Membrane monocyte macrophage precursor cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

These MGCs are cells of monocyte or macrophage lineage fused together. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, osteoclasts are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. (medscape.com)
CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain name family whose expression is restricted to the monocyte/macrophage lineage and is usually employed as a marker for monocytic differentiation and maturation25, 26. (researchensemble.com)
Here, we generate mice with deletion of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), a critical enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway, in all mesenchymal lineage cells of the limbs. (bvsalud.org)
The binding of RANKL, the critical cytokine for osteoclast differentiation, to its receptor in osteoclast precursor cells of the monocyte lineage recruits the adaptor protein TRAF6 and activates multiple signaling pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Estrogens protect against bone loss by decreasing osteoclast number through direct actions on cells of the myeloid lineage. (bvsalud.org)
[4] The role of M-CSF is not only restricted to the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. (meddic.jp)
Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. (mdpi.com)

Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. (icr.ac.uk)
Different studies statement that cells in the late G2 phase undergo the process Calcitriol (Rocaltrol) of differentiation into cysts when faced with harsh environmental conditions [60,61,62,63]. (globaltechbiz.com)
It is interesting to study the initiation and regulation of differentiation in cells having no G1 phase, Mouse monoclonal to Ractopamine as typically, cell differentiation occurs from your G1 phase of the cell cycle. (globaltechbiz.com)
The three monocyte subsets represent different stages of macrophage differentiation and play different roles in M. tb infection [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transforming growth factors have a wide range of biological activities related to cell proliferation and differentiation. (rhumbarlv.com)
Compact disc203 can be present on thymocytes and in monocytes its expression is increased during their differentiation into macrophages23, 24. (researchensemble.com)
M-CSF (or CSF-1) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. (meddic.jp)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-4 can enhance LC differentiation from human monocytes or CD34(+) progenitors. (cnrs.fr)
This suggests that M-CSF-conditioned DC precursors retain the capacity to efficiently undergo a differentiation program, giving rise to LC-like DC solely through the effect of GM-CSF and TGFbeta. (cnrs.fr)

However, due to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic radical species, uncontrolled activity of macrophages may also be detrimental to tissue repair. (hindawi.com)
They have proinflammatory functions: they produce effector molecules (reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β , TNF α , and IL-6) and participate as inducer and effector cells in polarized Th1 responses. (hindawi.com)
Macrophage activation has been described as a dynamic process: the same cell may initially induce proinflammatory and cytotoxic reactions and later may take part in the resolution of inflammation and wound healing [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
A common scenario is emerging, in which soon after injury infiltrating macrophages are mainly proinflammatory M1 macrophages, whereas M2 macrophages are the primary effectors of later stages of tissue repair or remodelling phases [ 10 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
These increases in local Na + levels boost proinflammatory and antimicrobial macrophage activity and can favor polarization of T cells towards a proinflammatory Th17 phenotype. (frontiersin.org)
To understand if polarization of macrophages can lead to a procoagulant macrophage subset we polarized human monocyte derived macrophages to a proinflammatory and an alternative activation state. (haematologica.org)
The inability of proinflammatory activated macrophages to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ with an increase in TF production seems to be due to an increase in TF promoter methylation and was reversible when treating these macrophages with a demethylation agent. (haematologica.org)
In conclusion, we provide evidence that proinflammatory polarization of macrophages does not lead to enhanced procoagulatory function, whereas alternative polarization of macrophages leads to an increased expression of TF and increased production of TF bearing extracellular vesicles by these cells suggesting a procoagulatory phenotype of alternatively polarized macrophages. (haematologica.org)
This macrophage polarization can be simulated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation for a proinflammatory subset termed classical activation and stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 for an alternative polarization phenotype. (haematologica.org)
5 Functionally, proinflammatory polarization leads to potent effector cells that kill intracellular micro-organisms and tumor cells. (haematologica.org)
6 In addition, these cells are present during early wound healing and proinflammatory macrophages are characterized by a pronounced ability to degrade tissue. (haematologica.org)
Transitional dendritic cells are distinct from conventional DC2 precursors and mediate proinflammatory antiviral responses. (stanford.edu)

