Membrane organization segregation of cell membrane proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Predicted to act upstream of or within chromatin organization and chromosome segregation. (nih.gov)
Heterochromatin is associated with transcriptional gene silencing and with centromeric functions in chromosome segregation. (emerging-researchers.org)
While swi6-sm1 cells are defective in gene silencing, they display wild-type-like binding to H3K9me2/3 and supporting of chromosome segregation. (emerging-researchers.org)
Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome composed of double-stranded DNA, whereas eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes composed of chromatin, all surrounded by a nuclear membrane. (openstax.org)
Our researchers are using the above approaches to gain groundbreaking insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying a wide range of fundamental cellular processes such as chromosome segregation and cell division, signal transduction, protein quality control and degradation, viral infection, RNA processing, post-transcriptional regulation, ciliogenesis, and muscle contraction. (viennabiocenter.org)
X-inactivation ensures that females, like males, have only one active copy of the X chromosome in each body cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Usually X-inactivation occurs randomly, so that each X chromosome is active in about half the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
In the meiosis of many species, the process of chromosome segregation requires that bipolar spindles be formed without the aid of dedicated microtubule organizing centers, such as centrosomes. (nsf.gov)

These proteins are marked for degradation by addition of the small protein ubiquitin to their cytoplasmic domains, the attached tag acting as a sorting signal for the multivesicular body pathway. (cam.ac.uk)
The final stage of the mitotic phase is cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic components of the daughter cells are separated either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell plate formation (plant cells). (openstax.org)
In addition, the cytoplasmic contents are divided evenly and distributed to the new cells. (openstax.org)
into the cytoplasmic membrane. (survivinsignaling.com)
The TCR signalling cascade is initiated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosines of the TCR/CD3 complex by the Src-family kinases Lck or Fyn which are anchored in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
Numerous intracellular signalling proteins interact with plasma membrane lipids of the cytoplasmic leaflet via specific lipid headgroup-binding domains. (biomedcentral.com)
Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. (embl.de)
Menaquinones are constituents of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)

Additionally, the two leaflets of biological membranes are asymmetric and divided into subdomains composed of specific proteins or lipids, allowing spatial segregation of biological processes associated with membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Local curvature of the membrane can be caused by the asymmetry and non-bilayer organization of lipids as discussed above. (wikipedia.org)
These include (i) specific interactions with membrane lipids, (ii) the effect of bilayer thickness and lipid packing on the structural organization of membranes, and (iii) the crosstalk of proteins and lipids in determining membrane surface properties and shape. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Moreover, membrane proteins and lipids segregate at contact sites formed between distinct organelles, or pathogens and host organelles during infection. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
This project takes a broad approach to identify principles controlling the functional plasticity of lipid exchange at membrane contact sites, including lipid droplets, with a primary focus on sterols and storage lipids. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
In addition to lateral segregation, all biological membranes expose an asymmetry in composition between the inner cytosolic and the outer membrane leaflets that is both actively maintained (e.g. by flippases or asymmetric biosysnthesis and degradation of lipids) and partly passively underpinned by membrane curvature and specific protein-lipid interactions. (frontiersin.org)
Cytosolic proteins that are associated with the plasma membranes are often localized based on their interaction with membrane lipids such as the phosphoinositides. (mechanobio.info)
Such segregation is seldom available from the budgetary cost system, lysozyme, gly- coproteins, and lipids from saliva and gingival cervic- ular fluid. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)

Misfolded proteins are frequently degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum, but once proteins leave the ER the main route to destruction is via the multivesicular body pathway to lysosomes or vacuoles. (cam.ac.uk)
I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
Proteins that are destined for the endoplasmic reticulum also carry a signal peptide. (mechanobio.info)

