AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Arachidonic AcidArachidonic AcidsPhospholipases A2Phospholipases AHydroxyeicosatetraenoic AcidsMembrane LipidsMembranesCell MembraneLipoxygenaseIntracellular Membranes12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic AcidMasoprocolMembrane Potentials5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic AcidLipoxygenase InhibitorsProstaglandinsEicosanoidsArachidonate 5-LipoxygenaseArachidonate LipoxygenasesProstaglandin-Endoperoxide SynthasesMembranes, ArtificialLeukotrienesFatty Acids, UnsaturatedGroup IV Phospholipases A2IndomethacinQuinacrineCalcimycinDinoprostoneLeukotriene B4Erythrocyte MembraneMembrane FluidityThromboxane B24,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amineFatty AcidsCyclooxygenase InhibitorsProstaglandins ECalciumDocosahexaenoic AcidsCell Membrane PermeabilityEicosanoic AcidsArachidonate 12-LipoxygenasePhospholipidsCells, CulturedLinoleic AcidBasement MembraneCyclooxygenase 2Cyclooxygenase 1Blood PlateletsEicosapentaenoic AcidSRS-ACell LineEpoprostenolLinoleic Acids6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alphaCytosolCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemRabbitsEnzyme ActivationPhosphatidylcholinesArachidonate 15-LipoxygenaseKineticsPlatelet AggregationPhospholipasesIsoenzymesGroup VI Phospholipases A2Chromatography, High Pressure LiquidMicrosomesProstaglandins FFatty Acids, Omega-6Phospholipases A2, CytosolicDose-Response Relationship, DrugNeutrophilsThromboxanesProstaglandins HMembrane Transport ProteinsProstaglandin EndoperoxidesMembrane GlycoproteinsEnzyme InhibitorsZymosanProstaglandin H2Thromboxane A2PhosphatidylinositolsSignal TransductionAlkane 1-MonooxygenaseProstaglandins GLipid BilayersPyronesProtein Kinase CMicroscopy, ElectronTime FactorsLeukotriene A4Protein TransportPhosphatidylethanolaminesDiglyceridesModels, BiologicalThromboxane-A SynthasePhospholipase A2 InhibitorsPlatelet Activating FactorRats, Sprague-Dawley
PhospholipidsDocosahexaenoic acidFree arachidonic acidLipidsEssential fattyMilk fat globule membraneMetabolismProduction of arachidonic acidMetabolizes arachidonic acidEicosapentaenoic acidPathwaysProstaglandinPhospholipaseFolic AcidPUFAPrecursorOxidationFluidityLinoleicEnzymesCellPlasma membraneReceptorsInflammatoryEnzymeProteinsSupplementationOmega-3 polyunsaturatedFatty acids reactAlpha LinoAlpinaMitochondrialProteinInflammationAmino AcidsPhospholipid fatty acidCarbonLipoxygenaseLevels
Phospholipids14
Docosahexaenoic acid8
  • 16. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are increased in human colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that is abundant in the brain, being crucial in brain structure. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • One of the major building blocks of the brain, the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for optimal brain health and function at all ages of life. (lifeextension.com)
  • The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is crucial for the healthy structure and function of the brain. (lifeextension.com)
  • The combination of lutein with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), may provide additional cognitive benefits. (tufts.edu)
  • The omega-⁠3 fatty acids found in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are powerful anti-inflammatory nutrients. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • In the body, LA is metabolized to arachidonic acid (AA), and LNA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). (nih.gov)
  • The authors of a retrospective study including 1188 elderly American subjects suggested that low levels of circulating docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may be a significant risk factor for the development of Alzheimer dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
Free arachidonic acid3
Lipids13
  • Lipids forming part of the cellular membrane can be metabolized in a variety of cellular types of the body by a family of enzymes termed phospholipases: phospholipase A2, phospholipase C and phospholipase D. Phospholipase A2 is considered the most important enzyme type. (researchgate.net)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • Lipid oxidation in meats is a process whereby polyunsaturated fatty acid react with reactive oxygen species leading to a series of secondary reactions which in turn lead to degradation of lipids and development of oxidative rancidity. (scielo.br)
  • By growing the COVID virus in the laboratory and extracting the lipid from it, they have found that its surface membrane is very different from that of the host surface membrane - it has much less cholesterol and sphingomyelin (a fatty lipid component) and many more lipids which can increase blood clotting. (theconversation.com)
  • The larvae then covers itself with lipids from this blood and scientists have suggested that this disguises the membrane from the immune response of hosts - in other words, us. (theconversation.com)
