• Tumor cells are able to disrupt membrane transport regulators, thereby enhancing migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ras signaling can be thought of in simple terms as occuring downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, triggered by association of adaptor proteins with the phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of these receptors. (sdbonline.org)
  • This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The contractile ring is made up of structural proteins, including actin filaments and myosin II filaments. (jove.com)
  • By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and proteins that interact with members of the Arp2/3 complex and hence the actin cytoskeleton (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present invention relates generally to improved methods and pharmaceutical compositions for mobilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell from bone marrow into peripheral blood by administration of at least one inhibitor of a GTPase, such as Rac1 and/or Rac2 GTPase. (justia.com)
  • We have purified and characterized several GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GDP dissociation stimulator (GDS) and GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)) and GTPase activating Proteins (GAP) for small G proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In this research project, we have investigated the C-terminal structures of small G proteins, purified the regulatory proteins for small G proteins, and made monoclonal antibodies against small G proteins and their regulatory proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Among these regulatory proteins, we have cloned the cDNAs of smg p21 GDS, smg p25A GDI, and rho GDI, and made monoclonal antibodies against them. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The GTP-bound form of ARF is essential for the maintenance of normal Golgi morphology, it participates in recruitment of coat proteins which are required for budding and fission of membranes. (embl.de)
  • This model is supported by the observation that Gap1 appears to be constitutively associated with the plasma membrane (Powe, 1999). (sdbonline.org)
  • In SK-N-SH cells, carbachol induced a rapid and transient translocation of tubulin to the plasma membrane, microtubule reorganization, and a change in cell shape as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. (jneurosci.org)
  • The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • It is suggested that G-protein-coupled receptors might modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular traffic, and cellular architecture. (jneurosci.org)
  • Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, small GTPases related to Rac are found even in organisms that lack Ras, such as plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This broad distribution across widely divergent eukaryotic species suggests that Cdc42 and Rac GTPases have an ancient origin, perhaps even predating that of their cousin Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RhoA activity is transiently inhibited at the initial phase of integrin engagement, when Cdc42- and/or Rac1-mediated membrane spreading and ruffling predominantly occur. (silverchair.com)
  • When ARF family proteins are activated, they bind to effector molecules, which in turn mediate downstream functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have found that the C-terminal systeine residues of smg p21B, rhoA p21, and smg p25A are geranylgeranylated, and that these prenylation are essential for each small G protein to bind to membranes. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In this review we will highlight mechanisms that control targeting of PSD-95 at the synapse, and discuss how this molecule influences the retention and clustering of diverse synaptic proteins to regulate synaptic structure and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similarly, primary cilia have been implicated in regulation of mTOR signaling, in which Tuberous Sclerosis Complex proteins 1 and 2 (TSC1/2) negatively regulate protein synthesis by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at energy limiting states. (springer.com)
  • The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
  • Because most tubulin is not membrane associated, this study investigates whether tubulin translocates to the membrane in response to an agonist so that it might regulate G-protein signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • Publications] Sasaki,T.: 'A mammalian inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDI)for smg p25A is active on the yeast SEC4 protein. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Active mTORC1 phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) to promote protein synthesis [ 3 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • The described setup and experimental design enable real-time monitoring of substrate turnover in light-activated enzymes on a molecular scale, thus opening the pathway to a deeper understanding of enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. (elifesciences.org)
  • During starvation AMPK promotes autophagy by activating ULK1 via phosphorylation at Ser317, Ser555, and Ser777, whereas in the presence of nutrients mTORC1 suppresses autophagy by hampering interaction between AMPK and ULK1 through phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser757 [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • Paxillin, an integrin-assembly protein, has four major tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and the phosphorylation of Tyr31 and Tyr118 correlates with cell adhesion and migration. (silverchair.com)
  • Cullen, 1997), suggesting that an increase in intracellular IP4 levels leads to the release of the PH domain from the membrane. (sdbonline.org)
  • ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins recognized as critical components in intracellular vesicular transport and phospholipase D activation. (embl.de)
