• About 4 hours later, the first mitosis occurs to produce a 2-cell embryo in which each "zygotic nucleus" contains a complete set of parental chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • The first mitosis occurs from 17 - 20 hpf to produce a 2-cell embryo containing two diploid "zygotic" nuclei, each with a set of paternal and a set of maternal chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • However, transcription-dependent protein synthesis does not begin until 2 to 4 hours after completion of the first mitosis and the beginning of S-phase in 2-cell embryos. (nih.gov)
  • It has recently been reported that microtubule depolymerization by nocodazole treatment can block exit from mitosis in the extracts if enough sperm nuclei are present, and that the addition of MAP kinase- specific phosphatase MKP-1 overcomes this spindle assembly checkpoint, suggesting the involvement of MAP kinase in the checkpoint signal transduction. (rupress.org)
  • Meiotic division occurs only once during the sexual life cycle and transition from mitosis to meiosis is subject to a complex regulation that varies among organisms depending on their reproductive strategies [3] , [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Mitosis is one of the two types of nuclear division that occurs in vegetative cells during asexual reproduction, in order to increase the number of cells in the population. (pediaa.com)
  • But in fungi, chromosomes are separated in the intact nucleus, which is called closed mitosis . (pediaa.com)
  • Phases of the mitosis along with the interphase is shown in figure 2 . (pediaa.com)
  • In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (maindifference.net)
  • In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (maindifference.net)
  • Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other. (maindifference.net)
  • During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. (maindifference.net)
  • Producing three or more daughter cells instead of the normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). (maindifference.net)
  • Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. (maindifference.net)
  • Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. (maindifference.net)
  • For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. (maindifference.net)
  • Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. (maindifference.net)
  • Mitosis is necessary to replace dead cells, damaged cells, or cells that have short life spans. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Meiosis and mitosis are the two main forms of cell division. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Mitosis is the process by which the genome is transmitted from a mother cell into two daughter cells. (nature.com)
  • Mitosis can be sub-defined into two phases: mitotic entry and mitotic exit. (nature.com)
  • These germ cells proliferate by the process of mitosis. (biologyonline.com)
  • While somatic cells undergo mitosis for self-replication, germ cells, such as primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes, embark on meiosis to generate haploid gametes, facilitating sexual reproduction. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Loss of the check-points involved in cell cycle control may result in unrepaired DNA damage during DNA synthesis or mitosis leading to genetic mutations and contributing to carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • In meiosis, cells that are produced are dissimilar and contain as much genetic information as cells created during mitosis. (mrcalonline.com)
  • The transition from sporogenesis to gametogenesis is directly correlated with the cell cycle transition from meiosis to mitosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • PLK1 is a serine/threonine kinase that is thought to function in cell mitosis and regarded as a marker of cell proliferation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Multiple cell divisions by mitosis (without change in the number of chromosomes) then develop into a multicellular diploid phase or generation. (wikipedia.org)
  • These spores then germinate and divide by mitosis to form a haploid multicellular phase, the gametophyte , which produces gametes directly by mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bacteria mainly have their own type of mitosis which is defined as binary fission, and this is considered to be distinct from the term meiosis as the chromosome that is present within the bacteria is not contained in the nucleus just like the eukaryotic chromosomes. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • However, it is determined that mitosis usually takes a very much shorter time as compared to meiosis and the entire procedure takes around 10 hours for the cells in culture whereas yeast can mainly take 80 minutes id time for completing the cell cycle. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • Uncontrolled mitosis can occur disease like cancer, and this mainly occurs if the genes that stop dividing are mainly get switched off of the gene, which helps in encouraging the division of cells to remain inactive. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • Mitosis is defined as one of the forms of eukaryotic cell division that helps in producing two different types of daughter cells with the same type of genetic component as the parent cell. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • Within the adult organism, it is found that mitosis generally helps in playing an important role for cell replacement, tumour formation as well as wound healing. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • Following fertilization, some proteins (e.g. transcription factor Sp1, TATA-box binding protein, RNA pol-II) are translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Usually, during mitotic cell division, karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm . (pediaa.com)
