The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that control many basic functions, including the cardiac center, the vasomotor center, the respiratory centers, and many other involuntary functions such as swallowing, coughing, salivating, sweating, and gastrointestinal secretion. (lumenlearning.com)
Review - Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature - Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns [1] "The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into midbrain , pons , and medulla oblongata is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. (edu.au)
2. Cardiovascular control - The reticular formation includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata. (powershow.com)
In this study, we performed a literature review in order to investigate the relationship between auditory mechanisms and cardiac autonomic regulation. (bvsalud.org)
It was hypothesized that dopamine release in the striatal system induced by pleasure songs are involved in the cardiac autonomic regulation. (bvsalud.org)
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system of the heart share the same pathway with gastrointestinal, genitourinary, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors and transmit signals to the medulla by cranial nerves X and IX. (medscape.com)
Autonomic outflow from the medulla is divided principally into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Pons2
slight ganglion cell degeneration in the pons and medulla. (europa.eu)
It is a polysynaptic network located in the pons, midbrain and upper medulla and is poorly differentiated. (powershow.com)
Rostral ventrol1
Unique functional interactions have been noted as well, such as an OX1-induced CB1 pressor response in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. (wikipedia.org)
Arrhythmias1
Because of excessive catecholamine secretion, pheochromocytomas may precipitate life-threatening hypertension or cardiac arrhythmias. (medscape.com)
Vasomotor1
Other vasomotor, cardiac or adrenal drives are also represented in that cell group. (wikigenes.org)
Sympathetic9
Functional anatomy of sympathetic premotor cell groups in the medulla. (wikigenes.org)
β-Adrenoceptors are widely distributed, found at both central and peripheral sites, and are activated either via norepinephrine released from sympathetic terminals or via epinephrine (E4250, E4375) released from the adrenal medulla. (sigmaaldrich.com)
originates from the right and left stellate ganglia, which provide the sympathetic nerves to form the cardiac plexus of the heart. (slideshare.net)
The medulla is the primary site in the brain for regulating sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels. (medscape.com)
Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS) can increase the rate of heartbeat, the strength of ventricular contraction and thereby the cardiac output. (psebsolutions.com)
In these kinds of situations, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates cardiac muscles to increase the heart rate, causes dilation of the bronchioles of the lungs (increasing oxygen intake), and causes dilation of blood vessels that supply the heart and skeletal muscles (increasing blood supply). (pharmacymedicinedrugs.com)
Seven cone-shaped renal pyramids form the renal medulla deep to the renal cortex. (innerbody.com)
Urine next passes through the loop of Henle, a long straight tubule that carries urine into the renal medulla before making a hairpin turn and returning to the renal cortex. (innerbody.com)
Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. (medscape.com)
The adrenal medulla is of ectodermal origin, arising from neural crest cells that migrate to the medial aspect of the developing cortex. (medscape.com)
Accessory adrenal tissue (adrenal rests), which is usually comprised only of cortex but seen combined with medulla in some cases, is most commonly located in the broad ligament or spermatic cord but can be found anywhere within the abdomen. (medscape.com)
Adrenal ablation substantially damaged adrenal cortex and medulla with fibrosis in SHR and WKY rats. (bvsalud.org)
Each adrenal gland is a two-part organ composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. (unboundmedicine.com)
Epinephrine2
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin), which in turn increases the metabolic rate of cells and stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood . (pharmacymedicinedrugs.com)
Encephalitic necrotic lesions were multifocal but predominant in the inferior brainstem and superior cervical medulla. (cdc.gov)
originates from the medulla and passes through the right and left vagal nerves, which further divide into the superior and inferior cardiac nerves. (slideshare.net)
The cardiac branches of the superior ganglion or cardiac superior nerve (located in front of the C2 and C3 vertebrae) originate on the inferior sector of the mentioned ganglion. (medscape.com)
Its cardiac branch, the middle cardiac nerve, arises independently or emerges after the synapse with the inferior cervical ganglion. (medscape.com)