Another form of asymmetry was shown by the work of Mouritsen and Bloom in 1984, where they proposed a Mattress Model of lipid-protein interactions to address the biophysical evidence that the membrane can range in thickness and hydrophobicity of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Trans interactions of Eph receptors with ephrins at cell-cell interfaces promote a variety of cellular responses, including repulsion, attraction and migration. (silverchair.com)
I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Inspired by this natural perfect behavior, bottom-up approaches are on focus to develop artificial cell-like structures, crucial for understanding relevant bioprocesses and interactions or to produce tailored solutions in the field of therapeutics and diagnostics. (unibas.ch)
By combining biochemistry research, biophysics research, and state-of-the-art structural methods, scientists are resolving macromolecular complexes at atomic resolution, reconstituting multi-component complexes in vitro, studying protein-ligand interactions, and observing molecular machines in action. (viennabiocenter.org)
All these reports highlighted protein-protein interactions as critical driving force of TCR signalling complex formation. (biomedcentral.com)
However specific lipid-mediated interactions at the T cell plasma membrane bilayer are also a central functional element in early TCR signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
These interactions and their essential functional consequences for cell surface receptor signalling reactions are excellently reviewed in [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Interactions between immune cells such as T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are integral for mounting an adaptive immune response. (lu.se)
In the first part of this thesis I show that interactions between DGS-NTA(Ni) and the T cells can lead to, unwanted, T cell signaling. (lu.se)
The DGS-NTA(Ni) signaling was argued to be due to TCR-DGS-NTA(Ni) interactions and stressed the importance of adequately blocking these interactions in T cell activation studies. (lu.se)
In the second part of the thesis, a new method to measure the two-dimensional dissociation constant (2D Kd) of ligand-receptor interactions on single cells is presented. (lu.se)

The role of SUN3 in the ER is reinforced by the identification of a protein interaction between SUN3 and the ER membrane-bound transcription factor maMYB. (brookes.ac.uk)
Individual M region domains make complex contributions to cell adhesion through their impact on interaction partner recruitment, and redundancies with the function of Canoe. (bvsalud.org)
FN2 is followed by a transmembrane (TM) helix, and an intracellular part consisting of a juxtamembrane (JM) region with several conserved tyrosine (Y) residues, a tyrosine kinase domain, a sterile-α motif (SAM) protein-protein interaction domain, and a C-terminal Psd-95, Dlg and ZO1 domain (PDZ)-binding motif ( Pasquale, 2008 ). (silverchair.com)
the complex is then targeted to the ER membrane by the interaction with the SRP receptor (3). (mechanobio.info)
A genetic interaction is inferred when mutations or deletions in separate genes, each of which alone causes a minimal phenotype, result in lethality when combined in the same cell under a given condition. (thebiogrid.org)
Laminin-5-integrin interaction signals through PI 3-kinase and Rac1b to promote assembly of adherens junctions in HT-29 cells. (xenbase.org)
The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
Video microscopy technology resolving single molecule movement was employed to monitor the dynamic interaction of membrane-associated signalling proteins with TCR signalling clusters in plasma membrane domains. (biomedcentral.com)
The interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on a contacting T cell and APC, is widely accepted to be the key interaction. (lu.se)
If the interaction is favourable, then T cell activation occurs. (lu.se)
A large pool of research has been aimed at characterizing this interaction by measuring the binding kinetics and relating it to the T cell response. (lu.se)
Adhesion molecule pairs of similar height as TCR-pMHC have been argued to facilitate the TCR-pMHC interaction by physically keeping the opposing membranes at an optimal distance for binding. (lu.se)
This indicates that TCR-pMHC binding in cell contacts depends significantly on the local environment and not only on the protein-protein interaction per se. (lu.se)
Cadherins are evolutionary related to the desmogleins which are component of intercellular desmosome junctions involved in the interaction of plaque proteins. (embl.de)

It has been demonstrated that chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes, is important to nuclear mechanics and structures. (emerging-researchers.org)
ParABS partition systems, comprising the centromere-like DNA sequence parS, the parS -binding ParB-CTPase and the nucleoid-binding ParA-ATPase, ensure faithful segregation of bacterial chromosomes and low-copy-number plasmids. (biorxiv.org)
Faithful segregation of replicated chromosomes is essential for efficient proliferation of cells. (biorxiv.org)
The 46 chromosomes of human somatic cells are composed of 22 pairs of autosomes (matched pairs) and a pair of sex chromosomes, which may or may not be matched. (openstax.org)
Chromosomes are compacted using a variety of mechanisms during certain stages of the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
The condensing complex compacts chromosomes, and the resulting condensed structure is necessary for chromosomal segregation during mitosis. (openstax.org)
Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is permanently turned off (inactivated) in somatic cells (cells other than egg and sperm cells). (medlineplus.gov)

