Membrane proteins blue carrier protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles and then progress through the Golgi complex before delivery to their final destination. (biologists.com)
The N- glycosylation is an essential protein modification taking place in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the plasma membranes in archaea. (biomedcentral.com)
In eukaryotes, the synthesis of the oligosaccharide core is mediated by a lipid carrier called dolichol-phosphate (Dol-P) which is located in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, Fig. 1a ). (biomedcentral.com)

Photosystem II is a multisubunit enzyme embedded in the lipid environment of the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. (goldenssport.com)
[ 3 ] The B fragment binds to a receptor on the surface of the susceptible host cell, which proteolytically cleaves the membrane lipid layer enabling segment A to enter. (medscape.com)
For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
It shares mechanistic similarities based on the use of polyisoprenol lipid carriers with other glycosylation pathways involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall components (e.g. peptidoglycan and teichoic acids). (biomedcentral.com)
1) Design and development of lipid and protein nanostructured carriers, for potential application in drug delivery and nanomedicine. (technion.ac.il)

This table lists all participants of the complex (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids, etc.) and their respective stoichiometry. (yeastgenome.org)
For most applications an acrylamide : bisacrylamide ratio of 29 : 1 or 37.5 : 1 is used (for electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids or proteins). (itwreagents.com)

In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. (lookformedical.com)
It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. (lookformedical.com)
Photosystem II is present on the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis in green plants. (goldenssport.com)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers of biomolecules that play central roles in cell-to-cell communications. (exosome-rna.com)
Yim N, Choi C. (2016) Extracellular vesicles as novel carrier for therapeutic molecules . (exosome-rna.com)
Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
Exosomes are a type of membrane vesicles secreted by living cells. (dovepress.com)

Purification of recombinant proteins is expensive and time consuming, and easily results in modification of proteins by physical or chemical forces. (exosome-rna.com)
Passive loading of recombinant proteins into exosome ex vitro: recombinant proteins can be loaded into exosomes by various methods such as simple incubation, freeze-thawing, sonication, or extrusion. (exosome-rna.com)
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. (rndsystems.com)

The sequence encoded a novel protein rich in alanine (25%) and proline (20%), which contained regions similar to proteins of comparable amino acid composition such as extracellular matrix components or the membrane-cytoskeletal linker synapsin. (lookformedical.com)
Membrane associated CTSB promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, which contributes to cancer motility and invasion. (biolegend.com)
This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase which is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form between cells growing in the presence of extracellular matrix constituents. (genetex.com)

Moreover, LBF-14 was proved to inhibit the proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cell by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane and binding to genomic DNA to prevent transcription. (jcancer.org)
Moreover, BF-30 exerted antibacterial acitivities through enhancing the permeability of cytoplasmic membrane which is superior to the common antibiotics [ 2 ]. (jcancer.org)
previously demonstrated that native BF-30 may selectively inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells via in vitro permeabilization of cytoplasmic membrane and DNA-binding, and exerted the outstanding anti-cancer effects in B16F10-bearing mice [ 4 ]. (jcancer.org)

The trimeric SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) S glycoprotein consisting of three S1-S2 heterodimers binds the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes through a pre- to post-fusion conformation transition. (biolegend.com)
Dennis et al suggest that vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP7) mediates fusion of BLOC-1-dependent transport carriers with melanosomes and that soluble attachment protein receptor (SNARE) recycling from melanosomes is a critical BLOC-3-dependent step. (medscape.com)

The intracellular protein extracts of a fungal strain Pycnoporus sanguineus was used as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize AuNPs with various shapes and dimensions, which present good catalyzing ability on the degradation of 4-nitroaniline [ 11 ]. (springer.com)
High performance NuPage Bis-Tris gels provide a neutral pH environment for the second dimension that reduce in-gel protein degradation. (thermofisher.com)
Loss of vacuole function triggers mitochondrial protein degradation. (elifesciences.org)
Mitochondrial protein degradation is not triggered by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress. (elifesciences.org)
C ) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress does not activate autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)