Its cardiac branch, the inferior cardiac nerve, descends behind the subclavian artery (here, it converges with the recurrent nerve and with a branch of the medium cervical nerve) and all along the anterior surface of the trachea, finally joining to the deep part of the cardiac plexus. (medscape.com)
Arrest5
Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP, is indicated for temporary blockade of severe or life threatening muscarinic effects, e.g., as an antisialagogue, an antivagal agent, an antidote for organophosphorus or muscarinic mushroom poisoning, and to treat bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. (nih.gov)
There have been reports of cardiac arrest with difficult resuscitation or death during use of bupivacaine hydrochloride for epidural anesthesia in obstetrical patients. (nih.gov)
Cardiac arrest has occurred after convulsions resulting from systemic toxicity, presumably following unintentional intravascular injection. (nih.gov)
There have been reports of cardiac arrest and death during the use of bupivacaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). (nih.gov)
Benzonatate Overdose Presenting as Cardiac Arrest with Rapidly Narrowing QRS Interval. (uams.edu)
Parasympathetic1
On the other hand, parasympathetic neural signals (another component of ANS) decrease the rate of heartbeat, Speed of conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac output. (psebsolutions.com)
Urine2
Source with Medication in Congestive Heart part( Round Table Series( RTS)) by C. Congestive Cardiac urine: Pathophysiology and Treatment( Fundamental and Clinical Cardiology, Vol 14) by David B. Congestive Heart substance by Rose. (ajw-service.de)
A countercurrent flow mechanism increases ionic concentration of the interstitial fluid of the medulla (and thereby increases urine concentration) up to 4 times the plasma concentration. (msdmanuals.com)
Plexus3
All the fibers forming the different cardiac plexus present synapse with the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, and intercostal nerves through communicating branches. (medscape.com)
On the right side, it descends behind the primitive carotid to constitute the dorsal part of the cardiac plexus. (medscape.com)
On the left side, the nerve enters the thorax between the left primitive carotid and the subclavian, and it converges at the deep part of the cardiac plexus. (medscape.com)
Nucleus1
The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the medulla receives sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors (see the image above). (medscape.com)
Stimulation3
Important physiological consequences of β-adrenoceptor activation include stimulation of cardiac rate and force, relaxation of vascular, urogenital and bronchial smooth muscle, stimulation of renin secretion from the juxta-glomerular apparatus, stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the endocrine pancreas, stimulation of glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle and stimulation of lipolysis in the adipocyte. (sigmaaldrich.com)
While it was initially thought that cardiac stimulation involved primarily the β1-adrenoceptor, it now appears that all of the receptor subtypes may be involved. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output. (pharmfair.com)
Nerve2
The medulla then sends an electrical signal through the cardiac nerve to the SA node 2 . (ukessays.com)
The cardiac impulse originates in cardiac muscle fibres and is not brought to the heart by any nerve fibres. (psebsolutions.com)
Systemic1
The chief effects of dopamine are the dilation of systemic arteries, increased cardiac output, and increased flow of blood to the kidneys. (unboundmedicine.com)
Vascular1
Additionally, adrenal ablation improved cardiac, renal, and vascular remodeling and function measured 3 months after the procedure in SHR. (bvsalud.org)
No inflammatory or necrotic areas were found in cardiac muscle. (cdc.gov)
The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS. (lookformedical.com)
It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS. (uams.edu)
Heart1
Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures. (bvsalud.org)
Failure1
Severe cardiac failure and cardiogenic shock are the main causes of ICU hospitalization. (mhmedical.com)
Brain1
Our findings support a role of the cardiac ANS in brain connectivity during pain, linking functional connections of the dACC and PAG with measurements of low frequency (LF)-HRV. (frontiersin.org)
Functions1
The adrenal medulla is controlled by the SNS system and functions in conjunction with it. (unboundmedicine.com)
Distinct1
There appear to be multiple affinity states of the β1-adrenoceptor, which may explain the distinct pharmacology of a β-adrenoceptor mediating cardiac contractility. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Investigate1
It is then necessary to investigate how this might affect the cardiac system. (ukessays.com)
Pain1
These synapses have a great importance in the presence of pain in certain cardiac pathologies. (medscape.com)
System1
How is cardiac activity regulated by the nervous system? (psebsolutions.com)
Origin1
The origin of cardiac impulse is said to be myogenic. (psebsolutions.com)
Local1
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. (pharmfair.com)