Membrane sodium. Medical search. Frequent questions

The amino acid, polyamine, and organocation (APC) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of membrane proteins forming secondary transporters that move a range of organic molecules across the cell membrane. (rcsb.org)
Highly purified plasma membranes (PM) isolated from the marine unicellular alga Tetraselmis (Platymonas) viridis were incubated with [gamma-P-32]-ATP in short term labelling assays in the presence of various effecters, followed by an analysis of the PM proteins by SDS-PAGE under acidic conditions. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Previous research has shown that the lipid milieu surrounding membrane proteins may be an important factor in determining their activity. (silverchair.com)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
The Tat pathway ensures that only soluble, well-folded proteins are transported out of the cytoplasm and displayed on the inner membrane, thereby eliminating poorly folded scFvs prior to interrogation for antigen-binding. (jove.com)
It is known that GSLs interact with both intracellular as well as exogenous proteins and are critical for membrane organisation, signalling, and recognition events. (springer.com)
What is the function of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane? (cheatography.com)
View our protocol for Staining Membrane-associated Proteins . (rndsystems.com)
Altered cardiolipin remodeling affects mitochondrial inner membrane organization and function of membrane proteins such as transporters and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. (bvsalud.org)
Blockade of efflux of sodium increases calcium in myocytes resulting in increased activation of contractile proteins in the cardiac muscle. (medscape.com)

The epithelial sodium channels are structurally and probably evolutionary related to P2X purinoreceptors, pain receptors that activate when they detect ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Epithelial sodium channels facilitate Na⁺ reabsorption across the apical membranes of epithelia in the distal nephron, respiratory and reproductive tracts and exocrine glands. (wikipedia.org)

This paper aims to evaluate the potential of three novel absorbents (seawater (H 2 O), dimethyl aniline (DMA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to separate SO 2 acidic pollutant from SO 2 /air gaseous stream inside the hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC). (nature.com)
Cat.No. 105588 Sodium hydroxide solution min. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Check the pH of the sample and adjust, if necessary, to pH 7.0 with sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide solution. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Dissolution in sodium hydroxide/ethanol. (cdc.gov)
Two parts 6 molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH) should be mixed with one part 96% ethanol (C((2))H((5))OH). (cdc.gov)
Sodium hydroxide. (janusinfo.se)

This enzyme is a proton pump that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of H(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
The discussion above demonstrates that the electrical potential existing in neurons is based on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and that this distribution comes about through permeation of the membrane. (britannica.com)

Increasing [Rb]0 from 0 to 4 mM in K-free solutions (at a fixed membrane potential) decreased a(i)(Na). (manchester.ac.uk)

Voltage-gated sodium channels mediate a rapid and transient increase in Na + permeability in response to membrane depolarization, thereby contributing to the generation and conduction of action potentials. (jneurosci.org)
Membranes with high ion permeability and selectivity are of considerable interest for sustainable water treatment, resource extraction and energy storage. (nature.com)
The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
Lepke S, Passow H. Effects of fluoride on potassium and sodium permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. (cdc.gov)
Given the concentrations of all three ions on each side of the membrane and the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion, researchers can calculate the combined effect of K + , Na + , and Cl − on the membrane potential by using the so-called constant-field equation. (britannica.com)
This equation, by including relative permeability as an important factor, takes into account the phenomenon that the more permeable a membrane is to a particular ion, the greater is the influence of that ion on the membrane potential. (britannica.com)

Avoid contact of diclofenac sodium topical solution with eyes and mucous membranes. (drugs.com)
Wash hands with soap and water thoroughly after each application to avoid spreading to the eyes or other sensitive mucous membranes. (drugs.com)

Increases in the platelet membrane cholesterol phospholipid (C/P) ratio, phosphotidylethanolamine, phosphotidylserine with decreased phosphotidylcholine, Na(+)/k(+)-ATPase activity, fluidity and no significant change in phosphotidylinositol and sphingomylein, as well as increases in plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, protein carbonyls with decreased HDL-cholesterol and sulfhydryl groups were observed in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
Sodium pump(Na + ,K + -ATPase) activity was higher in the smaller species and showed a significant allometric decline with body mass in both the mammals (μmol P i h -1 mg wet mass -1 =6.2×mass -0.06 ) and birds (μmol P i h -1 mg wet mass -1 = 5.4×mass -0.07 ). (silverchair.com)
Digoxin inhibits sodium-potassium-activated ATPase, thereby decreasing sodium efflux and the trans-membrane potential. (medscape.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] The resting transmembrane potential and action potential of electrically excitable cells is also affected by sodium potassium ATPase. (medscape.com)

