• In addition to the classification by the IUBMB into four cytochrome classes, several additional classifications such as cytochrome o and cytochrome P450 can be found in biochemical literature. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways: A distinct family of cytochromes is the cytochrome P450 family, so named for the characteristic Soret peak formed by absorbance of light at wavelengths near 450 nm when the heme iron is reduced (with sodium dithionite) and complexed to carbon monoxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biosynthetic pathway leading to the potent antioxidant carnosic acid involves several successive oxidation events catalyzed by two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). (europa.eu)
  • These proteins insert into the inner membrane co-translationally. (nih.gov)
  • They then export some of these proteins as well some mitochondrially-encoded proteins to the inter membrane space, or they insert them into the inner membrane. (tcdb.org)
  • Mitochondria inherited three inner membrane translocases Sec, TAT and Oxa1 (YidC) from its bacterial ancestor. (tcdb.org)
  • These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space , inner membrane , cristae , and matrix . (wikipedia.org)
  • The matrix (space within the inner membrane), which is a fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we propose that succinate has evolved as a signaling modality because its concentration reflects the coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool redox state, a central redox couple confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane. (nature.com)
  • These organelles are surrounded by two membranes and especially the convoluted inner membrane displays a complex ultra-structure. (db-engine.de)
  • Major structure giving elements of the inner membrane are the so-called cristae junctions. (db-engine.de)
  • They are thought to be important for cellular physiology as they help to maintain specific protein composition of inner membrane sub-domains. (db-engine.de)
  • I graduated in April 2017 with a thesis on the mitochondrial membrane protein Cytochrome c Oxidase. (fu-berlin.de)
  • My research interest is to investigate the catalytic cycle of Cytochrome c Oxidase (CcO). (fu-berlin.de)
  • Cytochrome c oxidase or complex IV (CIV) is the terminal enzyme of our respiratory chains. (lido-dtp.ac.uk)
  • 3. Hartley A.M et al (2019) Structure of yeast cytochrome c oxidase in a supercomplex with cytochrome bc1. (lido-dtp.ac.uk)
  • In this case, copper allows the transfer of electrons along the mitochondrial membrane by aiding the cytochrome-c oxidase protein in accepting electrons. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome B558 are required for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase (necessary for superoxide production). (lu.se)
  • Photosystem II, the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis, contains a cytochrome b subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Internal lipids mediate crosslinking to stabilize the domain-swapped iron-sulfur protein subunit, dielectric heterogeneity within intermonomer and intramonomer electron transfer pathways, and dimer stabilization through lipid-mediated intermonomer interactions. (rcsb.org)
  • This study provides a complete structure analysis of lipid-mediated functions in a multi-subunit membrane protein complex and reveals lipid sites at positions essential for assembly and function. (rcsb.org)
  • Cytochrome bc1, a dimeric multi-subunit electron-transport protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is a major drug target for the treatment and prevention of malaria and toxoplasmosis. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Our data indicate that OCIAD1 is required for maintenance of normal steady state levels of Complex III and the proteolytic processing of the catalytic subunit cytochrome c 1 (CYC1). (biorxiv.org)
  • The flavin together with the iron-sulfur clusters function to mediate electron transfer from the dicarboxylate binding site on the Fp subunit to the membrane-anchor domain where quinone is reduced to quinol. (lu.se)
  • Flavinylation of Fp in B. subtilis does not require the Ip subunit or the membrane anchor but depends on folding of the Fp polypeptide into a state that can bind FAD and subsequent mediate covalent binding of the FAD [3, 4]. (lu.se)
  • In the Fp subunit of SQR, and the closely related membrane-associated fumarate reductase of anaerobic organisms, FAD is covalently attached via an 8α-N(3)-histidyl linkage to a histidine (His) in a conserved sequence in the N-terminal part of the polypeptide. (lu.se)
  • 2022 ). The YidC transmembrane (TM) groove is essential for a high- affinity interaction, and the hydrophilic nature of the YidC groove plays an important role in protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane bilayer to the periplasmic side. (tcdb.org)
  • sphaeroides, solar energy is converted via coupled electron and proton transfer reactions within the intracytoplasmic membranes (ICMs), infoldings of the cytoplasmic membrane that form spherical 'chromatophore' vesicles. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The Sec translocase which provides a major pathway of protein translocation from the cytosol across the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria is best investigated in Escherichia coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, a dual localization of SecY protein in both cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 was reported [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We observed that the WNV-Cp protein is a pathogenic protein, which drives apoptosis in vitro through the mitochodrial/caspase-9 pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • This pathway is highly suited as a read out of the effect of membrane composition on membrane-bound complex performance in yeast. (europa.eu)
