• C3b is potent in opsonization: tagging pathogens, immune complexes (antigen-antibody), and apoptotic cells for phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8 , 11 - 14 Numerous stimuli can drive the activation of the complement system, including apoptotic debris, pathogens, and antibody-antigen complexes, in addition to ischemia-reperfusion injuries associated with organ transplantation. (jrheum.org)
  • A membrane-based antibody array for the parallel determination of the relative levels of selected mouse cytokines and chemokines. (rndsystems.com)
  • The JUN recombinant monoclonal antibody is prepared using a combination of protein technology and DNA recombinant technology. (cusabio.com)
  • Rigorous verification of this antibody is conducted to ensure its accuracy, and it can be utilized for detecting human JUN protein in ELISA, WB, and IHC experiments. (cusabio.com)
  • Additionally, C3b molecules can attach to the Fc regions of antigen-bound antibodies leading to phagocytosis or movement to the liver, where the C3b-tagged immune complex is then destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
  • The Mouse Cytokine Array, Panel A utilizes capture antibodies spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane to allow high-throughput multi-analyte profiling of 40 cytokines, chemokines, and more in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)
  • The key to the success of the complement system in clearing antigens is regulating the effects of C3b to pathogens alone and not healthy, host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complement system is a tightly regulated, cascading protein network representing a key component linking the innate and humoral immune systems. (jrheum.org)
  • The complement system is a tightly regulated, cascading protein network that performs multiple roles in homeostasis and disease prevention and is a key component of both the innate and the humoral immune systems. (jrheum.org)
  • Patients will be evaluated for safety, clinical responses, immune system responses against the vaccine antigens (PAP and AR), as well as immune system changes that correlate with clinical responses. (pcf.org)
  • One of the major reasons behind the limited success of vaccine candidates against all forms of leishmaniasis is the inability of parasitic antigens to induce robust cell-mediated immunity and immunological memory. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and associated risk factors precipitate endothelial injury, leading to HSCT-TMA and other endothelial injury syndromes such as hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, capillary leak syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) can promote the proliferation of multiple cancer cells, corneal endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, which participate in angiogenesis. (molvis.org)
  • YAP expression increased following laser exposure, in accordance with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. (molvis.org)
  • The role of an intact endothelial barrier in sequestering organ-specific antigens from circulating preimmune B cells is discussed. (silverchair.com)
  • nAMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which is the formation of a choroidal neovascular membrane fibrovascular complex that emanates from the choriocapillaris through a defective Bruch's membrane. (molvis.org)
  • Defective gene expression of the membrane complement inhibitor CD46 in patients with progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy. (edu.pl)
  • The most commonly used method for measuring immune cell‑mediated killing is the release assay, where effector cell‑mediated disruption of the target cell membrane results in leakage of its cytoplasmic contents into the culture medium. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • The immune system must distinguish not only between self and non-self, but also between innocuous and pathological foreign antigens to prevent unnecessary or self-destructive immune responses. (nature.com)
  • The team has developed two prostate cancer vaccines, which activate the immune system against two prostate cancer associated proteins - the androgen receptor (AR), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). (pcf.org)
  • Furthermore, if C3b does bind to a host-cell surface, regulators of complement activity (RCAs), a group of genetically-, structurally-, and functionally-related proteins, inactivate the complement component. (wikipedia.org)
  • Simultaneously detect the levels of these cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)
  • The JUN protein is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression in response to a variety of signals, including growth factors, cytokines, and stress. (cusabio.com)
  • Recently, genetic factors linking immunological pathways to predisposition to preeclampsia have been identified. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this mini-review genetic variation in immunological factors are discussed in the context of preeclampsia. (frontiersin.org)
  • 7 - 9 A TMA is called "primary" when a genetic or acquired defect in a complement protein is identified (as in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome [aHUS]) or "secondary" when occurring in the context of another disease process or factor such as infection, autoimmune disease, malignancy, or drugs. (jrheum.org)