  • In physiological conditions, binding of calcium or membrane lipids (e.i. arachidonic acid) regulate the interaction with DNA or with other proteins. (csic.es)
  • Exogenous application of membrane-derived lipids, such as arachidonic acid (AA), regulates the gating of Kv channels. (pasteur.fr)
  • Whether membrane-derived lipids released under physiological conditions have an impact on neuronal coding through this mechanism is unknown. (pasteur.fr)
  • Lipids are water-insoluble and they are formed when fatty acids react with glycerol. (vedantu.com)
  • Complex lipids would be fatty acids with alcohol, eg. (vedantu.com)
  • The functions of lipids are mainly used for storing energy, signaling and stimulating the components of cell membranes. (vedantu.com)
  • They are made up of 3 molecules of fatty acids added with a molecule of glycerol, which serves as a backbone in many types of lipids. (vedantu.com)
  • Although similar in structure to enzymatically synthesized prostaglandin F2alpha ( DINOPROST ), they occur through non-enzymatic oxidation of cell membrane lipids. (nih.gov)
Essential fatty8
  • Arachidonic acid is not one of the essential fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The domesticated cat (felis catus) is a commonly-cited example of an obligate carnivore, as it is unable to desaturate essential fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human beings evolved on a diet that was lower in total fat and saturated fat, but contained equal amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids. (nih.gov)
  • The ratio of omega-6 to 3 essential fatty acids was 1 to 2:1 with higher levels of the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as EPA, DHA and AA, than today's diet. (nih.gov)
  • The 3 and 6 essential fatty acids are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. (nih.gov)
  • Although a recommended dietary allowance for essential fatty acids does not exist, an adequate intake (AI) has been estimated for omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids by an international scientific working group. (nih.gov)
  • The food industry is already taking steps to return omega-3 essential fatty acids to the food supply by enriching various foods with omega-3 fatty acids. (nih.gov)
  • He found when the brain is stressed for any reason neurons release two types of essential fatty acids, namely omega 6 and omega 3. (jackkruse.com)
Milk fat globule membrane3
  • Naturally occurring MFGM (milk fat globule membrane composed of proteins and fats) components (from whey protein concentrate). (safeway.com)
  • MFGM (Milk Fat Globule Membrane) & DHA brain building nutrition previously found only in breast milk (In amounts supported by clinical research). (super1foods.com)
  • Corn Syrup Solids, Vegetable Oil (Palm Olein, Coconut, Soy and High Oleic Sunflower Oils), Partially Hydrolyzed Nonfat Milk and Whey Protein Concentrate Solids (Soy), Whey Protein-Lipid Concentrate (Milk) (A Source of MFGM [Milk Fat Globule Membrane]), and Less than 2% of: Mortierella Alpina Oil (A Source of Arachidonic Acid [ARA]), Schizochytrium SP. (super1foods.com)
Metabolism6
  • 4. Effect of olive oil on early and late events of colon carcinogenesis in rats: modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and local prostaglandin E(2) synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • 17. [Clinicopathological significance of abnormal metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in colorectal cancer tissue]. (nih.gov)
  • Fatty acids that are not substrates for metabolism also potentiated Kir2.3 current. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 6 and 3 fatty acids influence eicosanoid metabolism, gene expression, and intercellular cell to cell communication. (nih.gov)
  • Calcium ionophore-stimulated chemiluminescence (CL) from human granulocytes: evidence that A23187-induced chemiluminescence originates from arachidonic acid metabolism. (cdc.gov)
  • The data indicated that inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway alone was less effective than inhibition of both the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways of arachidonic- acid metabolism in blocking A23187 mediated chemiluminescence. (cdc.gov)
Production of arachidonic acid3
  • Metabolites of the drug may decrease inflammation by blocking production of arachidonic acid metabolites in the colon mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • This change leads to decreased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. (omega-research.com)
  • In this regard, the search for new molecules capable of significantly reducing the enzymatic activity of sPLA 2 and decreasing the production of arachidonic acid through this route is very important from a therapeutic standpoint [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Metabolizes arachidonic acid2
Eicosapentaenoic acid1
  • Reduced levels of membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs), namely, arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHAs), and their association with psychopathology have been consistently reported in both chronic-medicated schizophrenic patients as well as in never-medicated patients soon after the first episode of psychosis. (symptome.ch)