  • Capitalizing on the existing expertise in reconstruction of carnosic acid in yeast, I applied an interdisciplinary approach that involve metabolic engineering, lipid biochemistry and biophysics to study the role of membrane lipid composition on the CYPs activity and the assembly of the metabolic complex involved in this pathway. (europa.eu)
  • In this Commentary, I review evidence in favor of the idea that partitioning of TMDs into bilayer domains that are endowed with distinct physico-chemical properties plays a pivotal role in the transport of membrane proteins within the early secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • The combination of such self-organizational phenomena with canonical intermolecular interactions is most likely to control the release of membrane proteins from the ER into the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • This latter export pathway requires the membrane potential. (tcdb.org)
  • The chloroplast albino 3 (ALB3) protein appears to integrate the light harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein into thylakoid membranes using a pathway that is distinct from the chloroplast Sec translocation pathway. (tcdb.org)
  • Metallic nickel nano- and fine particles induce JB6 cell apoptosis through a caspase-8/AIF mediated cytochrome c-independent pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • Apoptotic cell death induced by metallic nickel particles in JB6 cells is through a caspase-8/AIF mediated cytochrome c-independent pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • We propose the complex is a trapped catalytic intermediate in the cytochrome c biogenesis process, at the point of heme transfer from CcmE to the cytochrome, the key step in the maturation pathway. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Because proteins are often functional only as members of stable protein complexes, the PRO Consortium, in collaboration with existing protein and pathway databases, has launched a new initiative to implement logical and consistent representation of protein complexes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BCL2 proteins are described as 'crucial regulators of apoptosis' (PMID:15868100)and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which results in the activation of caspases (15102863) - help in generating a defintion for intrinsic apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. (geneontology.org)
  • Complex III itself is composed of several subunits, one of which is a b-type cytochrome while another one is a c-type cytochrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dimeric photosynthetic cytochrome b6f complex, a 16-mer of eight distinct subunits and 26 transmembrane helices, catalyzes transmembrane proton-coupled electron transfer for energy storage. (rcsb.org)
  • 2007 ). Several Oxa1-type insertases in the ER serve as catalytically active core subunits in the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), the guided entry of tail-anchored (GET) and the GET- and EMC-like (GEL) complex. (tcdb.org)
  • Mitochondrial TAT transports folded proteins in those eukaryotes with TatA and TatC subunits encoded in the mitochondrial genome. (tcdb.org)
  • It is a large membrane protein (200kDa) composed of 14 subunits. (lido-dtp.ac.uk)
  • If the membrane-anchor is missing or defective, Fp and Ip subunits accumulate as soluble proteins in the cytoplasm. (lu.se)
  • The iron in cytochromes usually exists in a ferrous (Fe2+) and a ferric (Fe3+) state with a ferroxo (Fe4+) state found in catalytic intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
  • New technologies for purifying membrane-bound protein complexes in combination with cryo-electron microscopy (EM) have recently allowed the exploration of such complexes under near-native conditions. (researchgate.net)
  • Many conserved proteins of the bacterial DNA uptake machineries are similar to components of protein secretion and type IV pilus biogenesis systems and often play a dual role ( Hobbs and Mattick, 1993 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • These bacterial 'organelles' are ideal model systems for studying how the organisation of the photosynthetic complexes therein shape membrane architecture. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Eukaryotic genomes are known to have garnered innovations from both archaeal and bacterial domains but the sequence of events that led to the complex gene repertoire of eukaryotes is largely unresolved. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
  • The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thirteen protomers form a large periplasmic domain of six stacked rings and a secretin domain in the outer membrane. (elifesciences.org)
  • The size of the complex, its oligomeric state and the structures of its periplasmic N-terminal domains vary considerably between organisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • The N-terminal domains of secretins consist of copies of stacked rings which form a periplasmic channel that connects to IM-associated proteins, forming a multi-component secretion system. (elifesciences.org)
  • Homologues of the yeast Oxa1 protein are found in chloroplasts of plants and in a wide variety of bacteria. (tcdb.org)