  • Conversely, during starvation mTORC1 is inhibited and autophagy is induced by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to generation of intracellular nutrients and energy during degradation of non-functional or non-essential organelles or protein aggregates [ 4 , 6 ], in turn contributing to cell survival. (springer.com)
  • Cytoskeletal proteins appear to be involved in the control of intracellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)
  • Publications] Kaibuchi,K.: 'Molecular cloning and characterization of the stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDS)for smg p21s,ras p21ーlike small GTPーbinding proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Molecular characterization of the GTPase-activating domain of ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1 (ARD1). (embl.de)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fukuda, 1996), implying that release of the PH domain from the membrane is accompanied by activation of the catalytic domain. (sdbonline.org)
  • upon elevation of Ca2+ and IP4 concentrations, the PH domain binds to IP4 thereby stimulating catalytic activity, while at the same time the C2a domain takes over the role of membrane tether. (sdbonline.org)
  • The microtubule protein tubulin regulates adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase Cβ 1 (PLCβ 1 ) signaling via transactivation of the G-protein subunits Gαs, Gαi1, and Gαq. (jneurosci.org)
  • Evidence is accumulating that small G proteins are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Most of small G proteins have the unique consensus C-terminal motifs containing at least one cysteine residue. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Small G proteins have two interconvertible forms, GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The heterodimeric TSC complex negatively regulates mTORC1 activity via the GTPase activity of TSC2, towards the small G-protein RHEB (Ras homologue enriched in brain) [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • These proteins contain a characteristic zinc finger motif (Cys-x2-Cys-x(16,17)-x2-Cys) which displays some similarity to the C4-type GATA zinc finger. (embl.de)
  • We had reported that the ARF domain of ARD1 binds specifically GDP and GTP and that the amino-terminal extension acts as a GAP for the ARF domain of ARD1 but not for ARF proteins. (embl.de)
  • A protein called RhoA is the chief regulator of contractile ring assembly and function. (jove.com)
  • Microbial rhodopsins (Rhs) are transmembrane proteins that utilize light-induced isomerization of their retinal cofactor to function as light-sensitive ion channels, pumps and sensors. (elifesciences.org)
  • This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
  • The ARFGAP domain display no obvious similarity to other GAP proteins. (embl.de)
  • The ARFGAP domain is clearly unrelated to the other GAP proteins structures which are exclusively helical. (embl.de)
  • We found that mutation of Tyr31/118 caused enhanced activation of RhoA and premature formation of stress fibers with substantial loss of efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)
  • We conclude that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin serves as a template for the localized suppression of RhoA activity and is necessary for efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)
  • To ensure the contractile ring is formed in the right place, RhoA is activated locally at the cell cortex, near the equator of the cell. (jove.com)
  • In the presence of nutrients, mTORC1 is activated and promotes cell growth, including protein synthesis and energy storage. (springer.com)
  • There is growing evidence that host cells try to control Herpesvirus infections by activating the autophagic machinery. (mdpi.com)
  • Classical GAP proteins accelerate GTPase activity by supplying an arginine finger to the active site. (embl.de)
  • The phosphorylated form of 40S ribosome protein S6 is thus a marker for mTORC1 activity. (springer.com)
  • Indeed, plump endothelia, increased mast cells, and multilaminated basement membranes characterize hemangiomas, while flat endothelia, normal mast cell numbers, and a thin basement membrane distinguish vascular malformations. (medscape.com)
  • A specific and time-dependent association of tubulin with plasma membranes was observed when SK-N-SH cells were treated with carbachol. (jneurosci.org)
  • The same phenomenon was observed with membranes from Sf9 cells, expressing a recombinant PLCβ 1 cascade. (jneurosci.org)
  • After the spectroscopic characterization of the late rhodopsin photoproducts, we analyzed truncated variants and revealed the involvement of the cytosolic N-terminus in the structural rearrangements upon photo-activation of the protein. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the activation and inactivation of these novel proteins is of utmost interest. (elifesciences.org)
  • The conversion from the GDP-bound to GTP-bound form and the reverse conversion are induced by GDP/GTP exchange and GTPase reactions, respectively. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In this manner the neurons strike a "balance" that allows for neurons to become activated and convey discrete synaptic signals, while preventing excessive excitation. (frontiersin.org)
  • There is no longer a need for signals to activate these genes. (cancerquest.org)
  • Publications] Araki,S.: 'Role of the Cーterminal region of smg p25A in its interaction with membranes and the GDP/GTP exchange protein. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing ArfGap domain. (embl.de)
  • The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with ArfGap domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing ArfGap domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
  • Although inhibitory postsynaptic sites lack PSDs, they also consist of complex protein matrices. (frontiersin.org)
  • By monitoring the phosphate rearrangement during cGMP and pyrophosphate formation in light-activated RGC, we were able to confirm the M state as the active state of the protein. (elifesciences.org)