Pathways3
  • This action might come about through antagonism of the effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFB). (omega-research.com)
  • When PAMPs (Table 1) bind to TLRs on the cell membrane, a molecular signal is produced which launches one of several different enzymatic pathways within the cell's cytoplasm. (dentalcare.com)
  • He found once the EMF was used to create the electroshock that once the fatty acids were relased they RETURNED to the cell membranes by two pathways. (jackkruse.com)
Prostaglandin3
  • Arachidonic acid is a precursor to a wide range of eicosanoids: The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, which in turn may be converted to various prostaglandins, to prostacyclin, to thromboxanes, and to the 17-carbon product of thromboxane metabolism of prostaglandin G2/H2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT). (wikipedia.org)
  • Clonidine (but not xylazine) stimulated the synthesis of prostaglandin-like activity in pieces of intact vas deferens incubated in Krebs containing arachidonic acid. (eurekamag.com)
  • Clonidine did not stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in a cell-free preparation of sheep seminal vesicle microsomes incubated with arachidonic acid or inhibit PGE2 catabolism by purified swine lung 15-PGDH. (eurekamag.com)
Phospholipase3
  • Arachidonic acid is freed from phospholipid by hydrolysis, catalyzed by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). (wikipedia.org)
  • Arachidonic acid for signaling purposes appears to be derived by the action of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, 85 kDa), whereas inflammatory arachidonic acid is generated by the action of a low-molecular-weight secretory PLA2 (sPLA2, 14-18 kDa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Prostanoids are generated intracellularly from arachidonic acid (AA) mainly through, but not exclusively, the activity of phospholipase A2. (medscape.com)
Folic Acid2
  • Folic acid, B6 and B12 have been shown to reduce artery-damaging levels of homocysteine in the body, thus helping to retain normal cardiovascular function (elevated levels of homocysteine have also been implicated in other chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes). (sciencebasedhealth.com)
  • Additionally, folic acid has been found to play an important role in colon health. (sciencebasedhealth.com)
PUFA10
  • Typically, human inflammatory cells contain high proportions of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid and low proportions of n-3 PUFA. (omega-research.com)
  • Membrane lutein concentrations, which did not preferentially accumulate in one membrane over another, were not driven by total membrane PUFA content as is the case with α-tocopherol, an antioxidant found in significantly higher concentrations in the brain. (tufts.edu)
  • Furthermore, this relationship was observed in mitochondrial membranes only, whereas total α-tocopherol (not membrane-specific) was related to PUFA oxidation. (tufts.edu)
  • Lutein in the neuronal plasma membrane was not related to ERK activation, while PUFA concentrations in this membrane were positively associated with activation of this pathway. (tufts.edu)
  • The PUFA composition of cell membranes is, to a great extent, dependent on dietary intake. (nih.gov)
  • To obtain the recommended AI, it will be necessary to consider the issues involved in enriching the food supply with omega-3 PUFA in terms of dosage, safety, and sources of omega-3 fatty acids. (nih.gov)
  • The Eskimos back in the 1970s consumed large amounts of n-3 PUFA far in excess of n-6 intakes - hence their tissue membranes were full of EPA/DHA and not much arachidonic acid (n-6) - therefore they had a propensity to bleed a lot. (edu.au)
  • Various studies have shown that long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may be useful in its management. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our objective was to evaluate whether a supplement containing n-3 PUFA improves depressive symptoms in depressed elderly patients, and whether the blood fatty acid pattern is correlated with these changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An unbalance in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status is observed in various pathological conditions, especially in chronic and/or degenerative diseases associated with antioxidant system deficiency [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Precursor4
Oxidation6