  • The Sec translocase, an example for "conservative sorting" in the course of evolution, is found in the plasma membrane of all prokaryotes, in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and in both these membrane types of cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The envelope translocase can be envisaged as a prokaryotic feature missing in higher plant chloroplasts but retained in cyanelles, likely for protein transport to the periplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyanobacteria, the ancestors of chloroplasts are prokaryotes with an endomembrane system in addition to the envelope membrane(s). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclooxygenase 2, an enzyme involved in inflammation, is a cytochrome b protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Annular lipids are proposed to provide a connection for super-complex formation with the photosystem-I reaction center and the LHCII kinase enzyme for transmembrane signaling. (rcsb.org)
  • Then biochemical assays such as oxidative phosphorylation activity by respiratory chain enzymes were used to characterize enzyme disorders (eg, complex 1 or complex 3 deficiencies). (medlink.com)
  • Succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is both a Krebs´ citric acid cycle enzyme and a component (Complex II) of the respiratory chain in aerobic cells. (lu.se)
  • In Gram-negative bacteria this machinery spans the entire periplasm and connects the inner (IM) and outer membranes (OM), mediating DNA binding on the cell surface and subsequent translocation through the periplasm into the cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • The OM-embedded C-terminal secretin domain likely provides an aperture for DNA and protein translocation through the OM, connecting the periplasm to the extracellular environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • The respiratory chain in aerobic organisms is composed of a number of membrane-bound protein complexes that link electron transfer to proton translocation across the membrane. (bvsalud.org)
  • This SecYEG complex and the hydrophilic protein SecA, which acts as the translocation ATPase, are the primary components of the Sec translocation machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondrial fission factor, also known as Mff, is a tail-anchored, outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is part of a complex process controlling mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in conjunction with Drp1 and Fis1 (Schrader and Yoon, 2007). (antibodiesinc.com)
  • The novel tail-anchored membrane protein Mff controls mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in mammalian cells. (phosphosolutions.com)
  • Candidate passengers are cytochrome c 6 and enzymes of peptidoglycan metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Structural studies of cytochrome bc1 from mammalian homologues co-crystallized with lead compounds have underpinned structure-based drug design to develop compounds with higher potency and selectivity. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • However, owing to the limited amount of cytochrome bc1 that may be available from parasites, all efforts have been focused on homologous cytochrome bc1 complexes from mammalian species, which has resulted in the failure of some drug candidates owing to toxicity in the host. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • A Single Adaptable Cochaperone-Scaffold Complex Delivers Nascent Iron-Sulfur Clusters to Mammalian Respiratory Chain Complexes I-III. (nih.gov)
  • We also observed that expression of Cp protein in mouse muscle resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • More importantly, direct in vivo expression of WNV-Cp protein in mouse brain resulted in an induction of apoptosis similar to what is observed in natural infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Fission can be greatly accelerated when cytochrome c is released during apoptosis (Desagher and Martinou, 2000). (antibodiesinc.com)
  • The reason for this behaviour most probably is apoptosis preceded by mitochondrial fragmentation and loss of membrane potential. (bioblast.at)
  • does all activation of caspases require other proteins also involved in apoptosis - therefore shouldn't this term be a part of apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
  • how to decide whether a protein is involved in '+ve reg of apoptosis or induction ([GO:0006917])?emily. (geneontology.org)
  • Complex IV contains a cytochrome a/a3-domain that transfers electrons and catalyzes the reaction of oxygen to water. (wikipedia.org)
  • These data help to elucidate the mechanisms by which hyperthermophilic crenarchaea generate energy and transfer electrons across the membrane to iron oxide minerals. (umass.edu)
  • The PufX polypeptide creates a channel that allows the lipid soluble electron carrier quinol, produced by RC photochemistry, to diffuse to the cytochrome bc1 complex, where quinols are oxidised to quinones, with the liberated protons used to generate a transmembrane proton gradient and the electrons returned to the RC via cytochrome c2. (uea.ac.uk)
  • In mitochondria, the final electron acceptor, complex IV (CIV), receives electrons from dimeric complex III (CIII2), via a mobile electron carrier, cytochrome c. (bvsalud.org)
  • The formation of cytochrome-c, copper, and iron-heme are termed Complex IV which is the final electron acceptor where it passes the electrons to molecular oxygen. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytochrome function is linked to the reversible redox change from ferrous (Fe(II)) to the ferric (Fe(III)) oxidation state of the iron found in the heme core. (wikipedia.org)