Because EXPLORs are produced by actively loading of intracellular proteins into EVs using blue light without protein purification steps, they demonstrated that EXPLOR technique significantly improves the loading and delivery efficiency of therapeutic proteins. (exosome-rna.com)
One possible mechanism to explain this observation is that a pool of pre-assembled AMPA receptors can be moved from an intracellular compartment to the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)

The second dimension consists of a conventional SDS-PAGE electrophoretic separation where proteins are differentiated based on their molecular weights. (thermofisher.com)

We suppose that p210 is involved in linking basal bodies to the plasma membrane, which is an important step during ciliogenesis. (lookformedical.com)

In the bacterial reaction center, the electron is obtained from a reduced compound haem group in a cytochrome subunit or from a water-soluble cytochrome-c protein. (goldenssport.com)
Electrons travel through the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I via an electron transport chain within the thylakoid membrane. (goldenssport.com)
After the electron has left Photosystem II it is transferred to a cytochrome b6f complex and then to plastocyanin, a blue copper protein and electron carrier. (goldenssport.com)
This is achieved by oxidizing ubiquinol (ubihydroquinone) which reacts from the membrane phase, reducing cytochrome c in the intermembrane space, and using the free energy change to transport H+ ions across the membrane from the matrix to the inter membrane space. (yeastgenome.org)
The high potential chain, consisting of the iron sulfur protein, cyt c1 and cyt c2, transfers the first electron from quinol to an acceptor (cytochrome oxidase). (yeastgenome.org)

We hypothesize that these proteins are involved in modulating membrane permeability. (frontiersin.org)

Like many Chinese medicinal herbs, licorice root has high content of soluble proteins, some of which are glycated and remain soluble even in the boiling decoction. (springer.com)
They are also excellent for native, nondenaturing applications using soluble proteins. (thermofisher.com)

Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics due to mutations in proteins involved in the fusion-fission machinery represent an important pathogenic mechanism of human diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a cytosolic dynamin-related GTPase, plays a central role in fission by promoting mitochondrial division through its oligomerization into multimeric spiral structures [5]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
2) Structure-function studies of membrane-remodeling proteins that mediate membrane fission and fusion, or display antiviral activity. (technion.ac.il)

Proteins found in any species of algae. (lookformedical.com)
These proteins show similar domain architectures as known organelle-targeted expression regulators of the octotrico peptide repeat type in algae and plants. (frontiersin.org)

Based on proteome annotation and a homology search, 94 proteins associated with the endomembrane system were identified that exhibited significant changes in abundance during grain development. (nature.com)

The interaction is reversible, thus proteins can be detached from exosome membrane as free forms in the lumen of exosomes. (exosome-rna.com)
Energy from PSI drives this process and is harnessed to pump protons across the membrane, into the thylakoid lumen space from the chloroplast stroma. (goldenssport.com)

However, the limited set of chromatophore-encoded solute transporters appears insufficient for supporting metabolic connectivity or protein import. (frontiersin.org)

The DTT-reduced and non-reduced proteins migrate to approximately 100 - 120 kD and 80 -115 kD by SDS-PAGE, respectively. (biolegend.com)
During conventional IEF, amphoteric molecules, like proteins, migrate until they reach a region where the pH of the matrix matches their isoelectric point and they "focus" into sharp bands. (thermofisher.com)

Salts, ionic molecules and ionic detergents interfere with isoelectric focusing and compromise protein separation. (thermofisher.com)

To cause sensitization, a chemical must bind to macromolecules (proteins) in the skin. (cdc.gov)

Photosystem I is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. (goldenssport.com)
Ultimately, the electrons that are transferred by Photosystem I are used to produce the high energy carrier NADPH. (goldenssport.com)

Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. (rndsystems.com)

Blue squares indicate phenotypes directly attributed to mutations/alleles of this gene. (jax.org)
Mutations in the parasite's Kelch 13 (K13) protein compromise the efficacy of this drug. (elifesciences.org)
Artemisinin-resistant parasites contain mutations in the gene encoding the Kelch 13 protein (K13). (elifesciences.org)
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin, which has become a threat to malaria control, has been linked to mutations in the parasite protein K13. (elifesciences.org)