Macrophages participate in all the different phases of tissue repair: they can promote phagocytosis of cellular debris and apoptotic neutrophils and produce cytokines that may help orchestrate the healing response. (hindawi.com)
SPON2 may indirectly induce M2-polarization through upregulating cytokines including IL10, CCL2 and CSF1 expression in tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
They extravasate from the peripheral circulation and differentiate into TAMs in the TME and are polarized into M2 macrophages by cytokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
they differentiate into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (classical activated) that are permissive to M. tb infection in vitro and produce several pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we observed that HDL isolated from healthy individuals inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral monocytes stimulated with a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist. (lww.com)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)

However, at least two distinct macrophage populations have been identified: the classically activated M1 phenotype and the alternative activated M2 phenotype [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
In vivo , the identification of macrophage phenotype is complicated since macrophages are obviously exposed to a microenvironment that is more complex respect to cell culture conditions, and they display characteristics that do not conform to the in vitro defined phenotypic categories. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, in the last years characterization of macrophage phenotype in vivo during tissue repair has been a matter of active investigation. (hindawi.com)
However, how tumor cells affect TAM accumulation and their pro-tumoral phenotype in invasive CRC has not yet been well established. (biomedcentral.com)
Increases in Na + favor the polarization of T cells towards an inflammatory Th17 phenotype ( 10 , 21 - 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. (haematologica.org)
4 Upon polarization, macrophages react to the respective stimulus with the expression of a distinct phenotype. (haematologica.org)
CD163, a scavenger receptor that serves as an M2 macrophage phenotype marker, is also expressed on monocytes, and binds to haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes, mediating their endocytosis [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, both non-classical and intermediate monocytes are considered precursors of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (alternative activated) in different disease conditions [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the context of TB, expansion of CD16 + CD163 + MerTK + monocytes contribute negatively to the host defense against M. tb by a low ratio of pro−/anti-inflammatory cytokine production and a poor capacity to activate T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This review discusses the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoid compounds at molecular, cellular and whole animal levels, first by examining the evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids obtained using in vivo animal models of clinical neuroinflammatory conditions, specifically rodent models of multiple sclerosis, and second by describing the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system components in immune cells. (420magazine.com)
Anti-Siglec-8 antibody administration in vivo to humanized and transgenic mice selectively expressing Siglec-8 on mouse eosinophils and mast cells confirmed the in vitro findings, and identified additional anti-inflammatory effects. (mdpi.com)
In summary, our data show that sTLR2 and full-length TLR2 are released by macrophages under anti-inflammatory conditions, which may contribute to GC-induced immunosuppression. (frontiersin.org)
Mastocytes are very large cells involved in the allergic and anti-inflammatory responses. (uvigo.es)
to anti-inflammatory actions RvE1 also directly functions on bone cells and promotes bone preservation. (cancer8.info)

Tumor cell-derived spondin 2 (SPON2) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has complicated roles in recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Defining the cells and proteinases responsible for destruction of lung extracellular matrix associated with cigarette smoking will be required for development of appropriate proteinase inhibitors for application in COPD. (atsjournals.org)
pathophysiology mesangial expansion is not limited to the matrix but includes mesangial cell proliferation and accumulation of bonemarrow-derived macrophages.3 Proliferation of mesangial cells, accumulation of extracellular matrix, and infiltration by macrophages are interrelated. (docksci.com)
Several factors thought to be responsible for progression of glomerular disease affect mesangial cell turnover and extracellular matrix production and deposition. (docksci.com)
Only sources and targets relevant to the kidney are listed cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. (docksci.com)

Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. (rhumbarlv.com)
In pigs, monocytes and alveolar macrophages will be the primary goals for ASFV infections1, 17, very important to viral pathogenesis as these cells play a central function in the immune system response through phagocytosis, antigen display and cytokine secretion18, 19. (researchensemble.com)
The colony stimulating factor 1 ( CSF1 ), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF ), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. (meddic.jp)
The ISL IVR was found to be safe and well tolerated in the macaques with no observed mucosal cytokine changes or alterations in peripheral CD4 T-cell populations. (cdc.gov)
Modulating the cytokine network in thickening of the basement membrane underlying the respiratory diseases such as asthma, with expected airway epithelium. (cdc.gov)