  • The main difference between karyokinesis and cytokinesis is that karyokinesis is the equal distribution of replicated genetic material between two daughter nuclei whereas cytokinesis is the approximately equal distribution of cytoplasm between the two daughter cells . (pediaa.com)
  • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, along with the two daughter nuclei, organelles, and cytoplasm. (pediaa.com)
  • On the contrary, during oogenesis, the ovum consists of almost all the organelles and the cytoplasm of the precursor germ cell, genocytes. (pediaa.com)
  • to complete both meiotic divisions resulting in three polar bodies and one female pronucleus that share a common cytoplasm. (silverchair.com)
  • Developing spermatids were subdivided into 10 steps, based on the morphological characteristics such as the acrosome formation changes in spermatozoa, nucleus, cytoplasm, and spermiation changes. (ksdb.org)
  • The ovum has a nucleus, germinal vesicle, and cytoplasm. (fertiligy.com)
  • This approach allows us to distinguish Notch-dependent nascent transcripts in the nucleus from mature mRNAs in the cytoplasm. (elifesciences.org)
  • Messenger RNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Trophozoite: This is oval in shape, with hemozoin in the cytoplasm, containing a vacuole with a nucleus, and may be pushed peripherally forming a signet ring configuration. (cbsetuts.com)
  • The period of the cell cycle when CELLS divide their nucleus and cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)
  • This types of separation of the genetic material within the mitotic division of the nuclear are mainly followed by the cell cytoplasm separation within the cellular division for producing two different types of daughter cells. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • When an oocyte matures into an egg, it arrests in metaphase of its second meiotic division where transcription stops and translation of mRNA is reduced (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
  • In Xenopus laevis , for example, this classical MAP kinase cascade has been shown to play a crucial role in meiotic cell cycles during oocyte maturation, metaphase arrest of unfertilized eggs, and early embryonic development ( 5 , 7 , 9 - 13 , 15 - 18 , 26 , 32 ). (rupress.org)
  • In Xenopus unfertilized eggs which are arrested at the second meiotic metaphase, MAP kinase is fully activated, whereas in somatic or early embryonic cell cycles marked activation of MAP kinase at M phase has not been detected, although several reports observed the existence of an activated MAP kinase or an activated MAP kinase-like molecule in M phase ( 14 , 31 ). (rupress.org)
  • During metaphase, kinetochore microtubules are contracted, aligning the individual bivalent chromosomes on the cell equator. (pediaa.com)
  • In metaphase I, the duplicated copies of these maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Meiosis takes place in pollen and megaspore mother cells that differentiate from archesporial cells through several rounds of mitotic divisions. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Meiotic cell divisions are an essential process during oogenesis and spermatogenesis. (maindifference.net)
  • The two meiotic divisions are known as Meiosis I and Meiosis II. (maindifference.net)
  • Conversely, cells like epidermal cells undergo frequent divisions, necessitating regular progression through interphase to amass resources and duplicate DNA. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Furthermore, meiotic divisions are interspersed with a unique interphase called interkinesis, where DNA replication is absent, resulting in a reduction of DNA content in the resultant cells. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Such a product of four haploid cells is possible because, during meiotic cell division, the cell experiences one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. (mrcalonline.com)
  • Only one of them, the functional megaspore, continues its development and goes through three mitotic divisions forming a mature embryo sac composed of eight nuclei and seven cells: three antipodal cells, two medial polar nuclei, and one egg cell surrounded by two synergids ( Mansfield and Briarty, 1991 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This is followed by two cell divisions to generate haploid gametes. (wikipedia.org)
  • During this period before cell divisions, genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes in genetic recombination . (wikipedia.org)
  • It is found that different types of mitotic divisions of the daughter cells as well as zygote for the proper growth as well as the development of different types of organism. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • The switch from mitotic to meiotic cell divisions requires expression of IME1 , which induces the meiotic transcription program by binding and triggering the destruction of the Ume6 repressor [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell divisions of the parent body. (studycbse.in)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • A growing mouse oocyte, arrested at diplotene of its first meiotic prophase, transcribes and translates many of its own genes, thereby producing a store of proteins sufficient to support development to the 8-cell stage. (nih.gov)
  • During prophase , condensed chromosomes are aligned in the equatorial plate of the cell with the aid of forming spindle apparatus. (pediaa.com)