Any change in membrane potential tending to make the inside even more negative is called hyperpolarization , while any change tending to make it less negative is called depolarization . (britannica.com)
The Swarm delivers variable intensity blue-light optogenetic stimulation to enable membrane depolarization and red or lime-light excitation to enable fluorescence detection of the resulting changes in membrane potential or calcium levels, respectively. (frontiersin.org)

This role was first confirmed using human sensory studies to evaluate the effect of 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate on the perception of the salty taste of table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl). (wikipedia.org)

Other than the direct effects of the beta-adrenoreceptor blockade, toxicity may result from other mechanisms, including sodium and calcium channel blockade, centrally mediated cardiac depression, and alteration of cardiac myocyte energy metabolism. (medscape.com)

Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
In fact, ions are almost always hydrated in the form of ion-water complexes, which have great difficulty in penetrating the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. (britannica.com)
Permeation actually occurs through protein structures embedded in the lipid bilayer and spanning the membrane from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. (britannica.com)

Replacement Membranes, for Ammonia Electrode, Ea. (thomassci.com)
The key innovation is the stabilizing electrode/electrolyte interface with an ultra-thin membrane that does not alter the current battery manufacturing process. (techbriefs.com)

Fouling of membrane pores. (citizendium.org)
The pores of the separator membrane influence the nucleation of dendrites. (techbriefs.com)
The researchers applied an extremely thin, two-dimensional membrane - called a Hybrid Separator Membane - made of carbon to the separator, with the pores having a diameter of less than one nanometer. (techbriefs.com)
NC membranes are thin (150 um) sheets of NC polymer that have pores of highly controlled size. (cdc.gov)
By controlling the conditions of solvent evaporation, controlled pores are formed in the resulting polymer sheet (membrane). (cdc.gov)

Herein, inspired by K + channel of streptomyces A (KcsA K + ), we have constructed cation sieving membranes using MXene nanosheets and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) molecules as building blocks. (nature.com)
Numerous negatively charged oxygen atoms of EDTA molecules and 6.0 Å two-dimensional (2D) sub-nanochannel of MXene nanosheets enable biomimetic channel size, chemical groups and tunable charge density for the resulting membranes. (nature.com)
Inspired by KcsA K + channel with size of ~5.6 Å and homogenous distribution of carbonyl oxygens, herein, MXene nanosheets and EDTA molecules are used as building blocks to construct artificial ion channel membranes with the right channel size, similar binding sites, and tunable charge density (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
As the feed flows across the membrane,some molecules will be rejected by the membrane. (citizendium.org)
When this occurs, a concentration gradient develops along the membrane in which molecules are locally in higher concentrations than that of the solution. (citizendium.org)
There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
These structures, sometimes pumping ions from one side to the other and sometimes merely providing channels through which diffusing ions can flow past the lipid molecules, maintain the ionic distribution that keeps the membrane polarized, and they also allow the abrupt changes in distribution that create nerve impulses. (britannica.com)
With these molecules in hand, it became possible to investigate the phase behaviour of liquid ordered/liquid disordered supported membranes doped with the Gb 3 species by means of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. (springer.com)

Central to the reaction is the balance between sodium and potassium in the muscle membrane fluid. (faqs.org)
Sodium floods the membrane at the time the impulse is registered, replaced by potassium to return the membrane to a rest state. (faqs.org)

Fouling of the membrane can still occur, along with concentration polarization, in which a gel layer forms and reduces transmembrane flux. (citizendium.org)
Though fouling is significantly reduced in crossflow membrane systems, as compared with conventional filtration systems, it is still a problem. (citizendium.org)

Membranes with small enough pore sizes, such as those used in ultrafiltration, can even remove dissolved species causing the formation of a gel layer that impedes transmembrane flux. (citizendium.org)
Typical is use of NC membranes with pore sizes of 0.45 um suitable for capturing bacteria in a filtration process. (cdc.gov)