The biological model, which was devised by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components. (wikipedia.org)
During the 1970s, it was acknowledged that individual lipid molecules undergo free lateral diffusion within each of the layers of the lipid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Both the membrane asymmetry and the lateral partitioning into so-called ordered and disordered membrane domains play an important role for the sorting and trafficking of membrane constituents to the cell plasma membrane, enable the proximity of cascading molecules for efficient signaling, provide a directionality for cell growth, sensing, and migration, or affect endocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
The aim of this topical issue is to decipher the role of heterogeneities in biomembranes, ranging from physical mechanisms for lateral membrane domain formation and dynamics, the structure and dynamics of domain interfaces, the registration of inner and outer membrane leaflets in domain formation, the regulation of the composition of biomembrane domains, and in particular the functional integration of the different membrane phases into cellular physiology and immune processes. (frontiersin.org)
how does the cell make use of membrane nano- and microdomains and what are the physical mechanisms governing lateral membrane segregation and interleaflet coupling? (frontiersin.org)
Early T cell signalling reactions are embedded in the complex and dynamic lipid bilayer matrix of the T cell plasma membrane and are critically defined by their lateral compartmentalisation in plasma membrane domains [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Another way to define membrane domains is the association of the lipid membrane with the cytoskeleton filaments and the extracellular matrix through membrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
When immune cells leave the blood they have to adopt their cytoskeleton and plasma membrane to attach to blood vessels and leave the vasculature without perturbing blood vessel integrity. (frontiersin.org)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
Originally demonstrated to control the dynamics of the F- actin cytoskeleton , Rho GTPases have been implicated in many basic cellular processes that influence cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, survival, or secretion. (xenbase.org)
These parasites exhibit an atypical cytoskeleton organized around a membranous structure named "inner membrane complex" (IMC) and composed of flattened sacs, and a meshwork of intermediate filament-like proteins, which connects the plasma membrane to the cortical microtubules. (cnrs.fr)
The TJ consists of transmembrane proteins occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), which are organized in intramembranous strands and are linked to the F-actin cytoskeleton either directly or indirectly through members of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family of proteins ZO-1, -2, and -3. (rupress.org)

Cells lose their apical membrane and epithelial adherens junctions during ingression. (bvsalud.org)
For example, in epithelial cells, which are polarized, protein composition at the apical membrane is very different from that at the basolateral membrane. (mechanobio.info)

The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)

Not much is known about the lipid biosynthesis of tetraether membranes which confer extremophilic characteristics to archaea. (basyc.nl)
My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
Major downstream targets include fatty acid and lipid metabolism, protein and nucleotide biosynthesis. (unibas.ch)

More dramatic and functional curvature is achieved through BAR domains, which bind to phosphatidylinositol on the membrane surface, assisting in vesicle formation, organelle formation and cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Curvature development is in constant flux and contributes to the dynamic nature of biological membranes. (wikipedia.org)

Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
We then present the state-of-the-art techniques for assembling the supramolecular structure while permitting the encapsulation of active compounds and the incorporation of peptides/membrane proteins, essential to support in situ reactions, e.g., to replicate intracellular signaling cascades. (unibas.ch)
Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
Cytoskeletal microtubules ( MT s) have a multitude of functions including intracellular distribution of molecules and organelles, cell morphogenesis, as well as segregation of the genetic material and separation of the cytoplasm during cell division among eukaryotic organisms. (nsf.gov)
These functions include coupling cytoskeletal force generation to strongly adherent sites on the cell surface and the regulation of intracellular signaling events. (embl.de)

We seek to define the mechanisms underlying such functional plasticity at membranes in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Our projects will provide insights into the physiological adaptation of membrane properties and their dysregulation in diseases caused by defects in lipid metabolism, or membrane protein assembly, targeting, or function, or by microbial infections. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Cells have established sophisticated mechanisms to regulate their membrane compositions and to sense specific physicochemical membrane properties to ultimately control the dynamic coexistance of different membrane domains under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
Here we sought to examine the behavior of motile cell populations in bacterial colonies and to explore their potential physiological functions. (nature.com)
This controversy was founded on the initial definition of rafts as detergent resistant membranes which later turned out to misrepresent many features of cell membrane organisation under physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Instead, flexible MTOC s may emerge on the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and even organelles depending on types of cells and organisms and/or physiological conditions. (nsf.gov)