  • Immediately following DNA replication, meiotic cells enter a prolonged G2-like stage known as meiotic prophase. (maindifference.net)
  • This results in each nucleus containing two sister chromatids attached by a common centromere and the sister chromatids are no longer identical because of the crossing over that occurred in prophase 1. (mrcalonline.com)
  • A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to form four spermatids. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Fertilization triggers completion of meiosis and formation of a 1-cell embryo containing a haploid paternal pronucleus derived from the sperm and a haploid maternal pronucleus derived from the oocyte. (nih.gov)
  • Meiosis is a modified cell division in which a single S-phase is followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation resulting in the production of haploid gametes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The other type of nuclear division is meiosis , which is observed in germ cells during the production of gametes in sexual reproduction. (pediaa.com)
  • The accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis-which is critical for genome stability across sexual cycles-relies on homologous recombination initiated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made by the Spo11 protein 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Important exceptions include the gametes - sperm and egg cells - which are produced by meiosis. (maindifference.net)
  • from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them. (maindifference.net)
  • Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. (maindifference.net)
  • Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA of each chromosome is replicated so that it consists of two identical sister chromatids, which remain held together through sister chromatid cohesion. (maindifference.net)
  • In most organisms, these links are essential to direct each pair of homologous chromosomes to segregate away from each other during Meiosis I, resulting in two haploid cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (maindifference.net)
  • Therefore, meiosis I is the stage at which events unique to the meiosis cycle occurs. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Meiosis is a cell division process that describes the division of germ cells, which comprises two nucleus fissions. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Meiosis is an important process in nature as it is responsible for producing the next generation of cells. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • A cell is going through meiosis. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Splitting of cells during meiosis resulted in four daughter cells. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • In meiosis, the lining up of homologous chromosomes leaves 2 alleles in the final cells, but they are on sister chromatids and are clones of the same source of DNA. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • Consequently, each newly formed daughter nucleus after meiosis I is haploid since it has only one chromosome of the bivalent. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • This process of the bivalent movement to the cells equator is typically confined to meiosis I only and does not occur in the mitotic division. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • At the transition from meiosis to cleavage mitoses, Drosophila requires the cell cycle regulators encoded by the genes, giant nuclei ( gnu ), plutonium ( plu ) and pan gu ( png ). (silverchair.com)
  • During the process of gametogenesis, a diploid ( 2n ) cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid ( n ) cells. (biologyonline.com)
  • There are different stages of meiotic cell division which includes meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. (mrcalonline.com)
  • Meiosis 1 is acknowledged as the reduction phase because homologs are pulled to opposite poles for each pair of chromosomes but not sister chromatids whereas meiosis 2 is the division phase. (mrcalonline.com)
  • Meiosis can briefly be explained as a process of cell division in which the cell's genetic information as contained in chromosomes, is mixed and divided into different sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes that was contained in the parent cell. (mrcalonline.com)
  • Sex cells are formed in a special kind of cell division called meiosis. (encyclopedia.com)
  • During meiosis, two rounds of cell division ensure that the sex cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • During meiotic initiation, the transcription repressive activity of PRC1.6 must be attenuated so that meiosis-related genes can be effectively activated by the STRA8/MEIOSIN complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • In eukaryotes, diploid precursor cells divide to produce haploid cells in a process called meiosis . (wikipedia.org)
  • In plants, the diploid phase, known as the sporophyte , produces spores by meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, if any type of error occurs during the process of meiosis, then it generally can lead a wrong number of chromosomes that mainly ends up within the germ cells that are known as aneuploidy. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • On the other hand, meiosis is considered as one of the forms of eukaryotic cell division that generally helps in producing haploid sex gametes as well as cells that generally helps in forming different types of diploid cells. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • However, Ime1 protein production is reduced and the Ume6 repressor is not destroyed in rpl22 mutant cells preventing early meiotic gene induction resulting in a pre-meiosis I arrest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fertilization triggers dephosphorylation of the CTD into a hypophosphorylated form IIa that is required for initiation of transcription and a reduced phosphorylated form IIe characteristic of somatic cells. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Periodic production of retinoic acid by meiotic and somatic cells coordinates four transitions in mouse spermatogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • By showing autophagy in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, we try to elicit the regulatory role of autophagy in spermatogenic cells and somatic cells of testis. (intechopen.com)