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. (cheatography.com)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to sodium ions (Na+). (wikipedia.org)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
The plasma membrane of the neuron is highly permeable to K + , and in fact the recorded membrane potential of most neurons (−60 to −75 mV) is close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for K + . However, it is not exactly the same, because K + is not the only ion affecting the membrane potential. (britannica.com)

Concentration polarization along a membrane is experienced when the solute concentration at the membrane reaches elevated levels in comparison to the feed bulk fluid concentration. (citizendium.org)

Platelet membrane total phospholipids were positively correlated with plasma LDL-cholesterol (r=0.568) and VLDL-cholesterol (r=0.614) in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
Increased plasma LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol might have resulted in the increased C/P ratio and decreased platelet membrane fluidity of cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
Osmotic balance is maintained between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm by movement of water through the plasma membrane when the total concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other. (britannica.com)
When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. (britannica.com)

Functional states of the sodium channel (closed, open, and inactivated) and their structure help to understand the cardiac regulation processes. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)

Mutations in the genes encoding a calcium channel (Ca V 1.1) and a sodium channel (Na V 1.4) have been identified in HypoPP families. (jci.org)

The effects of membrane potential on the net passive Na influx were examined by measuring the maximum rate of rise of a(i)(Na) at different holding potentials after inhibiting the Na-K pump in a K-free, Rb-free solution. (manchester.ac.uk)
To investigate this we have examined sodium pump molecular activity and microsomal membrane lipid composition in the brain of five mammalian and eight avian species ranging in size from 30 g mice to 280 kg cattle and 13 g zebra finches to 35 kg emus, respectively. (silverchair.com)
In small mammals, the elevated enzyme activity was related to allometric changes in both the concentration and the molecular activity (turnover rate) of sodium pumps, while in birds, no significant body-size-related variation was observed for either sodium pump concentration or molecular activity. (silverchair.com)

We provide a method to simultaneously screen a library of antibody fragments for binding affinity and cytoplasmic solubility by using the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation pathway, which has an inherent quality control mechanism for intracellular protein folding, to display the antibody fragments on the inner membrane. (jove.com)
The method harnesses the intrinsic intracellular folding quality control mechanism of the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway to display an scFv library on the E. coli inner membrane. (jove.com)
Following removal of the outer membrane, the scFvs displayed on the inner membrane are panned against a target antigen immobilized on magnetic beads to isolate scFvs that bind to the target antigen. (jove.com)
and allows the aminoglycoside to ionically associate with the inner membrane ( Bryan and Van Den Elzen, 1977 ). (elifesciences.org)

The upregulation of voltage-gated sodium channel Na v 1.3 has been linked to hyperexcitability of axotomized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which underlies neuropathic pain. (jneurosci.org)
To evaluate the Swarm screening system, we optimized a series of heterologous optogenetic spiking HEK293 cell assays for several voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes including Nav1.2, Nav1.5, and Nav1.7. (frontiersin.org)

Quantitatively, filtration flux (J) across the membrane can be calculated by dividing the driving force (∆P m , typically the transmembrane pressure drop) by the overall membrane resistance (R G + R M ). The gel resistance, R G , usually increases with time until the membrane is cleaned, and the resistance of the membrane, R M , is often assumed to stay constant. (citizendium.org)
The results again demonstrate that the fatty acid of Gb 3 plays a pivotal role for the overall membrane organisation. (springer.com)

As stated above, the Nernst potential is the potential difference that exists across a membrane when a particular ion , having reached equilibrium between the tendency to diffuse down its concentration gradient and the tendency to be drawn back by other ions, is in a state of no net flux. (britannica.com)
There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)

Moreover, the transport and separation mechanisms of ions within sub-nanochannels modulated by local charge density remains elusive and an effective strategy to fabricate high-efficiency mono-/divalent ions selective membranes is yet to be developed. (nature.com)

In an ideal crossflow filtration system, the flux of permeate through the membrane will reach a steady state. (citizendium.org)

Neither precursor contains a typical hydrophobic signal peptide sequence and most of the precursor form of IL-1 alpha remains in the cytosol of cells, although there is evidence for a membrane-bound form of the precursor form of IL-1 alpha. (rndsystems.com)

These three characteristics of the neuron-semipermeability of the membrane, osmotic balance, and electroneutrality on each side-create an equilibrium electrical potential at which the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside. (britannica.com)

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) are receiving great attention as vaccine platforms. (mdpi.com)