High salt diets ( 1 , 2 ), renal impairment ( 3 - 6 ), inflammation, and infection ( 7 - 11 ) can induce Na + accumulation in skin tissues that can be simulated by addition of approximately 40 mM NaCl to standard cell culture media (= high salt condition, HS) ( 2 , 8 , 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
2 Upon inflammation, the pool of resident macrophages gets quickly replaced by macrophages derived from circulating monocytes. (haematologica.org)
AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 1999;160:S29−S32.Macrophages are the predominant defense cell in the normal lung and during conditions associated with chronic inflammation such as COPD. (atsjournals.org)
Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
The interstitium also shows evidence of chronic inflammation with infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes. (docksci.com)
Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant enzyme of inflammatory cells (neutrophils), - involved in the principal defense mechanisms of innate immunity -was also effective in oxidative biodegradation of CNT in biochemical models and in cells yielding the products that did not cause pulmonary inflammation in mice [14] . (cdc.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)

Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of numerous tissues. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages reside in all tissues of the body and each population of macrophages within a tissue can take on specialized functions that are tuned to the developmental and functional requirements of that tissue. (haematologica.org)
Compact disc14 is portrayed on monocytes, tissues macrophages and, at lower amounts, on granulocytes22. (researchensemble.com)
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. (icbinhibitor.com)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a name that designates two proteins, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, which are the products of distinct genes, but which show approximately 25% amino acid sequence identity and which recognize the same cell surface receptors. (rndsystems.com)
7 In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages are characterized by increased expression of IL-10 and of scavenger receptors. (haematologica.org)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. (mdpi.com)
Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Intermediate in Toll Pathway (ECSIT) is a complex I-associated protein that regulates immune responses in macrophages following the engagement of Toll-like receptors, which also recruit TRAF6. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, the presence of EVs reduced inflammatory responses in Pam 3 CSK 4 -treated endothelial cells and HEK Dual reporter cells, demonstrating that TLR2-EVs can act as decoy receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Scavenger receptors typically function to clear cellular debris, promote phagocytosis, and mediate the recruitment and activation of macrophages. (icbinhibitor.com)

therefore these cells are considered circulating osteoclast precursors which respond to osteoclast-specific factors and differentiate Isochlorogenic acid B into true osteoclasts.16 These osteoclast-specific factors include macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL as well as OPG the endogenous decoy receptor for RANKL. (cancer8.info)

Other immune and inflammatory cells including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells are likely also to contribute to proteolytic injury. (atsjournals.org)
there is proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts, increased matrix deposition, and infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes. (docksci.com)

CD15 (Lewis x), also known as stage specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) is a trisacharide determinant (3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine) expressed on several glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans of various cell types, e.g. granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, cells of gastric mucosa, nervous system or various tumour cells. (exbio.cz)
Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. (mdpi.com)

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with LPS for 24 hours were stained with Mouse Anti-Human IL-1a/IL-1F1 Membrane Form PE-conjugated Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # FAB200P, filled histogram) or isotype control antibody (Catalog # IC002P , open histogram). (rndsystems.com)
It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. (icbinhibitor.com)

Many believed osteoclasts and osteoblasts came from the same progenitor cell. (wikipedia.org)
Osteoblasts arise from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. (medscape.com)

We generated mice expressing ABCA1 in macrophages and mice with selected inactivation of ABCA1 in macrophages by bone marrow transplantation in ABCA1-deficient ( ABC1 -/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice. (jci.org)
To understand the etiology of osteopetrosis, it is very essential to understand the bone-remodeling cycle and the cell biology of osteoclasts. (medscape.com)
In 1999, Baron clearly and concisely reviewed the cell biology of the bone remodeling. (medscape.com)
NAD levels are maintained by multiple synthetic pathways but which ones are important in bone forming cells is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
These findings define a critical role for cell-autonomous NAD homeostasis during endochondral bone formation. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from C57BL/6 mice were cultured with RANKL (30 ng/ml) with or without E2 (10-8 M). ECSIT-TRAF6 interaction was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation and ECSIT levels in mitochondria and cytosolic fractions by Western blot. (bvsalud.org)
it is a type of cell found in the bone marrow. (uvigo.es)
it is the set of membranes found inside the bone labyrinth. (uvigo.es)
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF BONE LOSS Osteoclasts are considered the main if not the only cell type capable of bone resorption. (cancer8.info)
Macrophage colony-stimulating element appears to be a permissive element necessary in the early cell fate dedication whereas RANKL is the final executor of many physiological regulators of bone resorption (e.g. parathyroid hormone calcitonin and calcitriol) and is an obligatory. (cancer8.info)