  • This cleavage event is rapidly followed by the second S-phase and expression of a small number of zygotic genes (~38 to 282). (nih.gov)
  • Transcription of endogenous genes also has been detected in late 1-cell mouse embryos where it begins at the end of S-phase. (nih.gov)
  • Eight to 10 hours later during G2-phase of 2-cell embryos,expression of zygotic genes increases in both amount and complexity. (nih.gov)
  • The second phase of ZGA is specific for a subset of zygotic genes. (nih.gov)
  • In flies deficient for both genes,spermatogenesis is blocked prior to any spermatid differentiation and before the first meiotic division. (biologists.com)
  • This suggests that vismay and achintya function at the same step as two previously characterized meiotic arrest genes, always early and cookie monster . (biologists.com)
  • Mutations in nht, mia and sa have similar effects in primary spermatocytes on transcription of several target genes involved in spermatid differentiation, and cause the same phenotypes as mutations in can , blocking both meiotic cell cycle progression and spermatid differentiation. (sdbonline.org)
  • It is proposed that the products of the five Drosophila genes encoding testis TAF homologs collaborate in an alternative TAF-containing protein complex to regulate a testis-specific gene expression program in primary spermatocytes required for terminal differentiation of male germ cells (Hiller, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
  • For example, an alternate form of TAF4 (TAF4b -- formerly hTAF II 105) highly expressed in granulosa cells was found to associate with TBP and TAF1 in a large, TFIID-like protein complex in ovarian extracts (Freiman, 2001) and to be required for normal follicular development and for expression of a number of genes in developing ovarian follicles in mice (Hiller, 2004 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
  • 8. RFX2 is a potential transcriptional regulatory factor for histone H1t and other genes expressed during the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • We found that, in cells grown in gluconeogenic conditions, expression of a small number of genes, mainly connected with the response to stress, is reduced in the strains lacking PKA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), an overlapping set of genes, including germline "genome-defence" (GGD) genes, are upregulated following deletion of the H3K9 methyltransferase SETDB1 or subunits of the non-canonical PRC1 complex PRC1.6. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, GGD genes are hypermethylated in epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) and their silencing is dependent upon SETDB1, PRC1.6/RING1B and DNAme, with H3K9me3 and DNAme establishment dependent upon MGA binding. (bvsalud.org)
  • The initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (PolII) remains a critical control point for regulation of differential gene expression during development and the differentiation of specialized cell types. (sdbonline.org)
  • A striking example of a tissue-specific TAF homolog required for execution of a developmentally regulated transcriptional program appears during differentiation of male germ cells in Drosophila (Hiller, 2001). (sdbonline.org)
  • Considering all the results, the spermatogenesis may be useful information to analyze the differentiation of spermatogenic cells and the breeding season. (ksdb.org)
  • However, the dedifferentiation concept for hepatocarcinogenesis is challenged by more recent interpretations indicating that hepatocellular carcinoma arises from maturation arrest caused by aberrant differentiation of determined stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, although some downstream effects of SRY are known, such as cellular proliferation, Sertoli cell differentiation, and testis-specific vascularization, the direct transcriptional targets of SRY remain unknown. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Translational control of meiotic cell cycle progression and spermatid differentiation in male germ cells by a novel eIF4G homolog. (nih.gov)
  • The processing of this program requires delicate balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and expedite cell interaction. (intechopen.com)
  • In addition, we show that strong activation of MAP kinase by the addition of a constitutively active MAP kinase kinase kinase in the absence of sperm nuclei and nocodazole, induced mitotic arrest in the extracts. (rupress.org)
  • In some cases all four of the meiotic products form gametes such as sperm, spores, or pollen. (maindifference.net)
  • Image shows the microscopic view of human gametes, egg cell and sperm cell (inlet). (biologyonline.com)
  • It is known as male gamete or sperm cell . (biologyonline.com)
  • Example: sperm cells. (biologyonline.com)
  • Since the cells produced are eggs and sperm cells, the zygote that results after they fertilize each other regain a full set of chromosomes. (mrcalonline.com)