  • It forms homodimers or heterodimers with other transcription factors, such as FOS, to bind to specific DNA sequences known as AP-1 sites in the promoter regions of target genes. (cusabio.com)
  • Graves' Disease results from the production of autoantibodies against receptors for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on thyroid epithelial cells, and represents the prototype for numerous autoimmune diseases caused by autoantibodies that bind to organ-specific cell membrane antigens. (silverchair.com)
  • A CD4 + T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. (nature.com)
  • 10 This distinction is not absolute because genetic defects in complement proteins have been identified in secondary TMA. (jrheum.org)
  • The affected patients' genetic backgrounds revealed significant genetic heterogeneity in several genes involved in complement regulation, including the complement factor H, complement factor H-related proteins, complement factor I, complement factor B, complement component 3, and CD46 genes in the alternative complement pathway. (ekjt.org)
  • Given the poor prognosis of posttransplant thrombotic microangiopathy, further research is necessary to improve the diagnosis and treatment protocols based on risk factors or genetic predisposition, and to develop new therapeutic agents. (ekjt.org)
  • Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Preeclampsia is considered a two stage-disease in which poorly perfused placenta produces factor(s) leading to systemic vascular disease and the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in CNV mice without or with YAP siRNA intravitreal injection and the colocalization of PCNA and CD31 were measured with western blotting and immunofluorescent double staining, respectively. (molvis.org)
  • To study how humoral tolerance is normally maintained to organ-specific membrane antigens, transgenic mice were generated selectively expressing membrane-bound hen egg lysozyme (mHEL) on the thyroid epithelium. (silverchair.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the role of LTα in MOG 35-55 -induced EAE using mice deficient in LTα or its membrane receptor, LTβR. (rusimmun.ru)
  • Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. (frontiersin.org)
  • These CD3/CD46-stimulated IL-10-producing CD4 + cells proliferate strongly, suppress activation of bystander T cells and acquire a memory phenotype. (nature.com)
  • CD46), which is ubiquitously expressed and plays a critical role in protecting host cells from damage by the C3b. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we show that co-engagement of CD3 and the complement regulator CD46 in the presence of IL-2 induces a Tr1-specific cytokine phenotype in human CD4 + T cells. (nature.com)
  • Figure 3: Characteristics of CD3/CD46-activated, sorted CD3 + CD4 + CD45RA + CD45RO + T cells. (nature.com)
  • Figure 4: Suppressive and proliferative properties of CD3/CD46-activated CD4 + T cells. (nature.com)
  • IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 by antigen experienced CD4+ T cells, and also enhanced their rate of conversion into their memory phenotypes against Leishvacc antigens. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note: The complete sequence including tag sequence, target protein sequence and linker sequence could be provided upon request. (cusabio.com)
  • These results provide evidence that tolerance is not actively acquired to organ-specific antigens in the preimmune B cell repertoire, underscoring the importance of maintaining tolerance to such antigens by other mechanisms. (silverchair.com)
  • Additionally, C3b plays a role in forming a C3 convertase when bound to Factor B (C3bBb complex), or a C5 convertase when bound to C4b and C2b (C4b2b3b complex) or when an additional C3b molecule binds to the C3bBb complex (C3bBb3b complex). (wikipedia.org)
  • Feng's team have discovered that some prostate cancers become resistant to PARP-inhibitors by gaining mutations that overwrite the original BRCA2 mutation and restore the activity of the BRCA2 protein. (pcf.org)
  • C5b associates with C6, C7, C8, and C9, all of which form a complex that results in a pore through the pathogen's membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • This C3bBb convertase is stabilized by properdin (Factor P) preferentially on microbial surfaces over normal host surfaces, and is now able to cleave many more C3 molecules thus amplifying the signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given the C3 is constantly being turned over in the alternative pathway and its ability to rapidly amplify a signal, these proteins are important in regulating the temporal and spatial effects of C3b to infected tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complex immunobiology of lymphotoxin (LTα) is due to multiple modalities of signal transduction, involving a soluble homotrimer and membrane-bound heterotrimers that engage at least three different receptors. (rusimmun.ru)
  • Figure 1: CD3/CD46 stimulation induces IL-10 production in human peripheral blood CD4 + T lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • 10 Differentiating between a primary complement-mediated process and one triggered by secondary factors is critical since the former is nonresponsive to supportive therapy and has a high risk of recurrence. (jrheum.org)