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CholestasisCholestasis, IntrahepaticBile Ducts, ExtrahepaticCholestasis, ExtrahepaticMembranesBile DuctsCell MembraneMembrane LipidsBile Duct NeoplasmsBiliary AtresiaIntracellular MembranesCholagogues and CholereticsLiverMembrane PotentialsUrsodeoxycholic AcidMembranes, ArtificialBile Ducts, IntrahepaticBile Acids and Salts1-NaphthylisothiocyanateBiliary TractBilirubinErythrocyte MembraneMembrane FluidityBileCholangiocarcinomaBile CanaliculiJaundice, NeonatalJaundice, ObstructiveCell Membrane PermeabilityBasement MembraneHepatic Duct, CommonMembrane Transport ProteinsJaundiceLiver Function TestsLiver DiseasesCommon Bile DuctCholangitisLigationPruritusP-GlycoproteinsLiver NeoplasmsLiver Cirrhosis, BiliaryBiliary Tract NeoplasmsPortal VeinHypertension, PortalHepatocytesTaurochenodeoxycholic AcidKlatskin's TumorMembrane GlycoproteinsMicroscopy, ElectronATP-Binding Cassette TransportersEthinyl EstradiolHepatitisCholangiographyLipid BilayersAdenoma, Bile DuctLithocholic AcidPortoenterostomy, HepaticBiliary Tract DiseasesProtein TransportMitochondrial MembranesCell LineCholic AcidCholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic RetrogradeHepatectomySynaptic MembranesPregnancy ComplicationsMutationTime FactorsCarrier ProteinsPortographyHyperbilirubinemiaModels, BiologicalAlagille SyndromeCholesterolColeusPortal SystemCells, CulturedBiliary Tract Surgical ProceduresProtein BindingGallbladderCalciumGallbladder NeoplasmsInfant, NewbornLiposomesOrganic Anion TransportersElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelBile Duct DiseasesMolecular Sequence DataHepatic ArteryLiver CirrhosisKidneyTaurocholic AcidRNA, MessengerImino Acidsgamma-GlutamyltransferaseDrug-Induced Liver InjuryCitrullinemiaGallstonesRats, Wistar

Chronic cholestasisConjugated bilirubinIntrahepatic CholestasObstructionDiscoloration of the skinVenovenous extracorporeal membrane oxHepaticJAUNDICEIcterusCanalicularBiliary treeHepatocyteDisordersLiver cellsDistalTumorsGeneticallyHepatocellularBasement membraneProgressivePhospholipidMicrosomesSevereDiseaseSymptomsAlkaline phosphataseTissuesSkinInflammationViralOccursCellDecreaseTreatmentAffectsResultsNormalPatientsBlood

Chronic cholestasis5

• Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a class of chronic cholestasis disorders that comprises a variety of genetic diseases. (medscape.com)
• Chronic cases may also develop some fibrosis in the portal areas, and the chronic cholestasis may result in proliferation of bile ductules. (vin.com)
• Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a class of chronic cholestasis disorders that begin in infancy and usually progress to cirrhosis within the first decade of life. (medscape.com)
• These "reactive" biliary epithelial cells in cholestasis, unlike normal condition, produce and secrete various cytokines such as CCL-2 or MCP-1, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TGF-beta, Endothelin (ET), and nitric oxide (NO). Among these, TGF-beta is the most important profibrogenic cytokine that can be seen in liver fibrosis in chronic cholestasis. (findmeacure.com)
• 1) biliary obstructive diseases: primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis caused by chronic cholestasis, liver cancer due to intrahepatic obstruction, induced liver cells to produce a large number of GGT cancer cells also synthesized GGT So that GGT significantly increased, up to 10 times the upper limit of the reference value. (elisakitgs.com)

Conjugated bilirubin2

• Inside hepatocytes, bilirubin is conjugated through uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl-transferase (UGT) to form bilirubin diglucuronide, otherwise termed conjugated bilirubin, which is transported across the plasma membrane by multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 (MRP2) to finally enter bile capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
• On the other hand, intra or extra hepatic cholestasis lead to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (wikidoc.org)

Intrahepatic Cholestas8

• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pruritic condition during pregnancy caused by impaired bile flow allowing bile salts to be deposited in the skin and the placenta. (thesillycircus.com)
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is caused by an impairment of bile secretion in the liver. (thesillycircus.com)
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is a hepatic disorder characterized by pruritus and an elevation in serum bile acid levels. (thesillycircus.com)
• The cases of two women who developed severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are presented. (thesillycircus.com)
• A healthy diet during pregnancy is not only critical for your baby's health and development, but it may help women that experience Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy manage their symptoms. (thesillycircus.com)
• Cholestasis of pregnancy (intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy) is when bile builds up in the liver, causing severe itching that usually starts in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. (thesillycircus.com)
• Current data also supports UDCA treatment in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, a unique pregnancy-related disorder that can manifest during the late third trimester of pregnancy. (statpearls.com)
• Presence of itching (Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy should be excluded). (oh-mygut.com)