Two critical factors during this dauntingly complex process appear to be the establishment of metabolic connectivity between the symbiotic partners, and the evolution of nuclear control over protein expression levels within the organelle. (frontiersin.org)
Endomembrane organelle maturation requires cargo delivery via fusion with membrane transport intermediates and recycling of fusion factors to their sites of origin. (medscape.com)

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike Protein S1, amino acid Val16-Arg685 (Accession # QHD43416.1), with (HV69-70del, Y144del, N501Y, A570D, P681H) and a C-terminal 8-His tag was expressed in CHO cells. (biolegend.com)
The 678 amino acid recombinant protein has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 76 kD. (biolegend.com)

During development, protein trafficking and storage require an extensive reorganization of the endomembrane system. (nature.com)
Consequently, endomembrane-modifying proteins will influence the final grain quality and yield. (nature.com)
Thus, endomembrane-modifying proteins within the endomembrane system will have an influence on the final grain quality/yield and recombinant protein production. (nature.com)

The researchers further showed the potential of EXPLOR technology as a novel platform of biopharmaceuticals by successful delivery of several functional proteins such as Cre recombinase into the target cells in vitro and in vivo. (exosome-rna.com)

HVEM (herpesvirus entry mediator), also known as TNFRSF14 and CD270, is a type I membrane protein in the TNF receptor superfamily, and it can both promote and inhibit T cell activity (1). (rndsystems.com)
Transport by partitioning is distinct from both bulk flow and receptor-mediated transport, because differently from bulk flow, cargo can be concentrated in transport carriers, yet the concentrating process does not depend on specific cargo receptors ( Fig. 1 and Box 1 ). (biologists.com)

This diagram displays Gene Ontology terms (green) and subunits (blue) that are shared between the given macromolecular complex (black) and other yeast complexes (yellow). (yeastgenome.org)
The origin of the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway is not unique and less straightforward than previously thought: some basic components likely have proteoarchaeal origins, but the pathway was extensively developed before the eukaryotic diversification through multiple gene duplications, protein co-options, neofunctionalizations and even possible horizontal gene transfers from bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, chromatophore-localized biosynthetic pathways as well as multiprotein complexes include proteins of dual genetic origin, suggesting that mechanisms evolved that coordinate gene expression levels between chromatophore and nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
Apparently these chromatophore-targeted proteins evolved convergently to plastid-targeted expression regulators and are likely involved in gene expression control in the chromatophore. (frontiersin.org)

This perspective focuses on two areas that have yielded new useful information during the last 20 years: (i) structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of contact allergy based on the concept of hapten-protein binding and (ii) mechanistic investigations regarding activation of nonsensitizing compounds to contact allergens by air oxidation or skin metabolism. (cdc.gov)

The coat on the budding vesicle comprises two layers, an inner layer of adaptor proteins (gray ovals) and an outer layer that forms a polyhedral cage. (biologists.com)
Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. (sdbonline.org)
The present study unravels a new molecular system for vesicle-based axonal transport of proteins in male and female flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (sdbonline.org)

Researchers at the KAIST Institute have recently proposed a new method so-called exosomes for protein loading via optically reversible protein-protein interaction (EXPLORs) to overcome the limitations. (exosome-rna.com)
Endogenous passive loading by overexpression of proteins: proteins are passively loaded into exosomes in exosome producing cells overexpressing target proteins with low possibilities. (exosome-rna.com)
Exosomes for protein loading using optogenetically reversible protein-protein interaction (EXPLOR): proteins are actively loaded into exosomes under light illumination. (exosome-rna.com)

The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion protein on the outer envelope of the virion that plays a critical role in viral infection by recognizing host cell receptors and mediating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. (biolegend.com)
It imports hundreds of nucleus-encoded proteins, and diverse metabolites are continuously exchanged across the two chromatophore envelope membranes. (frontiersin.org)
Here we show by mass spectrometric analyses of enriched insoluble protein fractions that, unexpectedly, nucleus-encoded transporters are not inserted into the chromatophore inner envelope membrane. (frontiersin.org)

