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GangliosidesG(M3) GangliosideG(M1) GangliosideMembranesCell MembraneMembrane LipidsIntracellular MembranesChromatography, Thin LayerG(M2) GangliosideMembrane PotentialsMembranes, ArtificialGlycosphingolipidsErythrocyte MembraneMembrane FluiditySialic AcidsGenomeMolecular Sequence AnnotationDatabases, GeneticSequence Analysis, DNAGenomics
GlycosphingolipidsMicrodomainsProteinsProteinLocalizationComplex gangliosidesCerebrosidesModel membranesAxonalPhospholipidsGT1bGD1aNeurodegenerative disordersNeu3IntracellularLipid bilayerPlasmaRaftsSialic acidsConfocal microscopyAssayGlycoproteinsMoleculesAccumulationStructurallyDifferentiationCholesterolSvennerholmLysosomalReceptorNervousRegenerationModulatesToxinEmbryosCellBiologicalSpeciesBindBrain
Glycosphingolipids8
Microdomains7
  • Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
  • Despite emergent evidence that TRPA1 is regulated by the membrane environment, it remains unknown whether this channel localizes in membrane microdomains or whether it interacts with cholesterol. (elifesciences.org)
  • We discuss the impact of such interactions on TRPA1 gating mechanisms, regulation by the lipid environment, and role of this channel in sensory membrane microdomains, all of which helps to understand the puzzling pharmacology and pathophysiology of this channel. (elifesciences.org)
  • These low-density membrane microdomains have been referred to as detergent-resistant membranes, Triton-insoluble membranes, and Triton-insoluble floating fraction. (upenn.edu)
  • Recently, a body of evidence is growing that Aβ aggregation is facilitated in the presence of particular membranes lipids such as gangliosides and cholesterol and furthermore, that Aβ toxicities emerge through interaction with specific neuronal membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts. (hindawi.com)
  • Here we provide the first evidence to suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Cav-1 and subsequent interaction among members of the Ras signaling pathway within the membrane lipid microdomains represent early signaling mechanisms of IL-1β in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Finally, by atomic force microscopy observations and surface plasmon resonance measurements using an artificial membrane, we revealed that Co-ARIS colocalized with GM1 clusters on the microdomains. (elsevierpure.com)
Proteins11
  • Integral and associated lysosomal membrane proteins. (nih.gov)
  • It is known that GSLs interact with both intracellular as well as exogenous proteins and are critical for membrane organisation, signalling, and recognition events. (springer.com)
  • These EV contain a lipid bilayer associated to membrane proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the present study, we examined potential contributory roles of membrane-associated, cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts/caveolae and their constituent proteins (e.g., caveolin-1 [Cav-1]) as potential sites for IL-1β−induced nitric oxide (NO) release in the isolated β-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Membrane redistribution of gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in brain tissue sections under conditions of lipid raft isolation. (uiowa.edu)
  • Effects of detergents on the redistribution of gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins in brain tissue sections. (uiowa.edu)
  • Membrane proteins in Xenopus laevis embryos were analysed on 1- and 2-dimensional gels. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Proteins showing temporal variation in their expression in the membrane during Xenopus development were detected. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The overall range of membrane proteins present between fertilisation and late neurula stage embryos was found to stay essentially constant, with few proteins showing temporal variation. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Two proteins specific to labelling of disaggregated embryos were detected and these are thought to be specific to intercellular membranes. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • in 2001 reported that the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus is caused by neurotoxins produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium of 150 kDa proteins consisting of three-domains, endowed with different functions: neurospecific binding, membrane translocation and specific proteolysis of three key components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. (savedelicious.com)
Protein8
  • Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
  • Being typically a minor component of the cell membrane, they are of utmost importance for biological functions that rely on lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions (Schnaar and Kinoshita 2015 ). (springer.com)