According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded. (wikipedia.org)
These studies showed that integral membrane proteins diffuse at rates affected by the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in which they were embedded, and demonstrated that the molecules within the cell membrane are dynamic rather than static. (wikipedia.org)
Positive regulator molecules allow the cell cycle to advance to the next stage. (openstax.org)
The shortened molecules are quickly broken down before protein can be made. (medlineplus.gov)
A low level of signaling was also obtained when functionalizing the blocked SLBs with adhesion molecules binding to receptors on the T cell. (lu.se)
In addition, the TCR-pMHC distributed non-homogeneously in the cell-SLB contacts when having height-mismatched adhesion molecules, but homogeneously when having height-matched adhesion molecules. (lu.se)
FCS based molecular brightness analysis revealed thatthe studied molecules diffused as tight aggregates of several proteins of a kind. (unideb.hu)
Cadherins are a group of transmembrane proteins that serve as the major adhesion molecules located within adherens junctions. (embl.de)

The current model describes important features relevant to many cellular processes, including: cell-cell signaling, apoptosis, cell division, membrane budding, and cell fusion. (wikipedia.org)
The complex membrane networks have a fundamental function in spatially organizing metabolic pathways and many other cellular processes. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
We will follow a multiscale approach to study how functional plasticity is encoded by cellular membrane networks from the molecular and sub-cellular up to the organismic level. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
In order for subcellular processes to be carried out within defined compartments or cellular regions, mechanisms must exist to ensure the required protein components are present at the sites and at an adequate concentration. (mechanobio.info)
We study the cellular organization and regulation of metabolism by large macromolecular assemblies as well as giant microbial biosynthetic assembly lines. (unibas.ch)
Our research builds on hybrid use of state-of-the-art cryo electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and advanced optical microscopy to elucidate blueprints of dynamic protein and principles of their assembly and cellular level interplay. (unibas.ch)
The mTORCs integrate multiple input signals from nutrient levels, cellular energy state and external growth factors for the control of anabolic vs. catabolic metabolism, proliferation and growth as well as cytoskeletal dynamics and cell survival. (unibas.ch)
Eukaryotic lipid and fatty acid metabolism remains a critical challenge for studies at the atomic, molecular and cellular scale: In contrast to simple prokaryotic systems, fatty acid metabolism in eukaryotes builds upon large multienzymes, which integrate multiple catalytic activities into giant proteins. (unibas.ch)
By identifying many sGAG-specific interacting proteins, our data provide a resource for upcoming studies aimed at molecular mechanisms and understanding of sGAG cellular effects. (degruyter.com)
Polarization is a fundamental cellular property that plays a vital role in various biological processes in multi-cellular as well as single-cell organisms. (elifesciences.org)
We are currently investigating the contribution of cytoskeletal elements to the cellular organization and division of T. gondii tachyzoite. (cnrs.fr)

An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Due to their central role in driving cell proliferation, mTORCs are key targets for anti-cancer therapy. (unibas.ch)
In response to internal and external cues, eukaryotic cells remodel their MT network in a regulated manner in order to assemble physiologically important arrays for cell growth, cell proliferation, or for cells to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. (nsf.gov)
the end result of these defects is genomic instability, decreased cell proliferation, and premature cell senescence and death. (medscape.com)

While Singer and Nicolson had substantial evidence drawn from multiple subfields to support their model, recent advances in fluorescence microscopy and structural biology have validated the fluid mosaic nature of cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
PCC 6803 cells using hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscopy and multivariate image analysis. (osti.gov)
These complexes assemble into submicron TCR signalling domains in the T cell plasma membrane which were first studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy at the contact zone of a T cell with TCR-activating glass coverslips. (biomedcentral.com)
Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the distribution of TCR signalling plasma membrane sites and to relate their distribution to that of clustered raft markers which show resistance to Triton X 100 detergent solubilisation. (biomedcentral.com)

Epithelial cells often leave their tissue context and ingress to form new cell types or acquire migratory ability to move to distant sites during development and tumor progression. (bvsalud.org)
Solution structure of the epithelial cadherin domain responsible for selective cell adhesion. (embl.de)
Our data indicate that Tiam1-mediated activation of Rac in PAs controls TJ biogenesis and polarity in epithelial cells by association with and activation of the Par3-Par6-aPKC polarity complex. (rupress.org)
In epithelial cells, apical-basal polarity is maintained through the formation of several intercellular adhesion systems consisting of adherens junctions (AJs), desmosomes, and tight junctions (TJs). (rupress.org)