These results indicated that both TRAPPII and Pcs are required for eye development, but Pcs functions as the predominant Rab11-GEF for post-Golgi transport to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres. (sdbonline.org)

The most relevant proteins involved in the mitochondrial fusion process are three GTPase dynamin-like proteins: mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and 2 (MFN2), located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1), in the inner membrane. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Fusion of the outer mitochondrial membrane depends on two GTPase family members: mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2). (centrodinoferrari.com)
The GTPase Rab11 regulates endosomal protein trafficking and previous work has shown that loss of Rab11 caused intestinal inflammation and hyperplasia in mice and flies. (sdbonline.org)

Neurons, with their distinct neurites, require elaborate membrane trafficking pathways and regulation to uphold neurite identity and to be able to respond to neuronal or developmental stimuli. (sdbonline.org)

Type I photosystems use ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors, while type II photosystems ultimately shuttle electrons to a quinone terminal electron acceptor. (goldenssport.com)
Key role in aerobic respiration, in which mitochondrial enzymes accept electrons from electron carriers reduced in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (yeastgenome.org)

There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial proteins are degraded by autophagy in aged cells. (elifesciences.org)

The comparison of several polyisoprenol-based glycosylation pathways from the three domains of life shows that most of the implicated proteins belong to a limited number of superfamilies. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-related proteins and their transcripts are most abundant at early and mid-development. (nature.com)

Using a polyclonal antibody (anti-p210) raised against the C-terminal part of p210, it was shown that the protein was highly enriched in the basal apparatuses. (lookformedical.com)

Snake venom is a mixture of different enzymes and proteins which many of it not harmless to humans, but some are very toxic. (ukessays.com)
As mentioned, snake venom is modified saliva which contains a variety of proteins and enzymes. (ukessays.com)

however, loading of proteins with high molecular weight has been huddled with several problems. (exosome-rna.com)
The results showed that the molecular weight of the obtained NMU recombinant protein was consistent with the expected molecular (13 kDa) and it was expressed in the form of inclusion body. (biomedcentral.com)

Depending on the protein trafficking, PB composition is affected, thereby influencing the qualitative output. (nature.com)
When exposed to biological medium or multiple composition dispersions like herbal decoction, protein corona formed on the nanoparticles (NPs) diversely alters the biological fate and pharmaceutical efficacy of particles [ 10 ]. (springer.com)

CTSB can be secreted by tumor cells and is associated with the cell membrane of these cells. (biolegend.com)
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
Non-transfected (-) and transfected (+) HeLa whole cell extracts (50 μg) were separated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with FAK (phospho Tyr576) antibody (GTX132140) diluted at 1:500. (genetex.com)
FAK (phospho Tyr576) antibody detects FAK (phospho Tyr576) protein at cell membrane by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
Various whole cell extracts (30 μg) were separated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with FAK (phospho Tyr576) antibody (GTX132140) diluted at 1:1000. (genetex.com)
METHODS: The expression of genes and proteins associated with aging was examined using NIH3T3 cell lines. (bvsalud.org)

This process depends on the general physico-chemical features of the cargo membrane protein and on the interactions of these features with the collective properties of the bilayer, instead of the one-to-one intermolecular interactions that exist between discrete signals and their receptors. (biologists.com)

This basic two-step process has been confirmed in most mammalian cells, although its regulation and the repertoire of specific accessory proteins are likely to be highly context dependent. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Wild-type cells were treated with concanamycin A for 4 hr, stained with mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent dyes DiOC 6 ( A ) or TMRM ( B ), and analyzed by flow cytometry. (elifesciences.org)
NIH3T3 senescent cells were detected by senescence-ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-Gal) staining, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p16, p53, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR), p62, and Light Chain 3 (LC3). (bvsalud.org)
Fluorescence was used to detect the expression of monomeric red fluorescence protein-green fluorescence protein-Light Chain 3 (mRFP-GFP-LC3) and LC3 puncta in NIH3T3 cells. (bvsalud.org)