Obstruction4

• Gallbladder and bile duct tumors can cause extrahepatic biliary obstruction. (merckmanuals.com)
• is obstruction of the biliary tree due to progressive sclerosis of the extrahepatic bile duct. (msdmanuals.com)
• While conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is further classified into obstruction of biliary tract, interahepatic cholestasis , injury to hepatocellular parenchyma , and defects of hepatocellular canalicular excretion or re-uptake in sinusoids. (wikidoc.org)
• The obstruction leads to buildup of bile and other toxins causing cholestasis. (euroimmun.us)

Discoloration of the skin3

• Jaundice Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
• Jaundice is the yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae caused by elevated serum levels of bilirubin, a by-product of heme breakdown. (mhmedical.com)
• Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the skin , conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera , or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). (wikidoc.org)

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane ox2

• Because of hemopneumothorax, multiple rib fractures, and pulmonary contusions, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome developed, and the patient was treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 3 days. (cdc.gov)
• Due to the severe ARDS and superinfection with Klebsiella pneumonia and Aspergillus fumigatus , patient 1 required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO). (springermedizin.at)

Hepatic1

• The major histological changes seen in the disease revolve around lymphocellular infiltrate that affects small intra-hepatic bile ducts causing destruction and cholestasis. (euroimmun.us)

JAUNDICE3

• The disease may cause cholestasis, but jaundice is not present in all cases. (vin.com)
• Cholestasis is failure of bilirubin secretion, resulting in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. (msdmanuals.com)
• However, jaundice (a yellow color to the skin and mucous membranes) develops by the second or third week of life. (findmeacure.com)

Icterus2

• Cholestasis may be variable and although most of these cats have yellow mucous membranes, some don't show icterus. (vin.com)
• Biopsy п¬Ѓndings could be classiп¬Ѓed underneath: and splenomegaly in addition to extrahepatic signs of advanced liver illness, similar to icterus of sclera, pores and skin and mucous membranes, (i) Disorders involving the bile ducts such as persistent non- xanthelasma, palmar and plantar erythema, nail abnormalities, suppurative cholangitis or п¬Ѓbrosing obliterative cholangi- or scratch lesions significantly on the arms and legs. (telemix.tv)

Canalicular5

• BSEP is the major canalicular bile acid pump, and thus the loss of BSEP function results in severe hepatocellular cholestasis. (medscape.com)
• [ 10 ] In a immunohistochemical study, BSEP was not detected in the canalicular membrane in PFIC patients having ABCB11 mutation, in contrast to patients with PFIC1 or PFIC3. (medscape.com)
• This suggests that in most patients with PFIC-2, the gene defect is sufficiently severe to produce no product or a protein that cannot be inserted into the canalicular membrane. (medscape.com)
• In PFIC3, a mutation in the gene ABCB4 on chromosome 7q21 encodes the protein MDR3, which functions in the translocation of phosphatidylcholine across the canalicular membrane. (medscape.com)
• In the liver, alkaline phosphatase is cytosolic and present in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte. (statpearls.com)

Biliary tree1

• This is an inflammation of the biliary tree (intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and the gall bladder) characterized by presence of neutrophils in the bile, but often also within the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts. (vin.com)

Hepatocyte1

• FIC1 is a P-type ATPase responsible for maintaining a high concentration of phospholipids in the inner hepatocyte membrane. (medscape.com)

Disorders2

• Cholestasis is a condition in which the flow of bile is impaired, which can lead to disorders of the liver, bile duct or pancreas. (thesillycircus.com)
• may result from extrahepatic or intrahepatic disorders, although some conditions overlap. (msdmanuals.com)

Liver cells2

• After two reactions converting Hb into bilirubin IX-alpha, this unconjugated bilirubin is released into the bloodstream, where it binds reversibly with plasma protein albumin and dissociates to be taken up by liver cells through organic anion transport proteins (OATPs) on cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
• The serum 5'-nucleotidase enzyme is derived from the plasma membranes of liver cells. (medmastery.com)

Distal1

• Cholangiocarcinomas occur predominantly in the extrahepatic bile ducts: 60 to 70% in the perihilar region (Klatskin tumors), about 25% in the distal extrahepatic ducts, and the rest in the liver. (merckmanuals.com)