  • The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which in turn converts to various leukotrienes (i.e., leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and leukotriene E4 as well as to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) which may then be further metabolized to 5-HETE's more potent 5-keto analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) (also see 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) catalyzes oxidation of arachidonic acid to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), which may then be metabolized to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and to hepoxilins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their gene products catalyze the NAD(+)- or NADP(+)-dependent oxidation of various β-hydroxy acid substrates into their corresponding semialdehyde. (researchgate.net)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • Lutein concentrations were inversely associated with DHA oxidation more so than arachidonic acid oxidation. (tufts.edu)
  • Isoprostanes derived from the free radical oxidation of ARACHIDONIC ACID . (nih.gov)
Fluidity2
  • Phospholipid (PL) fatty acids are major structural components of neuronal cell membranes, which modulate membrane fluidity and hence function. (scialert.net)
  • Moreover it was postulated that abnormalities in phospholipid fatty acid composition may play a role also in psychiatric disorders, including depression, changing membrane fluidity and, consequently, influencing various neurotransmitter systems, which are believed to be related to the pathophysiology of major depression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Linoleic6
Enzymes8
  • In addition to being involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger involved in the regulation of signaling enzymes, such as PLC-γ, PLC-δ, and PKC-α, -β, and -γ isoforms, arachidonic acid is a key inflammatory intermediate and can also act as a vasodilator. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the predominant enzymes responsible for the epoxidation of endogenous cardiac arachidonic acid pools. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Activities of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of selected oxidative stress biomarkers in synovial membranes of patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis. (termedia.pl)
  • This requirement is not explained by a higher amino acid requirement for protein synthesis but rather by their limited ability to control the activity of amino acid catabolic enzymes. (vin.com)
  • These enzymes metabolize fats in the cell membrane to inflammatory chemicals in the body. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • The freed arachidonic acid is used to create localized enzymes called prostaglandins. (enhancedlabs.com)
  • Various natural compounds have the potential to inhibit or negatively modulate the activities of PLA 2 s and other enzymes involved in the cascade of arachidonic acid, consequently presenting a potential method for reducing and controlling the inflammatory process. (hindawi.com)
  • these molecules can inhibit the enzymatic activity of PLA 2 s and other enzymes involved in the arachidonic acid pathway, and they can reduce the synthesis of some inflammatory intermediates [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cell20
  • One of the most important constituents of the cell membrane is arachidonic acid. (researchgate.net)
  • 18. Increased cell membrane arachidonic acid in experimental colorectal tumours. (nih.gov)
  • Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. (omega-research.com)
  • Furthermore, it is known that brain cell membranes (myelin, neuronal, mitochondrial, and nuclear) are a critical determinant of cell function and viability. (tufts.edu)
  • The objective of this thesis was to determine the relationship between lutein and membrane composition and cell viability in regions of the brain known to control different domains of cognitive function. (tufts.edu)
  • Secondly, the relationship between region and membrane-specific lutein and brain cell viability was investigated. (tufts.edu)
  • Cell membranes make up the exterior of all cells and are a basic structure found in most living organisms. (theconversation.com)
  • Scientists are looking to understand how bilayers (cell membranes with two layers) work and whether they can be used to develop new drugs to combat infections. (theconversation.com)
  • When one of these viral particles enters a lung cell, it releases its ribonucleic acid (RNA) - single-stranded genetic code. (theconversation.com)
  • This translates into viral proteins on ball-like structures called ribosomes that are attached to membranes inside the host cell. (theconversation.com)
  • They then make a further journey, fusing with the surface membrane of the cell, before leaving it altogether - a process known as exocytosis. (theconversation.com)
  • When the virus leaves the cell it carries some of the membranes from the host cell with it. (theconversation.com)
  • We foresee the Ca2+-dependent transcriptional repressorDREAM as an active/central component of several nucleoprotein complexes that mediate specifically the various transcriptional cascades triggered by membrane depolarization in neurons or T cell receptor activation in lymphocytes. (csic.es)
