• Apart from being an acidic medium containing an assortment of antimicrobial molecules including antibodies (IgA and IgG), mucins, β-defensins, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), surfactant protein etc. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, there is concomitant production of mucins, immunoglobulins (secretory IgA and IgG), secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and β-defensins, and other antimicrobial proteins, which all together provide a formidable first line of defense against infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Heme/iron-binding proteins, protease inhibitors, proteases, lipocalins and immune-related proteins were the categories most abundantly expressed in females, while glycolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and lipocalins were the most abundantly expressed in males. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mucins interact with surfaces in a unique way due to the amphiphilic properties the molecules exhibit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adsorbtion of mucin will alter the refractive index which can be used to calculate the amount of mucin molecules in the adsorbed layer (see equations below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mucinases are enzymes capable of degrading mucins (the complex high molecular weight molecules that are the major non-aqueous components of mucous gels). (bmj.com)
  • Partial or complete degradation of mucin molecules by microbial enzymes is often a fundamental step in disruption of defensive mucosal barriers, as these constitute direct interfaces between internal and external environments. (bmj.com)
  • sIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A). (bmj.com)
  • Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) coatings are a surface treatment provided to biomaterials intended to reduce the growth of disadvantageous bacteria and fungi such as S. epidermidis, E. coli, and Candida albicans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is the mucin from bovine and porcine sources that have been used in several biomaterial applications. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two main components of the gel are mucins and water, with the mucins forming the backbone of the mucous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretory mucins are the main components of the mucous gel layer that coats the epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each species[clarification needed] possesses mucin-secreting submaxillary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mucin originates from the mucus secretions from submaxillary glands, which are salivary glands that are located under the floor of the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The UACL has a unique profile of mucin gene expression. (embl.de)
  • Genetic studies of osmoregulation in yeast have identified mucin-like proteins as critical regulators of osmosensitive signaling and gene expression. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • While mucus is mostly composed of water, its structural and rheological properties are characterized by mucin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1, 2 This review approaches the role of mucin degrading enzymes from the potential interaction of micro-organisms with the cervical mucus barrier, and discusses the contribution that mucin degrading enzymes may make to microbial colonisation of the reproductive tract. (bmj.com)
  • 4 The proteins that occur in the mucus, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory IgA, are part of this defence system. (bmj.com)
  • Several studies have reported conflicting and inconclusive results concerning the clinical relevance of mucin expression in gastric carcinoma. (bmj.com)
  • This study investigated the correlations between aberrant expression of mucins in gastric carcinoma and patient clinicopathological features. (bmj.com)
  • Membrane bound mucins MUC1 and MUC3 appear to be associated with the development of gastric carcinoma. (bmj.com)
  • When mixed into an aqueous solution, higher concentrations of mucin result in lower surface tension values. (wikipedia.org)
  • glycerol, sorbitol, myo-inositol, etc), which are non-ionic solutes that can be accumulated to high (100s of mM) concentrations without affecting cell structure and/or protein function [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Epithelial mucins can be classified into two distinct families: secretory (gel forming) and membrane bound. (bmj.com)
  • In general, mucins have the unique function of protecting and lubricating epithelial surfaces, but in recent years they have also been implicated in additional diverse roles, such as growth, fetal development, epithelial renewal and differentiation, epithelial integrity, carcinogenesis, and metastasis. (bmj.com)
  • namely, MUC3, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, and the recently described mucin MUC17, which share a C-terminal structural domain that consists of two or three epithelial growth factor (EGF)-like regions, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic tail. (bmj.com)
  • For instance, how can cells control the diverse patterns of glycosylation of various secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in an orderly manner with high accuracy? (go.jp)
  • While much is known about the ErbB receptor binding characteristics of BTC and its effect on a variety of cultured cells under different conditions, the challenge that lies ahead is to determine the role of BTC in vivo. (embl.de)
  • To counteract decreases in cell volume caused by hypertonic conditions, cells restore volume through the rapid accumulation of ions and water via the activation of various plasma membrane ion conductance pathways [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • METHODS: Expression of mucin genes in the UACL from small bowel tissue of patients with Crohn's disease was detected by in situ hybridisation, and localisation of the products by immunohistochemistry. (embl.de)
  • Betacellulin (BTC) belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of peptide ligands that are characterised by a six-cysteine consensus motif that forms three intra-molecular disulfide bonds crucial for binding the ErbB receptor family. (embl.de)
  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator of diverse physiological functions such as proliferation, global protein, and lipid synthesis as well as many metabolic pathways interacting to increase secretory capabilities. (go.jp)
  • [ 4 ] Abnormalities or deficiencies in any of the 7 ocular surface components may worsen dry eye disease, yet promise opportunities for effective therapeutic intervention. (medscape.com)
  • In Hexacorallia, 4 species are represented: 2 stony corals (order Scleractinia) and 2 sea anemones (order Actinaria). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3, 4 Several tumour vaccines directed against MUC1 core protein, oligosaccharides, or MUC1 cDNAs have been shown to stimulate immune reactions in basic clinical trials to confer antitumour activity. (bmj.com)
  • Given that mucins and transmembrane proteins play similar roles in yeast osmoregulation, our findings suggest a possible evolutionarily conserved role for the mucin-plasma membrane interface in eukaryotic osmoregulation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The repulsive forces applied by the mucin creates anti-adhesive properties which can suppress cell adhesion to surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1, 2 Most studies of MUC1 expression in breast carcinomas have shown that increased membrane MUC1 mucin expression on the apical cell surface is associated with a better prognosis (reviewed in Rahn and colleagues 2 ), whereas circumferential staining in tumour cell cytoplasm is associated with a worse prognosis. (bmj.com)
  • Coordinated localisation of mucins and trefoil peptides in the ulcer associated cell lineage and the gastrointestinal mucosa. (embl.de)
  • BTC is proteolytically processed from a larger membrane-anchored precursor and is a potent mitogen for a wide variety of cell types. (embl.de)
  • Mucin is a fibrous matrix with gel-like properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • The possible contribution of mucin degrading enzymes to the pathogenesis of infection is, therefore, not to be underestimated. (bmj.com)
  • We found that the FERM domain in the tail region, which is known to bind to lipids as well as other proteins, is essential for both nuclear and chloroplast positioning, whereas the proximal MyTH4 domain plays a supporting role in chloroplast transport. (go.jp)
  • Our studies are the first to show that an extracellular mucin-like protein plays an important role in animal osmoregulation in a manner that requires the activity of a novel transmembrane protein. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • BTC binds and activates ErbB-1 and ErbB-4 homodimers and is further characterised by its unique ability to activate all possible heterodimeric ErbB receptors. (embl.de)
  • A major impediment to this process is the mucosal barrier, which exists in a secreted or membrane bound form. (bmj.com)
  • Many octocorallians, such as gorgonians (order Alcyonacea), also have a central horny axis composed of sclerotized collagen [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The amount of mucin removed was a small fraction of the remaining material. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most mucins adsorb to solid surfaces fairly easily without surface preparation due to the attractive interaction of the surface with the non-glycosylated region of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because mucin is amphiphilic, the non-glycosylated regions of the molecule interacts with the surface and the glycosylated region interacts with the ambient solution causing the steric repulsion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Este artículo revisa los estudios experimentales centrados en el desarrollo de vacunas para el control de la toxocariasis, y se presta especial atención a los estudios epidemiológicos relevantes sobre la importancia de los caninos domésticos en la toxocariasis humana. (scielo.org.co)
  • This indicates that mucin segments extend into the ambient solution at a long distance. (wikipedia.org)