  • For example, sex cells (the sperm or the egg) are haploid, while many other cells in the body are diploid. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell ) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes ( diploid ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of plants carrying cyclin SDS with an introduced D-box motif determined that, in addition to its function in recombination, SDS acts together with CYCB3;1 in suppressing unscheduled cell wall synthesis. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • de Massy, B. Initiation of meiotic recombination: how and where? (nature.com)
  • Lam, I. & Keeney, S. Mechanism and regulation of meiotic recombination initiation. (nature.com)
  • An atypical topoisomerase II from Archaea with implications for meiotic recombination. (nature.com)
  • Meiotic crossover (CO) recombination initiates from programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) around hotspots, and results in reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes (homologs). (chuo-u.ac.jp)
  • The conserved histone variant H2A.Z illuminates meiotic recombination initiation. (chuo-u.ac.jp)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins represent an ancient molecular module that drives and regulates cell cycle progression. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The progression of the cell cycle is controlled by the action of both positive and negative growth regulators. (nih.gov)
  • This cell division process is complex and requires the integration of different pathways such as those involved in cell cycle progression, chromatin modifications, and hormonal signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • CNOT6L couples the selective degradation of maternal transcripts to meiotic cell cycle progression in mouse oocyte. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • Macrophages in the B-cell lymphoma microenvironment represent a functional node in progression and therapeutic response. (sfb1530.de)
  • In angiosperm plants are gametes produced in flowers that differentiate only late during the life cycle. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • At the end of the entire phase, the diploid (2n) parent cell will yield four (4) haploid gametes. (mrcalonline.com)
  • During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes combine into one diploid cell known as a zygote in a process called fertilization . (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclei from the gametes fuse, and each gamete contributes half of the genetic material of the zygote. (wikipedia.org)
  • Formation of a mouse 2-cell embryo marks the transition from maternal to zygotic gene dependence. (nih.gov)
  • To date, however, only a few tissue-specific TAF II s have been investigated for in vivo function in cell-type-specific gene expression programs. (sdbonline.org)
  • While it is now clear that cell-type-specific TAF homologs such as can and mTAF4b can play important roles in tissue-specific gene expression, the mechanisms by which they function at specific promoters are not understood. (sdbonline.org)
  • In the presence of a fully active Spm ele- ment, the states of a,"* are distin- guished from one another by differ- ences in the time of "turning on" of A, gene action during development of a tissue, by the frequency of occur- rence of such action in the cells of a tissue, and by the pigment intensity in those cells in which it is produced. (nih.gov)
  • How this element operates at the level of the gene and within the nucleus to accomplish such diverse modes of regulation of gene action is not yet known. (nih.gov)
  • Sex determination, as an early embryological event, can help us address basic questions of the regulation of gene expression, cell-fate determination, and hormone signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
  • The stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (STRA8)/MEIOSIN complex and polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1.6, a PRC1 subtype, are believed to be positive and negative regulators of meiotic onset, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our detailed examination of spermatogenesis also revealed that this genetic alteration is not associated with any apparent abnormalities in testis size, spermatogenic cycle, timing of meiotic onset, or marker gene expression of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present study, we identified a heterozygous frameshift mutation (I373fsX91) in the carboxy-terminus of the TIS11D gene in leukemic cells from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • Moreover, biallelic inactivation of the TIS11D gene resulting from a hemizygous frameshift mutation (G107fsX80) was identified in the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line DG75. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • Finally, deleting the unusually long 5′UTR restores Ime1 levels and early meiotic gene transcription in rpl22 mutants suggesting that Rpl22 enhances translation through this element. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Establishment of Oocyte Population in the Fetal Ovary: Primordial Germ Cell, Gilbert, Scott F. The Saga of the Germ Line. (avnetsolutions.net)
  • 19. 0610009K11Rik, a testis-specific and germ cell nuclear receptor-interacting protein. (nih.gov)
  • However, male Hmgb2 −/− mice have reduced fertility, that correlates with Sertoli and germ cell degeneration in seminiferous tubules and immotile spermatozoa. (biologists.com)