  • Many of these bacterial products and structures are referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and can be recognized by cell membrane receptors called Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) . (dentalcare.com)
  • C5b, C6, C7, C8 form a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that can destroy bacteria by punching holes in their cell wall. (dentalcare.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is found ubquitously all over the body in all cell lines but DHA goes mainly to the retina and brain. (jackkruse.com)
  • Both become critical parts of the cell membrane EMF antenna in cells that work in wireless fashion using various non linear apsects of the electromagnetic spectrum. (jackkruse.com)
  • Depletion of n-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients has been previously reported [ 10 ][ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell membranes, nerve tissues and blood platelets. (vedantu.com)
  • They are available in the body's cell membranes. (vedantu.com)
Plasma membrane7
  • We used fluorescence imaging of individual exocytic events together with electron microscopy to study the regulation of dense core granule-to-plasma membrane fusion and granule-to-granule fusion events that occur during secretion from rat pituitary lactotrophs. (rupress.org)
  • Approximately 67% of these structures consisted of multiple granules fused together sharing a single exocytic opening with the plasma membrane, i.e., compound exocytosis. (rupress.org)
  • For all of these stimulation conditions there appeared to be a finite number of plasma membrane fusion sites, ∼11 sites around each cellular equator. (rupress.org)
  • However, a granule could fuse directly with another granule that had already fused with the plasma membrane even before all plasma membrane sites were occupied. (rupress.org)
  • Granule-to-plasma membrane and granule-to-granule fusion events were subject to different regulations. (rupress.org)
  • Forskolin, which can elevate cAMP, increased the number of granule-to-granule fusion events without altering the number of granule-to-plasma membrane fusion events. (rupress.org)
  • In contrast, the phorbol ester PMA, which activates protein kinase C increased both granule-to-granule and granule-to-plasma membrane fusion events. (rupress.org)
Receptors4
  • However, evidence is now accumulating for rapid corticosteroid actions 25 , 26 , and the existence of membrane-bound steroid receptors that may mediate these rapid actions 27 , 28 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Cannabinoids have various effects on the cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily (eg, nicotinic acetylcholine, glycine, glutamatergic and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA A ), GABA A -ρ, 5-HT 3 receptors). (bmj.com)
  • VWF binds to receptors on the platelet surface membrane (glycoprotein Ib/IX). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Platelet receptors for ADP include the P2Y12 receptor, which sends signals to suppress adenylate cyclase, decreases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, and promotes activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (assembled on the activated platelet surface membrane from glycoproteins IIb and IIIa). (msdmanuals.com)
Inflammatory3
  • [ 36 ] The mainstay of outpatient management is anti-inflammatory therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) preparations, such as sulfasalazine and mesalamine. (medscape.com)
  • The mainstay of outpatient management is anti-inflammatory therapy with 5- a minosalicylic acid (5-ASA) preparations. (medscape.com)
  • Both ω6 (ω6) and ω3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potent modulators of the Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and of lymphocytic and monocytic functions ( Maes and Smith, 1998 ). (scialert.net)
Enzyme4
  • see essential fatty acid interactions and the enzyme and metabolite linkages given in the previous paragraph for more details. (wikipedia.org)
  • In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, up to the 16-carbon palmitate, via the enzyme complex fatty acid synthase (FA synthase), at which point a fatty acid elongase is needed to further lengthen it. (hmdb.ca)
  • Boswellic acids inhibit 5-⁠lipoxygenase (5-⁠LOX), the enzyme responsible for the production of proinflammatory leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • The enzyme is activated by increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels and phosphorylation, resulting in its translocation from the cytosol and nucleus to perinuclear membrane vesicles. (nih.gov)
Proteins1
  • They are transported via placental trophoblast cells by membrane and cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Supplementation1
  • 9. Rapid incorporation of ω-3 fatty acids into colonic tissue after oral supplementation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. (nih.gov)
Omega-3 polyunsaturated1