  • My thesis explored how applying different electrical potentials to this protein affects the redox states of the metals inside it, and how this leads to structural changes in its structure. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Mitchell, P. Protonmotive redox mechanism of the cytochrome b - c 1 complex in the respiratory chain: protonmotive ubiquinone cycle. (nature.com)
  • Mitochondria import nuclearly-encoded proteins, made in the cell cytoplasm, into the mitochondrial matrix where their mitochondrial targeting sequences are removed by proteolysis. (tcdb.org)
  • Interestingly, although an up-regulation of cytochrome c was detected in the mitochondria of metallic nickel particle-treated cells, no cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm was found. (cdc.gov)
  • Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and may also be important in the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)
  • in dying cells, hBok becomes firmly integrated into the mito membrane (whereas in healthy cells it is mainly located in the cytoplasm). (geneontology.org)
  • 2018 ). Through YidC, proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer via the SecYEG-dependent complex, but YidC functions as a chaperone in protein folding processes. (tcdb.org)
  • MemProtMD simulation of Structural analysis of atovaquone-inhibited cytochrome bc1 complex reveals the molecular basis of antimalarial drug action in a lipid bilayer at both coarse-grained and atomistic respresentation, including both file download and analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using a 2.5 Å crystal structure of the dimeric complex, we identified 23 distinct lipid-binding sites per monomer. (rcsb.org)
  • sphaeroides, light-harvesting 2 (LH2) complexes transfer absorbed excitation energy to dimeric reaction centre (RC)-LH1-PufX complexes. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Reducing equivalents produced in the Krebs cycle and in the beta-oxidation spirals are passed along a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (the electron transport chain). (medlink.com)
  • The electron transport chain consists of 4 multimeric complexes (I to IV) plus 2 small electron carriers, coenzyme Q10 (or ubiquinone) and cytochrome c . (medlink.com)
  • It mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (researchgate.net)
  • It can also translocate to plasma membrane ruffles upon stimulation with growth-factors. (medscape.com)
  • Megalin is internalized by endocytosis and delivered to vacuolar endosomes, which then sort megalin into recycling tubules and deliver it back to the plasma membrane, thus keeping an abundant number of megalin receptors at the apical surface of PTC for further endocytosis and recycling. (medscape.com)
  • Four types of cytochromes are distinguished by their prosthetic groups: There is no "cytochrome e," but cytochrome f, found in the cytochrome b6f complex of plants is a c-type cytochrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. (lookformedical.com)
  • With the full complement of prosthetic groups they are then bound to the heme-containing membrane-anchor to form the active SQR. (lu.se)
  • To identify ribosome-associated biogenesis factors for the OXPHOS system, we purified ribosomes and associated proteins from mitochondria. (nih.gov)
  • We identified TMEM223 as a ribosome-associated protein involved in complex IV biogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, we show that SMIM4 together with C12ORF73 interacts with newly synthesized cytochrome b to support initial steps of complex III biogenesis in complex with UQCC1 and UQCC2. (nih.gov)
  • Our analyses define the interactome of the human mitochondrial ribosome and reveal novel assembly factors for complex III and IV biogenesis that link early assembly stages to the translation machinery. (nih.gov)
  • 2005 ). Knock out mutants in the human mitochondrial Oxa1 impairs biogenesis of the F-type ATPase and the NADH dehydrogenase complex I, but not complexes III and IV ( Stiburek et al . (tcdb.org)
  • A pivotal heme-transfer reaction intermediate in cytochrome c biogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to cytochrome-c protein function, this mineral is needed for its cellular biogenesis. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • It is unexpected that B. subtilis SQR without covalently bound FAD is not assembled in the E. coli membrane provided that all other aspects of assembly, including iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, are functional in the heterologous system. (lu.se)
  • SQR consists of a membrane-peripheral heterodimer domain (often called succinate dehydrogenase) which is tightly bound to a membrane-spanning anchor, which is a cytochrome with one or two heme groups depending on the organism. (lu.se)
  • SCOP: Structural Classification of Proteins and ASTRAL. (berkeley.edu)
  • SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
  • Our results provide a structural basis for the close kinetic coupling between RC-LH1-PufX and cytochrome bc1 observed by spectroscopy, and explain how quinols/quinones and cytochrome c2 shuttle on a millisecond timescale between these complexes, sustaining efficient photosynthetic electron flow. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Condensin is a structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex family member thought to build mitotic chromosomes by DNA loop extrusion. (bvsalud.org)
  • For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
  • Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy, exact structure of the heme group, inhibitor sensitivity, and reduction potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • The role of lipids in the assembly, structure, and function of hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes is poorly understood. (rcsb.org)
  • To create particular shaped cells and cell organelles, membranes must undergo deformations which are determined by the structure and elasticity of the membrane and this process is most probable driven by proteins, lipids and/or interplay of both. (db-engine.de)
  • In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, a globular cytochrome cc protein is involved in the electron transfer from the membrane-bound complex III to complex IV. (wikipedia.org)
  • To identify determinants of mETC function, we screened a genome-wide human CRISPRi library under oxidative metabolic conditions with selective inhibition of mitochondrial Complex III and identified OCIA domain-containing protein 1 (OCIAD1) as a Complex III assembly factor. (biorxiv.org)
  • Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles of endosymbiotic origin that produce most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) ( Mitchell, 2011 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Bacteria also export (to the periplasm) N-tails of membrane proteins synthesized without leader sequences by a Sec (Type IIPS)-independent mechanism. (tcdb.org)
  • The overall goal of this project was to decipher the molecular limitations of reconstructing this complex in yeast cells and to by-pass current restrictions to achieve improved production yields for further applications. (europa.eu)
  • Thus, I aimed to mimic the phospholipid composition of plant ER membrane in yeast and evaluate the activity of the two plant CYPs expressed in this host and their interactions with a suitable reductase (POR). (europa.eu)
  • The homothallic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes sexual differentiation when starved, but sam (skips the requirement of starvation for mating) mutants such as those carrying mutations in adenylate cyclase (cyr1) or protein kinase A (pka1) mate without starvation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cellular location of cytochromes depends on their function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Logical and semantic access to related protein forms is critical for advancing bioinformatics approaches to representing, modeling, and reasoning about complex biological systems at the genomic and cellular level [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ProComp leverages, and cross references, entries in existing protein-centric informatics resources, including the protein complexes that are represented in the Cellular Component branch of the Gene Ontology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The research for my thesis focused on studying the interactions between nanoparticles and cellular membranes in an attempt to understand potentially toxic effects of nanoparticles. (columbiabasin.edu)
  • We are interested in recruiting highly motivated and creative Postdocs and PhD students to study the fascinating molecular organization of cellular membranes. (db-engine.de)
  • The Meinecke lab focuses on the in vitro reconstitution of processes at and across cellular membranes. (db-engine.de)
  • Cellular component GO terms and their p-values for co-expressed proteins. (lu.se)
  • [ 2 ] and (2) Mehta ZB, Pietka G, Lowe M. The cellular and physiological functions of the Lowe syndrome protein OCRL1. (medscape.com)
  • SecB, binds to candidate proteins preventing them to complete folding prior to export. (biomedcentral.com)
  • p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1. (lu.se)
  • The mETC is comprised of a series of four large inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) complexes (CI-CIV) that assemble into supercomplexes of defined stoichiometry ( Letts and Sazanov, 2017 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • This process depends on the general physico-chemical features of the cargo membrane protein and on the interactions of these features with the collective properties of the bilayer, instead of the one-to-one intermolecular interactions that exist between discrete signals and their receptors. (biologists.com)
  • Protein complexes are distinguished from protein-protein interactions in that they are continuant entities, i.e. they endure or continue to exist through time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the general sequence of SNARE complex formation is well-established, our knowledge on. (researchgate.net)
  • This will enable formation of multi-molecular complexes (metabolons) responsible for efficient metabolic channeling and coordinated processing of substrates and intermediates. (europa.eu)
  • The research described here also help address basic scientific questions on the molecular regulation and biochemical understanding of the role of membrane composition on functionality of membrane-associated proteins of plant origin that may be involved in formation of yet questionable metabolic complexes or metabolons. (europa.eu)
  • Moreover, I aimed to identify the composition, protein stoichiometry and dynamics of the putative complex and the possible interdependence of the presence of CYP/POR partners on metabolon formation, function and regulation. (europa.eu)
  • Immunoprecipitation (IP) western blot analysis demonstrated the formation of the Fas-related death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in the apoptotic process. (cdc.gov)