  • Taken together, these data indicate that the production of germ cell-specific Mga variant mRNA is dispensable not only for viability but also for gametogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The meiotic mode of chromosome segregation requires extensive remodeling of the basic cell cycle machinery and employment of unique regulatory mechanisms. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • While A2 cyclins are important for chromosome segregation, CYCB3;1 prevents ectopic cell wall formation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • This is achieved through partitioning of a diploid set of chromosomes into four haploid nuclei by two consecutive rounds of chromosome segregation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Degradation of maternal mRNA is triggered by meiotic maturation and is ~90% completed in 2-cell embryos, although translation of maternal mRNA continues into the 8-cell stage. (nih.gov)
  • In Xenopus laevis egg cell cycle extracts that mimic early embryonic cell cycles, activation of MAP kinase and MAP kinase kinase occurs in M phase, slightly behind that of maturation promoting factor. (rupress.org)
  • Cellular origin of cancer: dedifferentiation or stem cell maturation arrest? (nih.gov)
  • Given the fundamental principle that cancer must arise from a cell that has the potential to divide, two major nonexclusive hypotheses of the cellular origin of cancer are that malignancy arises a) from stem cells due to maturation arrest or b) from dedifferentiation of mature cells that retain the ability to proliferate. (nih.gov)
  • the proliferation of small oval cells with the potential to differentiate into either biliary ducts or hepatocytes supports arrested maturation of determined stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • During the cell cycle of eukaryotes, karyokinesis is followed by the cytokinesis. (pediaa.com)
  • In eukaryotes, or cells with a distinct nucleus, chromosomes are much more complex in structure. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Sexual reproduction is the most common life cycle in multicellular eukaryotes, such as animals , fungi and plants . (wikipedia.org)
  • The outer layer of cells comprises the trophectoderm that will form the placenta, while the inner cell mass consists of about 25 totipotent embryonic stem cells that will produce the embryo. (nih.gov)
  • Changes in the totipotency of individual cells are first detected at the 8-cell stage, although clearly differentiated cells first appear at the blastocyst stage with formation of embryonic (inner cell mass) and extraembryonic (trophectoderm) lineages (reviewed in Nothias et al. (nih.gov)
  • WB : NIH/3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) nuclear lysate (triton enriched), PC-12 (rat adrenal gland pheochromocytoma cell) nuclear lysate (triton enriched). (abcam.com)
  • Gnu is normally expressed in the nurse cells and oocyte of the ovary and is degraded during the embryonic cleavage mitoses. (silverchair.com)
  • In the late embryonic stage, these cells are transferred to the gonadal ridge where they are known as gametogonia. (biologyonline.com)
  • It controls meiotic division, fertilization, and the activation of the embryonic genome. (fertiligy.com)
  • Introns from the mRNA are excised out of the newly formed mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Although IME1 mRNA is observed in vegetative cultures, Ime1 protein is not suggesting the presence of a regulatory system restricting translation to meiotic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, IME1 transcript is found in polysome fractions isolated from rpl22 mutant cells indicating that mRNA nuclear export and ribosome association occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings indicate that Rpl22A and Rpl22B are required to selectively translate IME1 mRNA that is required for meiotic induction and subsequent gametogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cell is engaged in a myriad of processes, from protein synthesis and DNA transcription to signal processing and material uptake. (microbiologynote.com)
  • A critical checkpoint in this phase is the synthesis of adequate ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In both gametophytes, the retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR) plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle by inhibiting cell cycle entry through repressing E2F transcription factors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nabeel-Shah S, Ashraf K, Saettone A, Garg J, Derynck J, Lambert JP, Pearlman RE , Fillingham J . Nucleus-specific linker histones Hho1 and Mlh1 form distinct protein interactions during growth, starvation and development in Tetrahymena thermophila. (academictree.org)
  • 18. Proteolytic degradation of heat shock protein A2 occurs in response to oxidative stress in male germ cells of the mouse. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Involvement of importin-4 in the transport of transition protein 2 into the spermatid nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Hmgb1 is an abundant component of all mammalian nuclei and acts as an architectural factor that bends DNA and promotes protein assembly on specific DNA targets. (biologists.com)
  • Induction of Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) does not Require its Nuclear Localization. (nih.gov)
  • In HeLa cells, overexpression of wild-type TIS11D protein (TIS11D(WT)) induced growth inhibition and an S phase checkpoint response, while the mutant protein (TIS11D(I373fsX91)) showed a diminished effect. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • First, the Ime1 protein synthesized in rpl22 mutant cells demonstrates the same turnover rate as in wild-type cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is a crucial regulator of cell death and a substrate of Caspase-8. (sfb1530.de)