  • Children will be given a supplement with a combination of DHA, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, which is also important for the construction of blood vessels and nerve tissue, and arachidonic acid, an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. (sciencedaily.com)
Fatty acids react1
  • It is a rather complex process in which unsaturated fatty acids react with molecular oxygen via free radical chain-forming peroxides. (scielo.br)
Alpha Lino1
  • Furthermore, this study found that intake of the plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid, was associated with a reduction in the risk of Alzheimer's disease in subjects carrying the APOE4 gene, which is a powerful indicator of the disease. (lifeextension.com)
Alpina1
Mitochondrial3
  • The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in eukaryotes, where it is mainly localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane. (researchgate.net)
  • Translocator protein 18kDa is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein that was first recognized in mammalian systems as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and in Rhodobacter sphaeroides as the tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TspO). (researchgate.net)
  • Lutein was inversely related to DHA in myelin and neuronal plasma membranes but positively related in mitochondrial membranes, indicating the nature of this relationship may be membrane-specific. (tufts.edu)
Protein2
  • HN - 2008 BX - Child Abuse, Adult Survivors MH - Agouti Signaling Protein UI - D054366 MN - D12.644.276.49 MN - D12.776.467.49 MN - D23.529.49 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. (nih.gov)
  • HN - 2008 (1993) MH - Agouti-Related Protein UI - D054369 MN - D12.644.276.74 MN - D12.776.467.74 MN - D23.529.74 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. (nih.gov)
Inflammation2
  • Without arachidonic acid, you lose the short-term inflammation essential for building new muscle tissue . (enhancedlabs.com)
  • The fatty acid belongs to the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid family, which at high levels is associated with inflammation and heart disease in adults. (sciencedaily.com)
Amino Acids1
  • Cats require the same nine essential amino acids that are needed in the diet of all mammals. (vin.com)
Phospholipid fatty acid1
  • Skeletal muscle is an especially active site of arachidonic acid retention, accounting for roughly 10-20% of the phospholipid fatty acid content typically. (wikipedia.org)
Carbon1
  • These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. (hmdb.ca)
Lipoxygenase2
  • Identification of 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid as a vasoactive 15-lipoxygenase metabolite in rabbit aorta. (nih.gov)
  • Arachidonic acid (AA) causes endothelium-dependent smooth muscle hyperpolarizations and relaxations that are mediated by a 15-lipoxygenase-I (15-LO-I) metabolite, 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12,15-THETA). (nih.gov)
Levels11
  • Plasma levels of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 6-trans-12-epi-leukotriene B4 (6t,12e-LTB 4 ), and resolvin D2 (RvD 2 ) were upregulated, and stachydrine, dowicide A, dodecanoylcarnitine were downregulated in ITP patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • The association of lutein and DHA levels within membranes and the subcellular deposition of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in relation to lutein were also evaluated. (tufts.edu)
  • Under normal conditions, weight training quickly depletes the levels of stored arachidonic acid in muscle tissue. (enhancedlabs.com)
  • For this reason, many researchers theorize that low arachidonic acid levels are one of the primary factors contributing to the "plateau" effect in resistance training. (enhancedlabs.com)
  • Arachidonic acid levels appear to be the central mediator to this process. (enhancedlabs.com)
  • A study points to a clear link between ROP and low levels of the fatty acid arachidonic acid, measured in children's blood. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Seeing such a strong connection between arachidonic acid levels and ROP is something that is entirely new. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However we looked at the data, it's always low levels of arachidonic acid that is most clearly associated with the disease," says Chatarina Löfqvist, an associate professor in experimental ophthalmology and the first author of the article. (sciencedaily.com)
  • What we believe and hope is that providing the children with arachidonic acid will raise the levels and reduce the amount of ROP to minimize the risk of children becoming blind," she continues. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the current study researchers investigated the levels of about 20 different fatty acids in the blood of 90 children born before 28 weeks of pregnancy at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The mother provides the fetus with arachidonic acid, which is at a much lower level in her own blood compared to the fetal levels. (sciencedaily.com)