  • Formation of the complex from holo-CcmE occurs in vivo and in vitro and involves the specific heme-binding residues of both CcmE and apocytochrome c. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pretreatment of cells with the strong nucleophile, 2-mercaptoethanol, prevented the formation of PE-lipoxidated proteins and blocked ferroptotic death. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, our docking simulations showed that the truncated PE species bound at least as good to several of the lantibiotic-identified proteins, as compared to the non-truncated parent molecule, stearoyl-arachidonoyl PE (SAPE), indicating that these oxidatively-truncated species favor/promote the formation of PEox-protein adducts. (cdc.gov)
  • The latter are referred to as essential amino acids and therefore must be obtained from protein in the diet. (w8mdspa.com)
  • Pertaining to the putting together of complex substances from simples ones, especially to the building of muscle protein from amino acids. (w8mdspa.com)
  • These genomes reveal diverse mobile elements, including an integrative viral genome that bidirectionally replicates in a circular form and aloposons, transposons that encode the 5,000 amino acid-sized proteins Otus and Ephialtes. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
  • The coat on the budding vesicle comprises two layers, an inner layer of adaptor proteins (gray ovals) and an outer layer that forms a polyhedral cage. (biologists.com)
  • PMID:14996496, table 1 provides links to papers that describe subcellular location of many pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. (geneontology.org)
  • The regulation of such responses in complex metabolic environments is poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • A crack or slit that develops in the mucous membrane of the anus, often as a result of a constipated person pushing to expel hardened stool. (w8mdspa.com)
  • A family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. (lookformedical.com)
  • Fig. 2: Succinate controls mitochondrial superoxide production through mitochondrial complex I. (nature.com)
  • Predicted to be integral component of membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike membrane remodeling in classical curvature-dependent processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis, cristae junctions are most likely shaped by integral membrane proteins. (db-engine.de)
  • This short, tubular membrane segments connect the flat inner boundary membrane with the morphological dynamic cristae membranes. (db-engine.de)
  • Four varieties are recognized by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB), cytochromes a, cytochromes b, cytochromes c and cytochrome d. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the early 1960s, a linear evolution of cytochromes was suggested by Emanuel Margoliash that led to the molecular clock hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a few reports on the role of molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins in the salivary glands of ticks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using bioinformatics methods to analyze the dynamic changes of a large number of proteins, we found that molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins play an important role in the physiological changes of the salivary glands. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By analyzing these changes, some proteins, such as molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins, were screened and RNAi carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm. (lookformedical.com)
  • A molecular understanding of how this membrane is shaped is missing to a large extent. (db-engine.de)
  • Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)
  • The low number of megalin at the PTC apical border explains the reduced endocytosis of low-molecular weight proteins that occur in Lowe syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Proximity between cytochrome bc1 and RC-LH1-PufX minimises quinone/quinol/cytochrome c2 diffusion distances within this protein-crowded membrane, however this distance has not yet been measured. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Cristae junctions are rather uniform with inner diameters between 15 - 35 nm and hence display high degrees of membrane curvature. (db-engine.de)
  • Here, cristae junctions need to open to mobilize cytochrome c that is usually stored in intra-cristae spaces. (db-engine.de)
  • At least some of these proteins are likely to be found within the MICOS complex (mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system). (db-engine.de)
  • They contain heme covalently bound to protein in a highly conserved, highly stereospecific post-translational modification. (ox.ac.uk)
  • SQR in E. coli and B. subtilis can be assembled in the membrane without covalently bound FAD but are enzymatically inactive [3, 4, 6]. (lu.se)
  • Notably, certain B. subtilis mutants with mutated Fp lack covalently bound flavin and do not assemble the SQR polypeptides in the membrane [3]. (lu.se)
  • In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
  • The Sec translocase is one of the examples of "conservative sorting", i.e. the retainment of prokaryotic preprotein translocases in the membranes of endosymbiont-derived organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To cause sensitization, a chemical must bind to macromolecules (proteins) in the skin. (cdc.gov)
  • At least for those proteins that contain their N-termini in the intermembrane space, export is mediated by the Oxa1p export machinery. (tcdb.org)