • Chloride cells can excrete excess salt, allowing the fish to take in water without dehydrating. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The head of the phospholipid faces towards the water inside/outside of the cell. (ipl.org)
  • The computation and integration of signals by these cells and the output is believed to underlie higher brain functions such as cognition and learning. (elifesciences.org)
  • TRPC5 is a member of this protein family which combines with TRPC1 to form non-selective cation channels in human saphenous vein cells, a type of smooth muscle cell. (researchgate.net)
  • In Figure 1, the cell membrane is represented by a membrane capacitance (C m ) and a membrane resistance (R m ). (scholarpedia.org)
  • In practice, this ideal form of the voltage clamp cannot be implemented because of the series resistance (R s ) of the electrode that connects to the cell. (scholarpedia.org)
  • In those cases where R e is very small or the membrane current is very small such that the product of the electrode resistance and the membrane current is a few millivolts or even less than a millivolt, the series-resistance voltage drop can simply be ignored. (scholarpedia.org)
  • According to a Biologist website an adult human have about 37.2 trillion cells in its body. (ipl.org)
  • I knew we had a lot of cells but I didn't expect us to have this many cells in our body. (ipl.org)
  • In addition, they must able to communicate with other cells. (ipl.org)
  • 65) showed lower expression of stem/progenitor cell markers p63α and ABCG2 and decreased CFE compared to the other two groups. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, we discovered that pyridostatin acted as a potent drug candidate in BC cells harboring an elevated IMMT expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2010," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. (nih.gov)
  • The intent is to develop a better understanding of the basic science of membrane fusion that could lead to more targeted drug design for antiviral/antibacterial spermicidal compounds. (nih.gov)
  • The inner membrane mitochondrial protein (IMMT) is a central unit of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer where each repeating unit is comprised of two fatty acid tails bound to a phosphate head including a polar group attached to the glycerol region. (ipl.org)
  • According to the text, cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life. (ipl.org)
  • The module for this channel could provide the kinetics of the normal channel or that of the abnormal mutation (KcnQ1) giving rise to the LongQT syndrome, in which the repolarization of the membrane is slowed. (nih.gov)