Such domains are defined by the existence of regions within the membrane with special lipid and protein cocoon that promote the formation of lipid rafts or protein and glycoprotein complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Cyanobacterial phycobilisome (PBS) pigment-protein complexes harvest light and transfer the energy to reaction centers. (osti.gov)
Previous ensemble studies have shown that cyanobacteria respond to changes in nutrient availability by modifying the structure of PBS complexes, but this process has not been visualized for individual pigments at the single-cell level due to spectral overlap. (osti.gov)
The two complexes share the defining core mTOR protein but employ characteristic subunits, Raptor for mTORC1 and Rictor for mTORC2, for capturing input signals controlling and localization, as well as for recognizing specific targets for phosphorylation. (unibas.ch)
We will here discuss recent data which provide a detailed picture of the membrane raft characteristics of the plasma membrane domains supporting active TCR signalling protein complexes. (biomedcentral.com)

Based on a microscopy-based screen, the dynamic membrane localization of lipid handling factors will be analyzed under different metabolic conditions. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Targeting and metabolic control of factors such as the DAG acyltransferase Dga1 will be analyzed in detail to understand their metabolic control and ER-membrane localization. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
The SpoIIQ landmark protein has different requirements for septal localization and immobilization. (ucsd.edu)
The accumulation of a protein at a given site is known as protein localization. (mechanobio.info)

The phospholipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
These models had proteins present as sheets neighboring a lipid layer, rather than incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer. (wikipedia.org)
These membrane structures may be useful when the cell needs to propagate a non bilayer form, which occurs during cell division and the formation of a gap junction. (wikipedia.org)
The membrane bilayer is not always flat. (wikipedia.org)
A simplified model membrane system called a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is often used to mimic the membrane of the APC. (lu.se)

In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
The results highlight the importance of mid-SUNs as functional components of the ER and outer nuclear membrane. (brookes.ac.uk)
The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)
Our group has also found that heterochromatin contributes to the stiffness of the nuclear membrane. (emerging-researchers.org)
Ultimately, we hope to understand the role of LLPS in chromatin organization and its potential contribution to the integrity of the nuclear envelope. (emerging-researchers.org)

To meet this demand, organisms are equipped with sophisticated mechanisms to regulate protein function in time and space. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Thus, understanding cell membrane dynamics and nano-/microdomain organization in immune cells is of critical importance to understand and regulate immune cell function. (frontiersin.org)
Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
While plants employ some evolutionarily conserved proteins to regulate spindle morphogenesis and remodeling, many essential spindle assembly factors found in vertebrates are either missing or not required for producing the plant bipolar microtubule array. (nsf.gov)
Plants also produce proteins distantly related to their fungal and animal counterparts to regulate critical events such as the spindle assembly checkpoint. (nsf.gov)

Asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) generate two daughter cells with identical genetic information but distinct cell fates through epigenetic mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
We identify the vacuolar H + -adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) complex as a crucial regulator of NuRD's asymmetric segregation. (elifesciences.org)
We suggest that asymmetric segregation of V-ATPase may cause distinct acidification levels in the two daughter cells, enabling asymmetric epigenetic inheritance that specifies their respective life-versus-death fates. (elifesciences.org)
The authors propose that the asymmetric segregation of the NuRD complex in C. elegans is regulated in a V-ATPase-dependent manner, that this plays a crucial role in determining the differential expression of the apoptosis activator egl-1 and that it is therefore critical for the life/death fate decision in this species. (elifesciences.org)
Asymmetric segregation of NuRD during ACDs of C. elegans Q neuroblast. (elifesciences.org)

The consortium will develop and apply lipid tools and biomolecular mass spectrometry to map the protein and lipid landscapes at the (sub)organellar level, use light and electron microscopy to resolve the organization and dynamics of membrane networks, and structural biology approaches to elucidate membrane protein function and plasticity within their natural lipid environment. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Despite its seemingly important role for cell life, research on the mode of action of membrane heterogeneities is scarce thus severely limiting our understanding of biology at the boundaries of life. (frontiersin.org)
I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)
He was Head of the Cell Biology Division (initially Joint Head) from 1992 to 2006, Deputy Director from 1996 to 2006, and Director from 2006 to 2018. (cam.ac.uk)
He was elected a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation in 1985, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988, and was a founder Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998. (cam.ac.uk)