All macrophages express common markers such as CD11b (Mac1 or CR3), CD68, and CD115 (M-CSF receptor). (hindawi.com)
It is well known that some cancers are caused by mutations in the EGF receptor, making them addicted to EGF, which results in uncontrolled cell growth," Dr. (rhumbarlv.com)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
Functional validation of monocyte scavenger receptor activities were done by binding assays and dose/time dependent uptake analysis using native and oxidized LDL. (biomedcentral.com)
In healthy individuals cells ingest cholesterol by endocytosis of LDL bound to the LDL-receptor (LDLR). (biomedcentral.com)
ASFV enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is a pH, heat, energy and cholesterol-dependent process34C36. (researchensemble.com)
By interacting with its membrane receptor (CSF1R or M-CSF-R encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene), M-CSF also modulates the proliferation of earlier hematopoietic progenitors and influence numerous physiological processes involved in immunology, metabolism, fertility and pregnancy. (meddic.jp)
The main cell type of the main olfactory epithelium is the olfactory receptor, a specialized neuron type. (uvigo.es)

and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES). (lookformedical.com)

Asthma is a reversible airway obstruction that is characterized by constriction of airway smooth muscle, Abstract hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), mucus secretion and thickening of the basement membrane underlying the airway epithelium. (cdc.gov)

Porcine CD169 or Siglec-1 is usually a membrane glycoprotein induced by IFN- and expressed by different populations of tissue macrophages (but not monocytes)30. (researchensemble.com)
Four transcript variants encoding three different isoforms (a proteoglycan, glycoprotein and cell surface protein) [2] have been found for this gene. (meddic.jp)
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
Background: This gene encodes a 110-kD transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed by human monocytes and tissue macrophages. (icbinhibitor.com)
It is a member of the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family. (icbinhibitor.com)

View our protocol for Staining Membrane-associated Proteins . (rndsystems.com)
IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are both synthesized as 31 kDa precursors that are subsequently cleaved into proteins with molecular weights of approximately 17,000 Da. (rndsystems.com)
The complement system consists of a complex network of several plasma proteins that interact with each other and cell surface proteins. (medscape.com)
C3b binds to other complement proteins on the cell membrane to finally form the membrane attach complex (MAC), which ultimately leads to opening pores in the cell membrane and promoting cell lysis. (medscape.com)
Most complement system proteins are synthesized in the liver, although monocytes and macrophages are also a minor source. (medscape.com)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins enriched in HDL from patients with ESRD (ESRD-HDL) included surfactant protein B (SP-B), apolipoprotein C-II, serum amyloid A (SAA), and α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor. (lww.com)
Our results indicate that several dozens of proteins for each cell type, are PE-lipoxidated in HT-22, MLE, and H9c2 cells and M2 macrophages after they were induced to undergo ferroptosis. (cdc.gov)
Pretreatment of cells with the strong nucleophile, 2-mercaptoethanol, prevented the formation of PE-lipoxidated proteins and blocked ferroptotic death. (cdc.gov)

We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
Meristems cells can proliferate and differentiate into all the cell types of the plant. (uvigo.es)
They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (lookformedical.com)

Imiquimod induced an IFN signature and led to reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells. (cnrs.fr)

Resident cells within the lung such as fibroblasts and alveolar type II cells may be induced by cigarette smoke to synthesize chemokines attracting and potentially activating inflammatory cells. (atsjournals.org)
Porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) are recognized to exhibit Compact disc14, SLAII, Compact disc163, Compact disc169, Compact disc203, SWC3 (Compact disc172a) and Compact disc16 receptors20. (researchensemble.com)
Although the aetiology of these disorders remains unknown, in this review we analyse the pathogenic mechanisms by cell of interest (fibroblast, fibrocyte, myofibroblast, endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells and immune competent cells). (ersjournals.com)
Treatment of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) with the synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) did not alter the expression of TLRs −1, −4, and −6. (frontiersin.org)
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the tissue-resident macrophages in the lung alveolar space. (frontiersin.org)

Northern Europeans have been observed to have a higher incidence of giant cell arteritis compared to southern European, Hispanic, and Asian populations. (wikipedia.org)
Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. (hindawi.com)

Because of this, osteoclasts were thought to be derived from cells in connective tissue. (wikipedia.org)