The erythrocyte deformability is determined by measurement of passage time (reciprocal of deformability) of erythrocyte suspension in phosphate buffered saline at hematocrit 6% through cellulose … membranes. (iospress.com)
NC membranes are manufactured by dissolving cellulose nitrate or a mixture of cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate in a solvent and casting the resulting 'honey-consistency' solution on an endless steel belt. (cdc.gov)

Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)
The SLC5A1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called sodium/glucose cotransporter protein 1 (SGLT1). (medlineplus.gov)
It spans the membrane of cells in these body systems and moves (transports) glucose and galactose from outside the cell to inside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

Additionally, the influence of operational parameters (i.e., gas and liquid flow rates) and also membrane/module parameters (i.e., length of membrane module, hollow fibers' number and porosity) on the SO 2 separation percentage is investigated as another highlight of this paper. (nature.com)
The important role of membrane materials in the separation of acidic pollutants is incontrovertible. (nature.com)
Our findings provide a theoretical basis for ions transport in sub-nanochannels and an alternative strategy for design ions separation membranes. (nature.com)
These physicochemical features have thus largely inspired the designing principles for current membranes aiming to achieve similar separation performance. (nature.com)
The separation of small molecule gases by membrane technologies can help performance enhancement and process intensification for emerging advanced fossil energy systems with CO 2 capture capacity. (mdpi.com)
This paper reports the demonstration of controlled modification of zeolitic channel size for the MFI-type zeolite membranes to enhance the separation of small molecule gases such as O 2 and N 2 . (mdpi.com)
Membrane separation technology is now recognized as one of the most essential critical solutions that can help the long-term development of water and gas separation methods by enhancing employment while using less energy and reducing pollution. (hindawi.com)

Contactin/F3, a cell adhesion molecule, has been shown to interact with and enhance surface expression of sodium channels Na v 1.2 and Na v 1.9. (jneurosci.org)
The apical membranes of many tight epithelia contain sodium channels that are characterized primarily by their high affinity for the diuretic blocker amiloride. (wikipedia.org)
These channels mediate the first step of active sodium reabsorption essential for the maintenance of body salt and water homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
ENaC channels in the brain are involved in blood pressure response to dietary sodium. (wikipedia.org)
CAs, like the class IA antiarrhythmics, decrease the sodium influx through the fast sodium channels and consequently decrease the slope of phase 0, leading to the widened QRS complex that is typically seen on electrocardiograms of individuals with CA poisoning. (medscape.com)

In rodents, virtually the entire salt taste is mediated by ENaC, whereas it seems to play a less significant role in humans: About 20 percent can be accredited to the epithelial sodium channel. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)

This dissertation reports the function of Nhx1, an endosomal Na+ (K+)/H+ exchanger, in late endosome - vacuole membrane fusion in the model eukaryote S. cerevisiae. (concordia.ca)

Crossflow membrane filtration is a term used to refer to a membrane filtration technique in which feed flows parallel to the membrane, rather than perpendicular to the membrane as in conventional filtration. (citizendium.org)
Additionally, because the fluid flow is parallel to the membrane, rather than perpendicular to it as in conventional filtration systems, shear along the membrane prevents continual cake buildup. (citizendium.org)
One of the main factors in the operation of a crossflow membrane filtration is the operating pressure. (citizendium.org)
Crossflow membrane filtration that involves suspended particles will generate a cake layer that is similar to the gel layer of an ultrafiltration system and is shown in Figure 1. (citizendium.org)

Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)

The cake increases in thickness through the length of the membrane filter until steady state is reached, as shown in the figure to the right. (citizendium.org)

We have therefore used isolated rat adipocytes to examine the mechanisms, including membrane translocation, whereby insulin and the insulin-mimicking agents vanadate and peroxovanadate control PKB. (lu.se)
Stimulation of adipocytes with insulin, vanadate, or peroxovanadate caused decreased PKB mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, indicative of increased phosphorylation, which correlated with an increase in kinase activity detected with the peptide. (lu.se)
Stimulation of adipocytes with insulin, vanadate, or peroxovanadate caused decreased PKB mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, indicative of increased phosphorylation, which correlated with an increase in kinase activity detected with the peptide KKRNRTLTK. (lu.se)

The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)