Unravelling this information could help in engineering more robust membranes in other organisms and in synthetic cells. (basyc.nl)
Uncovering mitotic functions of novel proteins for spindle assembly in plants will illuminate both common and divergent mechanisms employed by different eukaryotic organisms to segregate genetic materials. (nsf.gov)
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
Adherens junctions are specialized forms of cadherin-based adhesive contacts important for tissue organization in developing and adult organisms. (embl.de)

Diffusion occurs at a high speed, with an average lipid molecule diffusing ~2µm, approximately the length of a large bacterial cell, in about 1 second. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, mitosis is not necessary in bacterial cell division. (openstax.org)
Bacterial cytokinesis is directed by a ring composed of a protein called FtsZ. (openstax.org)
Our findings present a unique form of bacterial self-organization that influences population structure and material distribution in colonies. (nature.com)
For example, in many occasions bacterial colonies are sessile and their expansion is driven by growth rather than by cell motility, but these sessile colonies normally preserve a subpopulation of motile cells for reasons that are not well understood 17 . (nature.com)
Cells in a bacterial colony move in confined space surrounded by boundaries between gas, liquid, and solid phases. (nature.com)
This type of bacterial self-organization has not yet been observed in the context of naturally developed colonies. (nature.com)

The cytosolic ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase is recruited to the T cell plasma membrane via binding to the tyrosine phosphorylated TCR-complex [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Such spatial organization of membrane components occurs at the nanometer scale and during different stages of cell growth, or in response to stressors or nutritional changes. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Combining experimental structural studies with functional analysis, we elucidate fundamental principles of multienzyme architecture & regulation and the role of protein assemblies for spatial organization of metabolism. (unibas.ch)
In this complex system, maximizing total entropy results in spatial organization of the components. (survivinsignaling.com)

For example, many membrane bound proteins carry signal peptides that are recognized by signal receptors that guide them to the target site. (mechanobio.info)

Techniques in regular use include single-molecule biochemistry , cryo-electron microscopy (EM), X-ray crystallography , NMR , mass spectrometry , protein complex stoichiometry analysis , and fluorescence imaging . (viennabiocenter.org)

The fluid mosaic model explains changes in structure and behavior of cell membranes under different temperatures, as well as the association of membrane proteins with the membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Our approach is to use live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to quantify and compare the dynamic behavior of wild-type (WT) Swi6-GFP and Swi6-sm1-GFP. (emerging-researchers.org)
Whether sexual social segregation behavior manifests itself as early as 5 weeks old in male kids should be further investigated. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)

Eukaryotic cells are subdivided into membrane-bounded organelles, each with a characteristic set of membrane proteins. (cam.ac.uk)
Metabolism in eukaryotic cells is tightly regulated in response to nutrient and energy availability as well as growth factor signaling for coordination of metabolism across organs and organism. (unibas.ch)

The production of material needs to be compatible with volume, area, and shape constraints of the growing vesicle, the rates of growth and DNA replication need to be tuned to the timing of cell division, and spatial cues need to be in place to ensure the proper distribution of genetic material. (basyc.nl)
The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)

Nat Cell Biol. (leibniz-fmp.de)
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. (embl.de)
J Cell Biol (2005) 170 (7): 1029-1037. (rupress.org)

More recently he studied the role of ubiquitination in membrane protein sorting and quality control, and the role of adaptor proteins in controlling the activity of NEDD4 family ubiquitin ligases, and guiding them to their substrates. (cam.ac.uk)

Morphogenesis in the embryo requires coordinated cell behaviour, which is stimulated by cues from the cells' environment that are generated as a result of patterning processes in early development. (silverchair.com)
They may play an important role in the sorting of different cell types during morphogenesis, histogenesis and regeneration. (embl.de)

Our findings reveal a mechanism integrating cell fate, apical polarity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and actomyosin contractility to promote cell ingression, a fundamental morphogenetic process observed in animal development and cancer. (bvsalud.org)
His group characterised many of the SNARE proteins that catalyse vesicle fusion, including the sorting signals that ensure their correct location, and the transport pathways and coat proteins that mediate this. (cam.ac.uk)