Encapsulation of poisonous alkaloids into self-assembled herbal protein nanoparticles contributes to toxicity attenuation of combined use of herbs, implying a prototype nanostructure and a universal principle for the safer clinical applications of herbal medicines. (springer.com)

Novex IEF Gels can be used to determine the pI or to detect minor changes in a protein due to deamination, phosphorylation, or glycosylation. (thermofisher.com)

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is an established technique for high-resolution profiling of complex protein mixtures. (thermofisher.com)
Analyzing complex protein samples using traditional two-dimensional electrophoresis methods is tedious and time-consuming. (thermofisher.com)
Sample preparation is a fundamental step in any protein analysis workflow, but it is even more crucial in 2DE electrophoresis where no universal method exists. (thermofisher.com)
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis is typically used for separation of proteins, but also DNA (especially to visualize differences between small fragments) can be separated by PAGE. (itwreagents.com)

Expert systems containing information about the relationship between the chemical structure and the ability of chemicals to haptenate proteins are available. (cdc.gov)

Stock solutions can also be prepared at 50 - 100 µg/mL in appropriate sterile buffer, carrier protein such as 0.2 - 1% BSA or HSA can be added when preparing the stock solution. (biolegend.com)
1. Dilute the recombinant mouse Cathepsin B to 10 μg/ml in activation buffer (25 mM MES, 1 mM DTT, pH 5.0) and incubate the protein at 25°C for 3 min. (biolegend.com)
The solubilization buffer is formulated to achieve optimal protein solubilization and prevent precipitation during the rehydration of the IPG strips-supported gel. (thermofisher.com)
For native protein gels, tris-glycine buffer is the first choice. (itwreagents.com)

Concanamycin a treatment causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (elifesciences.org)
We propose that patients with isolated AI or ERED, due to COL17A1 variants, should be considered as potential carriers for JEB and counselled accordingly, reflecting the importance of multidisciplinary care. (bmj.com)
The low potential chain consists of two cyt b hemes, which serve as a pathway through which electrons are transferred across the coupling membrane. (yeastgenome.org)

It has been known that liquiritin from licorice forms complexation with aconitine and therefore reduces the amount of free aconitine [ 7 ], indicating that interactions between aconitine with other major amphiphilic compounds (i.e., protein) from licorice may facilitate the formation of aconitine complex of such kind, too. (springer.com)
This was also significant for being the first 3D crystal structure of any membrane protein complex. (goldenssport.com)
This diagram displays the protein subunits (blue) of the complex and how they interact with each other. (yeastgenome.org)
When available from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), the physical structure of the macromolecular complex is displayed. (yeastgenome.org)

Cereal endosperm is a short-lived tissue adapted for nutrient storage, containing specialized organelles, such as protein bodies (PBs) and protein storage vacuoles (PSVs), for the accumulation of storage proteins. (nature.com)
Together our data identified promising targets to be genetically engineered to modulate seed storage protein accumulation that have a growing role in health and nutritional issues. (nature.com)

Stability Testing for Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Spike Protein S1. (biolegend.com)

In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere. (rndsystems.com)

Anatomy35

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs116

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care2

Endoplasmic reticulum3

Lipid5

Nucleic acids2

Thylakoid membranes3

Vesicles4

Recombinant proteins3

Extracellular matrix3

Cytoplasmic membrane3

Mediates fusion2

Degradation5

Intracellular2

Electrophoretic separation1

Plasma membrane1

Cytochrome5

Permeability1

Soluble2

Fission3

Algae2

Homology1

Lumen2

Solute1

Migrate2

Molecules1

Macromolecules1

Photosystem2

Concentration1

Mutations4

Organelle2

Amino acid2

Endomembrane3

Vitro1

Receptor2

Gene4

Mechanistic1

Vesicle3

Exosomes3

Envelope3

Golgi1

GTPase3

Developmental1

Electron2

Autophagy2

Pathways1

Endosomal1

Polyclonal antibody1

Enzymes2

Molecular weight2

Composition2

Cell6

Receptors1

Cells4

Contributes1

Glycosylation1

Electrophoresis4

Chemicals1

Buffer4

Potential3

Complex4

Accumulation2

Stability1

Contrast1