Tumors1

• 1) Cholestasis causes vary, but the two most common causes are gallstones and malignant tumors. (thesillycircus.com)

Genetically1

• Cholestasis symptoms often […] The symptoms develop from a reversible form of hormonally triggered cholestasis that typically develops in genetically predisposed individuals. (thesillycircus.com)

Hepatocellular1

• The condition was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and was characterized by hepatocellular cholestasis. (medscape.com)

Basement membrane1

• Within the space of Disse the basement membrane is interrupted, thus allowing free exchange of molecules at the liver cell membrane. (clinicalgate.com)

Progressive2

• These terms now have been superseded by the term progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis . (medscape.com)
• Some have reported success in treating patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis with ursodeoxycholic acid (20-30 mg/kg/d), which may be tried as an initial treatment. (medscape.com)

Phospholipid2

• The mechanism whereby the loss of FIC1 activity results in defective bile salts excretion is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that a mutation in this protein causes phospholipid membrane instability leading to reduced function of bile acid transporters. (medscape.com)
• The major fate of choline is conversion to phosphatidylcholine (the main constituent of lecithin) which is the predominant phospholipid in most mammalian membranes. (cytoplan.co.uk)

Microsomes2

• Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase 2 conjugation enzymes mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and many other tissues, and can be recovered in artificial ER membrane preparations (microsomes). (mdpi.com)
• GGT mainly exists in the liver cell membrane and microsomes, involved in glutathione metabolism. (elisakitgs.com)

Severe2

• Cholestasis is a disease that is related with liver, and occurs only during pregnancy.It causes severe itching to the pregnant ladies, late in their pregnancies. (thesillycircus.com)
• We report a case of a man with extrahepatic portal hypertension and severe hematochezia due to rectal variceal bleeding. (bvsalud.org)

Disease1

• Cholestasis is a disease characterized by a decrease in the intake of bile in the duodenum due to a violation of its excretion, formation or excretion. (thesillycircus.com)

Symptoms2

• Cholestasis - Causes, symptoms, treatment. (thesillycircus.com)
• To diagnose cholestasis of pregnancy, your pregnancy care provider will: Ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. (thesillycircus.com)

Alkaline phosphatase1

• Elevated levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and 5'-nucleotidase indicate cholestasis that is caused by the liver. (medmastery.com)

Tissues1

• 5,6 It also helps transport VLDL into the bloodstream and to the extrahepatic tissues, preventing fat and cholesterol from accumulating in the liver. (cytoplan.co.uk)

Skin1

• Pruritus is an unpleasant, localized or generalized sensation on the skin, mucous membranes, or conjunctivae, which the patient instinctively attempts to relieve by scratching or rubbing. (asahq.org)

Inflammation1

• In most cases, biliary atresia manifests several weeks after birth, probably after inflammation and scarring of the extrahepatic (and sometimes intrahepatic) bile ducts. (msdmanuals.com)

Viral1

• Maternal viral load, human immunodeficiency virus coinfection, prolonged rupture of membranes, fetal exposure to maternal infected blood consequent to vaginal or perineal lacerations and invasive monitoring of fetus increase the risk of viral transmission. (wjgnet.com)

Occurs2

• Unbearable itching that occurs in late pregnancy is the main symptom of Cholestasis of pregnancy. (thesillycircus.com)
• Cholestasis occurs in 1/2500 full-term infants. (msdmanuals.com)

Cell3

• Choline is necessary for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which are phospholipids that help maintain the structural integrity of the cell membranes. (cytoplan.co.uk)
• Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules, found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of cells. (cytoplan.co.uk)
• The human alkaline phosphatases (hALP) are found anchored on the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. (statpearls.com)

Decrease1

• Production of ALP is increased during cholestasis, which is a decrease in bile flow due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes. (medmastery.com)

Treatment1

• please see the article Cholestasis for treatment information. (medscape.com)

Affects1

• The Natural Approach Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the entire body but especially the synovial membranes of the joints. (ecopolitan.com)

Results1

• This procedure provides immediate relief similar the results seen in diversion, but cholestasis eventually returns in most patients. (medscape.com)

Normal1

• 17.1 micromole/L). Cholestasis is never normal and warrants evaluation. (msdmanuals.com)

Patients1

• HCV infection increases the risk of gestational diabetes in patients with excessive weight gain, premature rupture of membrane and caesarean delivery. (wjgnet.com)

Blood1

• At day 40, liver blood tests indicated a renewed increase in cholestasis and cytolysis ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)