This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)
They exclusively bind membrane-tethered ligands known as ephrin proteins. (silverchair.com)
Typically, EphA receptors bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI)-linked ephrin A proteins and EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin B proteins. (silverchair.com)
This protein spans the cell membrane where it can attach (bind) to other proteins on the surface of neighboring cells. (medlineplus.gov)
For this purpose, a SLB functionalized with TCR and an adhesion ligand, was allowed to bind cell with pMHC and the corresponding adhesion receptor. (lu.se)

They share a common vision that the ability to build a synthetic cell from its basic constituents will result in a deep molecular understanding of life. (basyc.nl)

Here, we took advantage of the tension landscape in the Drosophila embryo to define three different states of α-Catenin mechanosensing in support of cell adhesion. (bvsalud.org)
Protein binding between nearby cells helps cells stick to one another (cell adhesion) and communicate, which are important for the normal shaping (patterning) of many tissues and organs before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
A deficiency of ephrin B1 protein prevents cell adhesion, which disrupts normal patterning in tissues before birth, leading to the signs and symptoms of craniofrontonasal syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
It was found that increasing the concentration of DGS-NTA(Ni) both increased cell adhesion and the fraction of signaling cells. (lu.se)
Adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) functioned as a blocking agent, preventing unspecific cell adhesion and decreased the fraction of signaling cells down to a basal level. (lu.se)
However, adhesion pairs of different height than that of TCR-pMHC are also important for cell-cell contact formation and have been shown to result in an impaired T cell response if removed. (lu.se)
Cadherins are glycoproteins involved in Ca2+-mediated cell-cell adhesion. (embl.de)

Phosphorylation of spore coat proteins by a family of atypical protein kinases. (ucsd.edu)

Despite its emerging role as a key structural and signaling platform, the plant NE remains one of the least understood membrane systems. (brookes.ac.uk)
The molecular organization of differentially curved caveolae indicates bendable structural units at the plasma membrane. (leibniz-fmp.de)

Eph and ephrin proteins interact with a number of other ligand/receptor systems to influence how cells translate environmental signals to orchestrate morphogenetic events. (silverchair.com)

These models were not well supported by microscopy and thermodynamic data, and did not accommodate evidence for dynamic membrane properties. (wikipedia.org)

Eph receptors and their membrane-tethered ligands have important functions in development. (silverchair.com)
The domain organisation of Eph receptors is conserved across different animal phyla. (silverchair.com)
This is the fate of proteins whose degradation is regulated - such as activated signalling receptors, or excess transporters and channels. (cam.ac.uk)
Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
MHC glycoproteins form supramolecular clusters with interleukin-2 and -15 receptors in lipid rafts of T cells.The role of highly expressed MHC I in maintaining these clusters is unknown. (unideb.hu)

Cholesterol and cholesterol-interacting proteins can concentrate into lipid rafts and constrain cell signaling processes to only these rafts. (wikipedia.org)

The fluid mosaic model is the most acceptable model of the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
This project takes advantage of an ischemia models in mice ( Mus ) and the highly regenerative spiny mice ( Acomys ) to ask how a specific population of extracellular vesicles (EV) at the plasma membrane of cardiac fibroblasts is formed and how these vesicles affect the activity of other cardiac cells. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Considerable controversy arose over the concept that cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich rafts in the T cell plasma membrane serve as a platform for TCR signalling reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we review new biophysical and biochemical data which provide an updated picture of the highly dynamic nanometer-sized cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains stabilised by protein-networks to form TCR signalling platforms in the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies tracked the movement of Lck and LAT in the T cell plasma membrane and showed retention of these proteins in the submicron TCR signalling domains and their subsequent release. (biomedcentral.com)
The analysis of detergent-resistant T cell membranes had initiated the concept that early TCR signalling steps take place in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains of T cell plasma membranes [ 10 ] (see Box for an overview of the current perception of raft domains in cell membranes). (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma cells, eosinophils, and histiocytes appear later. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
THEOREM 10 Given a, b E N, exactly one of the three statements a b. 01 Diagnostic criteria for plasma cell myeloma. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)

Lipid biomembranes act as selectively permeable barriers that define the boundaries of cells and their internal compartments. (frontiersin.org)
In the earliest stages of development, the physical properties of the microenvironment can direct cell differentiation, and initiate the coordinated movement of groups of cells to establish the patterns that will define how the body is arranged. (mechanobio.info)