Monocytes are the predominant innate immune cells at the early stage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb ) infection as the host defense against intracellular pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
specifically, evidence showing that cannabinoids inhibit neuroinflammation and that immune cells express the entire machinery that constitutes a functional cannabinoid signaling system. (420magazine.com)
1993), expressed primarily by immune cells. (420magazine.com)
To understand the multifaced aspects of Parkinson's disease, it may be desirable to expand the complexity of these models, to include different brain regions, vasculature, immune cells as well as additional diverse organ-specific organoids such as gut and intestine. (nature.com)

Kupffer cells. (lookformedical.com)

The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (lookformedical.com)

TGF-α can be produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes. (rhumbarlv.com)
it is a type of cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis, among the keratinocytes. (uvigo.es)

Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. (lookformedical.com)
Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. (lookformedical.com)

Non-osteoclast MGCs are also responsible for the clearance of cell debris, which is necessary for tissue remodeling after injuries. (wikipedia.org)
A lot of evidence demonstrated that after acute injury M1 macrophages infiltrate early to promote the clearance of necrotic debris, whereas M2 macrophages appear later to sustain tissue healing. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
Heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages could explain these apparently contrasting roles in tissue healing. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages are versatile cells that can be polarized by the tissue environment to fulfill required needs. (haematologica.org)
In contrast to monocytes, human macrophages did not show increased tissue factor expression upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. (haematologica.org)
1 Some tissue macrophages and precursors are already established embryonically in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
Besides scavenging debris, promoting angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair, alternatively activated macrophages are able to fine tune inflammatory responses. (haematologica.org)
they degrade their underlying basement membrane, are mobilized, and migrate into surrounding dead tissue and clot. (docksci.com)
Scientific evidence from a variety of sources is emerging that supports a primary role for the macrophage in regulating the inflammatory response and tissue destruction associated with COPD. (atsjournals.org)
Most likely, complex interaction between resident and immune/inflammatory cells results in release of proteolytic enzymes capable of destroying lung tissue and leading to emphysema. (atsjournals.org)
it is a type of cell derived from monocytes and found in the connective tissue. (uvigo.es)
it is a type of cell found in the connective tissue, mainly in the skin, digestive tract and respiratory tract. (uvigo.es)
The capsule is made up of layers of connective tissue cells, whith nerve terminals among them. (uvigo.es)
It is a type I integral membrane protein with a heavily glycosylated extracellular domain and binds to tissue- and organ-specific lectins or selectins. (icbinhibitor.com)
It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. (icbinhibitor.com)

BAL cytology indicated a robust and early (day 1) accumulation of neutrophils - slightly weaker in MPO k/o mice vs w/t animals ( Fig. 1d ), followed by a sequential appearance of macrophages in both groups of animals (with a peak at day 7) (data not shown) [4] . (cdc.gov)

Flow cytometry: The reagent is designed for analysis of human blood cells using 4 μl reagent / 100 μl of whole blood or 10 6 cells in a suspension. (exbio.cz)
Surface expression of CD14, CD16, and CD163 on monocytes was detected using flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)

Golimumab Golimumab is often a fully human anti TNF IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets and neutralises both the soluble and membrane bound varieties of TNF. (aurorapathway.com)
Higher expression of membrane and soluble CD163 in active tuberculosis patients might provide insights regarding the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, and sCD163 may be a novel biomarker to distinguish TBP from MPE and to predict disease severity. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, we hypothesized that the upregulated membrane-bound TLR2 might serve as a precursor for soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), known to antagonize TLR2-dependent cell actions. (frontiersin.org)

Macrophages contain a well-developed lysosomal system for molecular hydrolysis. (uvigo.es)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)

Excess accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages results in foam cell production and lesion development. (jci.org)
An increased uptake of oxidized as well as of native LDL by FH monocytes combined with a down-regulation of NPC1 and ABCA1 explains the lipid accumulation observed in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Cholesterol accumulation in membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) results in a down-regulation of the SREBP pathway and subsequently in the repression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA-reductase (Hmgcr), the rate limiting enzyme of the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Its unique signature that distinguishes it from other forms of cell death is the formation and accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, particularly oxidized forms of polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), which drives cell death. (cdc.gov)

The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of monocyte/macrophage ABCA1 to HDL formation in vivo. (jci.org)
Therefore, the in vivo classification of macrophages in two polarized states (M1 versus M2) sounds as an oversimplification. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, blocking the SPON2/integrin β1/PYK2 axis impairs the transendothelial migration of monocytes and cancer-promoting functions of TAMs in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)

Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. (hindawi.com)
High-dimensional approaches have revealed heterogeneity amongst dendritic cells (DCs), including a population of transitional DCs (tDCs) in mice and humans. (stanford.edu)

Monocytes are recruited to tumors by chemokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

Upon proteolytic activation, an enzymatic cascade is propagated, resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells, amplification of their phagocytic capacity, and formation of membrane attack complexes that promote lysis of microbes. (medscape.com)
The precursors of the active proteolytic enzymes of the complement cascade circulate in their inactive form in the plasma. (medscape.com)
Resident cells may also produce proteolytic enzymes in response to cigarette smoking. (atsjournals.org)
The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer, and is thought to be produced by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound precursors. (meddic.jp)

EVs from macrophage supernatants were isolated by sequential centrifugation. (frontiersin.org)

Indeed, several human diseases are characterized by attenuated repair responses and imbalances in the inflammatory response with increased number of infiltrating macrophages [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
This signaling circuit is crucial in renal defenses against uropathogenic Escherichia coli [UPEC, ( 32 )] under regular diet conditions as well as in cutaneous macrophage-driven antimicrobial responses against the protozoan parasite Leishmania major under experimental HS diet ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
The early stage of anti-TB immune responses is predominated by M1 macrophages, which are characterized by high production of iNOS and IFN-γ, with the function of killing most M. tb and restricting the replication of the remainder. (biomedcentral.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. (mdpi.com)

[3] M-CSF affects macrophages and monocytes in several ways, including stimulating increased phagocytic and chemotactic activity, and increased tumour cell cytotoxicity. (meddic.jp)

GM-CSF and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta ) are required for the generation of Langerhans cells (LC), members of the dendritic cell (DC) family. (cnrs.fr)
OBJECTIVE: The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and type I interferons (IFNs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a subject of controversy. (cnrs.fr)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key regulators of the complex interplay between cancer and the immune microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
Overexpression of SPON2 has been shown to promote tumor cell migration in colorectal cancer (CRC). (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the components of the TME and their interplay with tumor cells is helpful for developing new strategies against metastatic CRC. (biomedcentral.com)
It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. (lookformedical.com)
In the case of melanoma, circulating cells may find a suitable microenvironment in the first draining lymph node, known as the sentinel lymph node, in other lymphnodes or in distant organs, leading to secondary tumor growth (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

Recent studies have demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is highly regulated in macrophages and mediates the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoproteins, a process necessary for HDL formation. (jci.org)
At all times, the level of HDL in ABC1 -/- recipient mice remained low relative to WT recipient mice irrespective of the genotype of the donor macrophage ABCA1 or high-fat feeding. (jci.org)
Expression of WT macrophage ABCA1 in ABC1 -/- mice resulted in a small but significant increase in apoA-I levels starting 2 weeks after transplantation. (jci.org)
The HDL formed as a consequence of the expression of WT macrophage ABCA1 migrated to the alpha position in a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. (jci.org)
Efflux of excessive cholesterol is mediated by Abca1, the major cholesterol efflux system in macrophages, which transfers cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1 on HDL particles. (biomedcentral.com)

TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor. (rhumbarlv.com)

However, the susceptibility of host cells to ASFV seems to be linked to maturity since maturation of porcine blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) to macrophages, correlating with an up-regulation of CD203 and CD163 expression, has been shown to improve ASFV infections24, 43. (researchensemble.com)

Human influenza viruses preferentially recognize sialyloligosacchrides containing SAα2,6Gal ( 1 , 2 ), matched by mainly NeuAcα2,6Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of the human trachea ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
By contrast, avian viruses preferentially recognize SAα2,3Gal sialic acids ( 1 , 2 ), in accordance with the predominance of sialyoligosaccharides with SAα2,3Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of duck intestine. (cdc.gov)
The epithelial cells of pig trachea contain both types of SAs and both types of linkages ( 4 ), which likely explains the high susceptibility of these animals to both human and avian influenza viruses ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Quercetin glycosides from diet are slightly absorbed via the intestinal epithelial cells, although most of them return into the digestive tract by the action of specific transporter systems. (rsc.org)
Phase II enzymes present in the intestinal epithelial cells and the liver cells facilitate their metabolic conversion to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (rsc.org)
They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. (lookformedical.com)