  • Moreover, this review is intended to point out factors and mechanisms, which contribute to the initiation of autophagy in testicular cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Many translational control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells operate during translation initiation focusing on the formation of a stable pre-initiation complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fertilization activates the first of six to seven cell cleavage cycles over a four day period that culminate in formation of a blastocyst containing 64 to 128 cells comprising two cell types (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
  • In mice, ZGA is a time-dependent event referred to as the "zygotic clock" that is delayed for about 24 hours post-fertilization, and therefore begins after formation of a 2-cell embryo (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
  • Note that the development of in vitro fertilization techniques now allows cells from early stage blastocysts to be removed and genetically analysed prior to implantation. (edu.au)
  • a mature haploid reproductive cell as produced by gametogenesis , and that which fuses with another from the opposite sex at fertilization resulting in the formation of a zygote that develops into a new individual. (biologyonline.com)
  • To determine the timing of expansion during maternal transmission, we examined the effect of maternal age on expansion size and monitored the difference between the repeat size in ova and in two-cell embryos after in vitro fertilization. (frontiersin.org)
  • During fertilization, the sex cell of the father combines with the sex cell of the mother to form a new cell, the zygote, which eventually develops into an embryo. (encyclopedia.com)
  • cancer Uncontrolled growth of the cells of a tissue or an organ in a multicellular organism. (fao.org)
  • This type of life cycle, involving alternation between two multicellular phases, the sexual haploid gametophyte and asexual diploid sporophyte, is known as alternation of generations . (wikipedia.org)
  • Akematsu T, Fukuda Y, Garg J, Fillingham JS , Pearlman RE , Loidl J. Post-meiotic DNA double-strand breaks occur in Tetrahymena, and require Topoisomerase II and Spo11. (academictree.org)
  • The testis-specific isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) is exclusively expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The major finding of the present study was that BPP-10c, and not captopril, modifies spermatogenesis by causing hyperplasia of round spermatids in stages I, V, and VII/VIII of the spermatogenic cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inter-Sertoli tight junctions (TJ) constitute the BTB that protects the seminiferous epithelium from invasion by molecules or cells that may disturb the process of spermatogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At the same time, this permeability barrier needs to be temporarily removed at particular stages of spermatogenesis for the movement of germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cell reprograming machinery, had been shown to function as an important regulatory mechanism in spermatogenesis and steroid production in testis. (intechopen.com)
  • Unicellular organisms with a single nucleus. (cbsetuts.com)
  • [2] [6] Sexual reproduction does not occur in prokaryotes , unicellular organisms without cell nuclei , such as bacteria and archaea . (wikipedia.org)
  • The first round of DNA replication occurs in both the maternal and paternal pronucleus of the fertilized egg (1-cell embryo). (nih.gov)
  • Plant gametogenesis occurs in the context of rapidly dividing cells that fuel formation of developing floral organs [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Meanwhile, cytokinesis, the process of cell cleavage occurs. (nature.com)
  • Definitive Host: Female Anopheles mosquito, where the sexual phase of the parasite occurs. (cbsetuts.com)
  • Intermediate Host: Man, where the asexual phase of the parasite occurs. (cbsetuts.com)
  • Similarly, meiotic induction occurs only in diploid cells deprived of nitrogen and a fermentable carbon source [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nucleus of Sertoli cells and germ cells (spermatogonia type A, pachytene primary spermatocyte and round spermatid) were counted in 20 seminiferous tubules per rat (n = 10 animals [group. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • In a study, administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg to rats for 60 days showed a significant increase in the number of sperms, sertoli cells, and primary spermatocyte compared to the control group. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Under normal physiological conditions, the primary spermatocyte (in preleptotene) migrates through the junctions of the Sertoli cells from the basal membrane to the tubules intraluminal compartment. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • BPP-10c led to an increase in the number of round spermatids and total support capacity of Sertoli cell in stages I, V, VII/VIII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, without affecting BTB permeability and the distribution of claudin-1 in the seminiferous epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Callus culture is used as the basis for organogenic (shoot, root) cultures, cell cultures or proliferation of embryoids. (fao.org)
  • Cell proliferation and chemical carcinogenesis: symposium overview. (nih.gov)
  • The fundamental scientific issue explored at the international symposium "Cell Proliferation and Chemical Carcinogenesis" was the impact of chemically enhanced cell proliferation on the dynamic carcinogenic processes. (nih.gov)