  • This procedure yielded a consistent raft product that was enriched in cholesterol, gangliosides sphingo-myelin and membrane raft protein markers including lck and lat 1. (upenn.edu)
  • The Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin: A Model Protein in the Study of Membrane Fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Role of the M2 Protein in Influenza Virus Membrane Fusion: Effects of Amantadine and Monensin on Fusion Kinetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Role of Virion M2 Protein in Influenza Virus Uncoating: Specific Reduction in the Rate of Membrane Fusion Between Virus and Liposomes by Amantadine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microinjection of 30 S-methionine into Xenopus laevis embryos was used to investigate membrane protein synthesis. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • TeNT cleave specifically at single but different peptide bonds, VAMP/synaptobrevin, a membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles [s]. (savedelicious.com)
Localization4
  • Moreover, we identified two structural motifs in transmembrane segments 2 and 4 involved in mTRPA1-cholesterol interactions that are necessary for normal agonist sensitivity and plasma membrane localization. (elifesciences.org)
  • To determine TRPA1 localization in cellular membranes we stained HEK293T cells transfected with the mTRPA1-mCherry construct with the Vybrant Alexa Fluor 488 Lipid Raft Labeling Kit. (elifesciences.org)
  • Co-ARIS treatment did not reduce the content of sperm sterols, however, the condition was changed and localization of GM1 gangliosideM1on the periacrosomal region disappeared. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Localization of major gangliosides in the PNS: implications for immune neuropathies. (uiowa.edu)
Complex gangliosides4
  • These findings suggest that complex gangliosides modulate glial cell function to some extent. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, since the effects observed were subtle, it is possible that simpler gangliosides are able to compensate for the lack of complex gangliosides. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, the localisation of sodium channels at the node of Ranvier and potassium channels at juxtaparanode was retarded in GalNAc T -/- mice lacking all complex gangliosides, suggesting that complex gangliosides modulate the formation of nodes of Ranvier. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In addition, GalNAc T -/- mice had significantly lower numbers of NG2 positive early oligodendrocyte progenitors compared to wild-type and Sia T -/- mice, suggesting that complex gangliosides may affect early progenitor differentiation, proliferation or survival. (gla.ac.uk)
Cerebrosides1
Model membranes2
  • Sticholysins I and II, cytolysins purified from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, act by lysing biological and model membranes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Different aspects of the interaction between peptides from the toxins' N-termini (StI1-31 and StI12-31 SELAGTIIDGASLTFEVLDKVLGELGKVSRK, and StII1-30 and StII11-30 ALAGTIIAGASLTFQVLDKVLEELGKVSRK) and model membranes - micelles and bilayers - have been studied to contribute to the elucidation of the toxins mechanism of action at the molecular level. (bvsalud.org)
Axonal2
  • In this paper, we examine Neu3 sialidase action on axonal gangliosides and resultant axon regeneration, and we assess whether these mechanisms help to explain the different regeneration capacities of CNS and PNS axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Axonal density and myelination were unaffected in ganglioside knockout mice. (gla.ac.uk)
Phospholipids3
  • 1996. Membrane Disruption byAlzhemier beta-Amyloid Peptides Mediated Through Specific Binding to either Phospholipids or Gangliosides: Implications for Neurotoxicity. (utoronto.ca)
  • Effects of Gangliosides and Negatively Charged Phospholipids in Target Liposomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phospholipids are the main components of the cell membrane and are composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. (brainwritings.com)
GT1b5
  • We show that activation of Neu3 sialidase, also known as Neuraminidase-3, causing conversion of GD1a and GT1b to GM1 gangliosideM1 is an essential step in regeneration occurring in PNS (sensory) but not CNS (retinal) axons in adult rat. (jneurosci.org)
  • In PNS axons, axotomy activates Neu3 sialidase, increasing the ratio of GM1/GD1a and GM1/GT1b gangliosides immediately after injury in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
  • The adult mammalian nervous system has four dominant types of gangliosides: GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. (jneurosci.org)