Following activation, C3, the central protein of the complement system, is cleaved to form C3b, which is bound to the surface of the microbe where the complement is activated, and C3a, which is systemically released and acts as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
Uncoupling protein 3 is principally expressed within the inner membrane of skeletal muscle mitochondria. (aurorapathway.com)
The HA protein mediates virus binding to sialic acid (SA)-containing host cell surface molecules and promotes the release of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes through membrane fusion. (cdc.gov)
By contrast, the sialidase activity of the neuraminidase (NA) protein removes SA to liberate newly synthesized viruses from infected cells. (cdc.gov)
Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
it is a protein synthesized and released by melanocytes, cells found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. (uvigo.es)
The protein primarily localizes to lysosomes and endosomes with a smaller fraction circulating to the cell surface. (icbinhibitor.com)

Classically activated M1 macrophages are induced in vitro by IFN γ , alone or in concert with microbial stimuli (e.g. (hindawi.com)
In vitro migration assays, transendothelial migration assays (iTEM), and cell adhesion assays were used to investigate the effects of SPON2 on monocyte/macrophage migration. (biomedcentral.com)
Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. (mdpi.com)
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)

Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. (hindawi.com)
In macrophages, HS in combination with inflammatory stimuli leads to enhanced pro-inflammatory activation and increased antimicrobial capacity ( 8 , 12 , 13 , 24 , 25 ), while limiting their regulatory features ( 26 - 29 ). (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, Trx2 right related with UCP3 as a result of a cell cycle activation mitochondrial targeting signaling sequence, was processed inside the intermembrane space, and thereby allowing redox reactions. (aurorapathway.com)
IL-1 has multiple immunological functions including enhancement of IL-2 production by T cells and activation of B-cells (BAF) and thymocytes. (eaglebio.com)
The interaction of GCs with macrophages in the immunosuppressive resolution phase upon prolonged TLR activation is widely unknown. (frontiersin.org)

Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. (icr.ac.uk)

Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. (lookformedical.com)

Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)

Although there is typically a focus on the pathological aspects of multinucleate giant cells (MGCs), they also play many important physiological roles. (wikipedia.org)
Th9 cells were first identified as a Th2 subpopulation have many important roles. (cdc.gov)

Cells with high surface expression of Le(x) antigen exhibit strong self-aggregation, based on calcium-dependent Le(x)-Le(x) interaction. (exbio.cz)
The complement system is activated via 3 different mechanisms: (1) the classical pathway, which is activated by antibody-antigen complexes, (2) the alternative pathway, which is activated by microbial cell surfaces in the absence of antibodies, and (3) the lectin pathway, which is activated by mannose residues on microbes. (medscape.com)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
Different from pre-cDCs, tDCs have less turnover, capture antigen, respond to stimuli and activate antigen-specific naive T cells, all characteristics of differentiated DCs. (stanford.edu)
and, in response to antigen, are subsequently secreted by plasma cells. (msdmanuals.com)

A giant cell (also known as a multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. (wikipedia.org)
Here we show that tDCs are distinct from other well-characterized DCs and conventional DC precursors (pre-cDCs). (stanford.edu)

Anatomy59

Organisms15

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Lineage8

Differentiation9

Proinflammatory12

Cytokines9

Phenotype8

Anti-inflammatory7

Extracellular matrix5

Cytokine5

Inflammation8

Tissues7

Receptors7

Colony-stimul1

Lymphocytes2

Mast cells2

Peripheral blood2

Osteoblasts2

Bone10

Receptor11

Phagocytes1

Abstract1

Glycoprotein5

Proteins11

Differentiate5

Infiltration1

Alveolar5

Populations2

Osteoclasts1

Immune cells4

KUPFFER CELLS1

Fibroblasts1

Keratinocytes2

Mononuclear2

Tissue16

Neutrophils1

Flow Cytometry2

Soluble3

Molecular3

Accumulation4

Vivo3

Heterogeneity2

Chemokines1

Proteolytic4

Sequential1

Responses7

Phagocytic1

Dendritic2

Tumor5

ABCA15

Transmembrane1

PBMCs1

Epithelial cells6

Protein7

Vitro4

Activation5

Formation of membrane1

Cytoplasm1

Effector cells1

Roles2

Antigen5

Distinct2