Our research initiative aims to address how the systems properties of membranes control the plasticity of membrane protein functions and how functionally relevant membrane properties are maintained and adapted in response to distinct environmental cues. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
Recently, a model for heterochromatin organization based on distinct liquid-like phase has been proposed. (emerging-researchers.org)
This is achieved through the recognition of distinct signal sequences that target proteins to each of these regions. (mechanobio.info)
Johnson, M. H. & Ziomek, C. A. The foundation of two distinct cell lineages within the mouse morula. (nature.com)
Overall, 477 proteins were found interacting with at least one of four distinct sGAGs. (degruyter.com)
Both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms determine distinct daughter cell fates after ACD. (elifesciences.org)

A successful minimal cell model requires an optimized cell-like enclosed compartment which can efficiently perform fundamental living processes such as the ability to grow, replicate, and evolve. (basyc.nl)
how a cell can detect, measure and respond to the rigidity of its substrate and how these processes apply to larger biological systems. (mechanobio.info)
Cell polarization involving the Par-complex in situ is linked to various other processes. (elifesciences.org)
Because of such association between Par-dependent polarization and other processes, the Par-complex exhibits different behavioral characteristics in an individual context, making it difficult to determine general features of the dynamic process taking place during cell polarization by the Par-complex. (elifesciences.org)

The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
The fluid property of functional biological membranes had been determined through labeling experiments, x-ray diffraction, and calorimetry. (wikipedia.org)
The goal is to investigate how these pathogens reprogram metabolic lipid flows and consequently impact on the functional plasticity of the mycobacteria-containing vacuole (MCV) membrane composition. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
For example, our scientists have used the technique to study different functional states of the 1.5-MDa anaphase-promoting complex, which is a key regulator of the cell cycle. (viennabiocenter.org)
Lipid compositions reflect the metabolic and functional state of a cell. (unibas.ch)
The functional characterisation of these proteins is carried out with reverse genetics (RNA interference), phenotype analysis during overexpression or deletion, identification of functional domains (mutagenesis, yeast-two-hybrid, heterologous system) and electron and light microscopy. (cnrs.fr)

Here, we reconstructed Par-dependent polarity using non-polarized Drosophila S2 cells expressing all three components endogenously in the cytoplasm. (elifesciences.org)
The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. (mcw.edu)

MT ‐dependent MT nucleation is particularly noticeable in plant cells because it accounts for the primary source of MT generation for assembling spindle, phragmoplast, and cortical arrays when the γ‐tubulin ring complex is anchored and activated by the augmin complex. (nsf.gov)

In this definition of the cell membrane, its main function is to act as a barrier between the contents inside the cell and the extracellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are multifunctional polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) responsible for ECM hydration and binding of cations and proteins due to their negative charge. (degruyter.com)
Cadherin domains occur as repeats in the extracellular regions which are thought to mediate cell-cell contact when bound to calcium. (embl.de)
This entry represents the extracellular repeated domains found in cadherins and related proteins. (embl.de)

Nanoscale segregation of channel and barrier claudins enables paracellular ion flux. (leibniz-fmp.de)

Finally, we briefly discuss important features that these compartments offer and how they could be applied to engineer the next generation of microreactors, therapeutic solutions, and cell models. (unibas.ch)

Anatomy51

Organisms10

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science4

Health Care2

Chromosome8

Cytoplasmic8

Lipids8

Endoplasmic reticulum3

Interactions13

Interaction14

Chromosomes7

Lateral6

Cytoskeleton6

Apical membrane2

Asymmetry1

Biosynthesis3

Curvature2

Intracellular7

Physiological6

Molecules8

Cellular11

Proliferation4

Fluorescence microscopy4

Epithelial4

Complexes5

Localization4

Bilayer5

Nuclear5

Regulate5

Asymmetric5

Biology8

Organisms4

Bacterial7

Cytosolic1

Spatial organization3

Peptides1

Mass spectrometry1

Behavior3

Eukaryotic cells2

Replication2

Biol3

Adaptor1

Morphogenesis2

Vesicle2

Bind5

Constituents1

Adhesion7

Coat proteins1

Structural2

Interact1

Dynamic membrane1

Receptors5

Lipid rafts1

Plasma8

Define2

Distinct6

Processes4

Functional6

Cytoplasm2

Cortical1

Extracellular4

Claudins1

Compartments1