  • 4 Ehrlich tumor expresses the ganglioside GT 1b , and anti-GT1b has great therapeutic potential against this cancer. (matreya.com)
  • The trisialoganglioside (GT1b) is one of the major brain gangliosides and acts as an endogenous regulator in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
GD1a1
  • Externally applied sialidase converted GD1a ganglioside to GM1 and rescued axon regeneration in CNS axons and in PNS axons after Neu3 sialidase blockade. (jneurosci.org)
Neurodegenerative disorders1
  • Gangliosides have also been shown to have neuroprotective actions and have been considered as candidates for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders. (gla.ac.uk)
Neu33
  • Ganglioside conversion by Neu3 sialidase further activates the ERK pathway. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pharmacological blocking of Neu3 sialidase, downregulation of Neu3 with siRNA, or depleting gangliosides all inhibit PNS regeneration. (jneurosci.org)
  • Zebrafish encodes several sialidases belonging to the NEU3 group, the plasma membrane-associated member of the family with high specificity toward ganglioside substrates. (unibs.it)
Intracellular2
  • Eukaryotic] cell membranes, where they play important roles in intracellular signaling and in membrane structure. (dadamo.com)
  • Adenyl Cyclase - A membrane-bound enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an intracellular second messenger. (poisonfluoride.com)
Lipid bilayer1
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Plasma6
  • However, it is currently unknown whether TRPA1 is localized in specific domains of the plasma membrane, or whether cholesterol interacts with specific residues of TRPA1. (elifesciences.org)
  • The cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) that may have an endosomal origin, or from evaginations of the plasma membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • They are located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane within lipid rafts and are thought to be involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and neurite outgrowth. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The recent identification of plasma membrane (Ca2+)-ATPase (PMCA)-Neuroplastin (Np) complexes has renewed attention on cell regulation of cytosolic calcium extrusion, which is of particular relevance in neurons. (irb.hr)
  • Two populations of liposomes were prepared, both simulating the plasma membrane of target cells, but with the pH of the internal aqueous medium buffered either at pH 7.4 (physiological cytosol pH) or at pH 5.0 (endosomal pH at which influenza virus displays maximal fusion activity). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gangliosides are characteristic extracellular-facing plasma membrane determinants in vertebrate brain. (nbuv.gov.ua)
Rafts6
  • The ability of the B-subunit of cholera toxin to bind GM1 has been exploited to visualize membrane rafts by confocal microscopy in patching and capping experiments. (upenn.edu)
  • Biochemically, membrane rafts are isolated by solubolization in ice-cold Triton X-100 and separation of the low-buoyant density fractions from soluble material on sucrose density gradients. (upenn.edu)
  • We describe the isolation of Jurkat cell-specific membrane rafts using 2% Triton X-100. (upenn.edu)
  • Here, we tested the hypothesis that PMCA-Neuroplastin complexes exist in specific ganglioside-containing rafts, which could affect calcium homeostasis. (irb.hr)
  • We analyzed the abundance of all four PMCA paralogs (PMCA1-4) and Neuroplastin isoforms (Np65 and Np55) in lipid rafts and bulk membrane fractions from GM2/GD2 synthase-deficient mouse brains. (irb.hr)
  • Therefore, we conclude that altered composition or disorganization of ganglioside-containing rafts results in changed regulation of calcium signals in neurons. (irb.hr)
Sialic acids1
Confocal microscopy1
  • Cell surface staining and confocal microscopy identified GM1 as the main complex ganglioside co-localizing with Neuroplastin in cultured hippocampal neurons. (irb.hr)
Assay1
  • By monitoring fusion using the R18 assay, we found that the internal pH of the target liposomes did not influence membrane merging as mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin, thus demonstrating that a transmembrane pH gradient is not required in this fusion process. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoproteins2
  • Peanut agglutinin binds preferentially to the T-antigen, a galactosyl (β-1,3) N -acetylgalactosamine structure present in many glycoconjugates such as M and N blood groups, gangliosides, and many other soluble and membrane-associated glycoproteins and glycolipids. (vectorlabs.com)