In addition to being implicated in diseases where fluid balance across epithelial membranes is perturbed, including pulmonary edema, cystic fibrosis, COPD and COVID-19, proteolyzed forms of ENaC function as the human salt taste receptor. (wikipedia.org)
[1] It is typically characterized by having high tangential fluid velocity and a low velocity normal to the membrane. (citizendium.org)

The underlying principles of adsorption and membrane processes, the fabrication and characterization of novel composites, and surface functionalization related selectivity to environmental implementations will be the emphasis of this Special Issue. (hindawi.com)
The Swarm was able to record pseudo-action potentials stably across all 24 objectives and provided pharmacological characterization of diverse sodium channel blockers. (frontiersin.org)

Pure-silica MFI-type zeolite membranes were synthesized on porous α-alumina disc substrates with and without an aluminum-containing thin skin on the outer surface of zeolite membrane. (mdpi.com)

An effect of membrane potential on the net passive Na influx can account for the observations. (manchester.ac.uk)

Sodium and water are transported across the cell membrane along with the sugars in this process. (medlineplus.gov)
Being typically a minor component of the cell membrane, they are of utmost importance for biological functions that rely on lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions (Schnaar and Kinoshita 2015 ). (springer.com)

The existence of some advantages such as eco-friendliness, suitable selectivity, excellent efficiency and reasonable cost may increase the popularity of a liquid absorbent for using in the membrane-based gas absorption processes 14 , 24 . (nature.com)
However, significant absorption of sodium sulfacetamide through the skin has been reported. (nih.gov)

Cigarette smoking modifies haemostatic parameters via thrombosis with a consequently higher rate of cardiovascular events, but smoking-induced alterations of platelet membrane fluidity and other changes have not been studied. (nih.gov)

Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)

Sodium sulfacetamide is C 8 H 9 N 2 NaO 3 S·H 2 O with molecular weight of 254.24. (nih.gov)

It is nonselective and has membrane-stabilizing effects that are responsible for CNS depression, seizures, and prolongation of the QRS complex. (medscape.com)

From a physiological and pathophysiological point of view, the conformational states of the sodium channel during heart function constitute a significant aspect for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)

For charged species, an electrical potential is generated by an unequal distribution of ion charges across the membrane because "like" charges will be repelled. (wikibooks.org)
ΔV: Potential in volts across the membrane. (wikibooks.org)
In this paper, we measured the response of Escherichia coli treated with aminoglycosides and discovered that the bactericidal action arises not from the downstream effects of voltage-dependent drug uptake, but rather directly from dysregulated membrane potential. (elifesciences.org)

At the cellular level, a substantial proportion of metabolic rate is associated with the maintenance of ion gradients across membranes( Rolfe and Brown, 1997 ), with one of the most important gradients being the Na + gradient. (silverchair.com)

ENaC is located in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells in particular in the kidney (primarily in the collecting tubule), the lung, the skin, the male and female reproductive tracts and the colon. (wikipedia.org)

American Water Chemicals (AWC®) marks 30 years in the membrane industry with launch of European Division! (membranechemicals.com)
This Special Issue seeks contributions of the composite materials in water and wastewater treatment through applying both adsorption and membrane technology. (hindawi.com)
As an added precaution, membranes can be placed in a pan of water to eliminate any possibility of becoming dry during autoclaving. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy19

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes20

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science3

Health Care1

Proteins10

Epithelial sodium channels2

Hydroxide6

Ions across the plasma membrane2

Fixed membrane potential1

Permeability6

Mucous membranes2

ATPase4

Depolarization2

Chloride1

Blockade1

Side of the membrane1

Lipid bilayer3

Electrode2

Pores5

Molecules10

Potassium2

Fouling2

Pore sizes2

Substances1

Permeable3

Solute1

Plasma4

Cardiac2

Calcium1

Pump3

Inner membrane4

Voltage-gated s2

Overall membrane2

Concentration2

Selective1

Permeate1

Hydrophobic1

Osmotic1

Vesicles1

Cellulose2

Glucose3

Separation7

Channels5

Humans2

Exchanger1

Filtration4

Osmosis1

Increases1

Vanadate3

Subunits1

Fluid2

Characterization2

Outer1

Influx1

Cell2

Absorption2

Alterations1

Passive1

Molecular1

Seizures1

Channel2

Potential3

Metabolic1

Kidney1

Water3