  • Proliferation of initiated cells is induced by promoting events which also allow additional mutations to occur. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, ZGA has at least three recognizable phases: transcription without translation begins in late 1-cell embryos (phase I), but transcription coupled to translation does not begin until the early 2-cell stage in development (phase II), and robust transcription coupled to translation does not begin until the late 2-cell stage (phase III). (nih.gov)
  • Veenstra, 2001), raising the possibility that cell-type- or stage-specific forms of what was previously thought of as the general transcription machinery may play an important role in selective activation of certain PolII promoters (Verrijzer, 2001). (sdbonline.org)
  • We find that Notch-dependent active transcription sites occur in a probabilistic fashion and, unexpectedly, do so in a steep gradient across the stem cell pool. (elifesciences.org)
  • but no analyses have been done at the resolution of nascent transcripts at active transcription sites in the nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here we report that cells clear trailing chromatids from the cleavage site by undergoing two phases of cell elongation. (nature.com)
  • Contrary to the outdated term "resting phase," interphase is a period of heightened cellular activity. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The process of reproduction involves the formation of DNA copy and other cellular apparatus required by the cells of an individual. (studycbse.in)
  • It acts as the information source and helps in making different proteins and cellular machinery of cell, which makes up the different body designs. (studycbse.in)
  • The rest of the cell may then continue to divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. (maindifference.net)
  • Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. (maindifference.net)
  • For instance, certain cells, like neurons, may enter a quiescent state, termed G0, where they remain metabolically active but do not divide. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Meiotically, these cells also divide to produce four haploid daughter cells. (mrcalonline.com)
  • In this phase of the life cycle, they may divide mitotically to produce many progeny cells called merozoites. (cbsetuts.com)
  • Within the human beings, it is found that tissues like the blood as well as the skin mainly contains cells that actively divide while the tissue that contains fact which expands. (tophomeworkhelper.com)
  • These exhibit remarkable evolutionary flexibility, with different species using a variety of discrete arrest points, illustrating the diversity of regulatory mechanisms that have evolved to arrest the fundamental cell cycle oscillator ( Sagata,1996 ). (silverchair.com)
  • In unfertilised eggs, the four meiotic products arrest with condensed chromosomes. (silverchair.com)
  • In prokaryotes, or cells without a nucleus, the chromosome represents circular DNA containing the entire genome. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The human genome (which represents the total amount of DNA in a typical human cell) has approximately 3 × 10 9 base pairs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The process where a unicellular organism splits itself into two or more daughter cells. (studycbse.in)
  • In vitro, abrogation of cFLIP cleavage sensitizes cells to tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-induced necroptosis and apoptosis by favoring complex-II formation. (sfb1530.de)
  • Hence, the nuclear membrane re-forms around each daughter nucleus. (mrcalonline.com)
  • To analyze the effect of intercellular signaling in its natural context during development, we focus on Notch signaling and its regulation of a stem cell pool in the nematode C. elegans . (elifesciences.org)
  • During the G1 phase, the cell actively uptakes nutrients and synthesizes proteins and other essential molecules. (microbiologynote.com)
  • This growth is facilitated by the synthesis of a plethora of proteins, which are crucial for the cell's regular functions and preparation for subsequent phases. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA is the genetic material of all cells and contains information necessary for the synthesis of proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Cells contain many large negatively charged molecules (anions, A - ) - mostly proteins, amino acids and organic phosphates - which are too large to pass through the cell membrane. (benbest.com)
  • As Hmgb2 is present in all cultured cells and is abundant in thymus, the preferred source for HMGB proteins, it was considered a ubiquitous variant of Hmgb1. (biologists.com)
  • Conventional RNA in situ hybridization to endogenous Notch targets has also been used as a readout of Notch signaling, for example during segmentation of the zebrafish embryo ( Hoyle and Ish-Horowicz, 2013 ), but this method cannot resolve individual chromosomal loci and typically cannot resolve individual cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • In such a modified nuclear cycle, the chromatin duplicates its DNA content during the G 1 and S stages, but, instead of passing to the G 2 stage, the nucleus initiates a new G 1 phase, thus starting a new cycle of chromatin duplication. (scielo.br)
  • The meiotic figures and interkinesis spermatocytes were observed in stage VIII. (ksdb.org)
  • Here we investigate the Notch transcriptional response in germline stem cells using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with automated, high-throughput quantitation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The stem cell model predicts that genotoxic chemicals induce mutations in the determined stem cell which may be expressed in its progeny. (nih.gov)