  • Intriguingly, despite relevant degree of sequence identity and similarity, the two enzymes showed peculiar substrate specificities toward gangliosides other than GM3, two glycoproteins and two forms of sialyllactose. (unibs.it)
Molecules2
  • With these molecules in hand, it became possible to investigate the phase behaviour of liquid ordered/liquid disordered supported membranes doped with the Gb 3 species by means of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. (springer.com)
  • Ganglioside-membrane molecules penetrate cells in the immune system, spreading the HIV virus to the body's main infection-fighting centre - the lymph glands. (theolivepress.es)
Accumulation2
  • 3 A deficiency in the enzymes responsible for metabolizing gangliosides causes toxic levels of ganglioside accumulation which is indicative of several lysosomal storage diseases, including GM 1 gangliosidosis, GM 2 gangliosidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and Sandhoff disease. (matreya.com)
  • The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. (matreya.com)
Structurally2
  • Holmgren and colleagues first described the AB subunit structure and function of cholera toxin and identified the cholera toxin receptor, the GM1 gangliosideM1 then the first-ever structurally defined biologic receptor molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since they do not mix with water, they provide a structurally sound membrane that contributes to both the shape and functionality of cells. (brainwritings.com)
Differentiation1
  • In this thesis, the role of gangliosides in glial proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as the regeneration of the olfactory system and myelination were studied using mice lacking enzymes involved in ganglioside biosynthesis. (gla.ac.uk)
Cholesterol1
  • They are enriched in cholesterol, often sphingomyelin and various gangliosides (GM1, GM2, and GM3). (upenn.edu)
Svennerholm1
  • Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (lookformedical.com)
Lysosomal1
  • Located in lysosomal membrane. (nih.gov)
Receptor5
  • The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
  • 2018 ). Here, we will solely focus on the less recognized globosides and in particular the globoside Gb 3 , which is the membrane receptor for vero toxins. (springer.com)
  • A major cell surface receptor for PNA may be asialo GM 1 ganglioside. (vectorlabs.com)
  • Adler GM - "The effect of sialic acid on adenylate cyclase activity and thyrotropin-receptor binding in human thyroid membranes" Acta Biochim Pol. (poisonfluoride.com)
  • Influenza Hemagglutinin-Mediated Membrane Fusion: Influence of Receptor Binding on the Lag Phase Preceding Fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Nervous3
  • These findings support the possibility that under pathological conditions, gangliosides serve as cytotoxic factors in the central nervous system (CNS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differential distribution of major brain gangliosides in the adult mouse central nervous system. (uiowa.edu)
  • Biochemical analysis of 2B12 activity has indicated that the antigen may be a ganglioside, specific to myelin and other nervous tissue membrane. (warwick.ac.uk)
Regeneration1
  • Regeneration of the olfactory system in ganglioside knockout mice was similar to that of wild-type mice. (gla.ac.uk)
Modulates1
  • Target Membrane Sialic Acid Modulates both Binding and Fusion Activity of Influenza Virus Biochim . (biomedcentral.com)
Toxin2
  • Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM! (wikipedia.org)
  • With the use of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy we found a population of highly mobile vesicular structures near the cellular membrane containing both mTRPA1-mCherry and the lipid raft marker cholera toxin B ( Figure 1A and B , Video 1 ), as well as static areas where both fluorescent probes were colocalized at the membrane. (elifesciences.org)
Embryos2
  • Cell membrane variation in Xenopus laevis embryos was studied using cell surface labelling with 125 Iodine. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Histo- autoradiography of 125 Iodine surface labelled embryos was used to confirm the origin of cleavage furrow membrane in the dividing embryo, and the source of ciliated cells from the double layered epidermis in Xenopus laevis neurulae. (warwick.ac.uk)
Cell2
Biological1
Species1
  • The content and composition of all ganglioside species were unchanged in Neuroplastin-deficient mouse brains. (irb.hr)
Bind1
Brain2
  • Immunoglobulin G-class mouse monoclonal antibodies to major brain gangliosides. (uiowa.edu)
  • Thus the brain, which is rich in gangliosides, is particularly affected by gangliosidoses, whereas mucopolysaccharidoses affect many tissues because mucopolysaccharides are present throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)