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Radioactive Hazard ReleaseChemical Hazard ReleaseProportional Hazards ModelsWhole-Body IrradiationUltraviolet RaysMedicine, Chinese TraditionalDose-Response Relationship, RadiationIndividualized MedicineTime FactorsGamma RaysInternal MedicineNuclear MedicineTerrorismDisaster PlanningMass Casualty IncidentsSeptember 11 Terrorist AttacksTerminology as TopicHazardous Substances
IsotopesIsotopeAtomsFission productsReactorNucleiHighly radioactiveDisposalRadionuclideRadonStableExposureAccumulateAtomPreparednessUptakeEmissionsHumans1986RadionuclidesUndergoProducesHazardousDecay chainImplementationAtomicGammaOuterNumerousMaterialsWasteSubsequentlySourcesTimePress releaseDaysAmountSourceSituationHEALTHGroupPeople
Isotopes7
  • All isotopes of radium are radioactive, the most stable isotope being radium-226 with a half-life of 1,600 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radium has 33 known isotopes, with mass numbers from 202 to 234: all of them are radioactive. (wikipedia.org)
  • it is a man-made element whose isotopes Am-237 through Am-246 are all radioactive. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the radioactive waste produced by nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants and the production of medical isotopes is one of the most challenging wastes for modern society to manage. (scitechnol.com)
  • Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer . (wikipedia.org)
  • It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive . (knowpia.com)
  • All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 4 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives less than 2 minutes. (wikimili.com)
Isotope4
  • Its immediate decay product is the dense radioactive noble gas radon (specifically the isotope 222Rn), which is responsible for much of the danger of environmental radium. (wikipedia.org)
  • A radionuclide ( radioactive nuclide , radioisotope or radioactive isotope ) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among those physical agents considered suitable for evaluation by the Monographs, and assigned high priority at that time, were electric and magnetic fields, the radioactive isotope iodine-131, and radioactive wastes. (who.int)
  • Moreover, irradiation of boron dissolved in the coolant water creates hydrogen-3, i.e. tritium, the radioactive isotope of hydrogen. (medialternatives.com)
Atoms13
  • the rate of decay of radioactive material expressed as the number of atoms breaking down per second measured in units called becquerels or curies . (cdc.gov)
  • Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay. (wikipedia.org)
  • The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radioactive substances are also produced when neutrons released during fission collide with the nuclei of atoms in the reactor's structural materials or in the cooling water. (stuk.fi)
  • Fission byproducts and minor actinides, highly radioactive, are among these tiny atoms. (scitechnol.com)
  • Radioactive atoms give off one or more of these types of radiation to reach a more stable state. (cdc.gov)
  • These atoms can become radioactive. (cdc.gov)
  • Half-life is the length of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms of a specific radionuclide to decay. (cdc.gov)
  • If you start with 100 atoms, after one half-life you'll have 50 radioactive atoms. (cdc.gov)
  • After two half-lives, you'll have 25 radioactive atoms. (cdc.gov)
  • And after a third half-life, you'll have 12 radioactive atoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Then 6, then 3, then 1, until eventually, all of the radioactive atoms in that population will reach their more stable state. (cdc.gov)
  • But in the process, several types of radioactive atoms are generated. (cdc.gov)
Fission products10
  • that radioactive fission products bred in a chain-reacting pile might be used to poison the German food supply. (ratical.org)
  • This fact -- that from the beginning it was understood that nuclear technology provided a new form of biological weapon "fatal to living beings" disbursed via the radioactive matter generated in the reaction -- coupled with the fact that the nuclear fuel "cycle" continues to generate more and more lethal hi-level and low-level radioactive fission products, has created an absolutely untenable situation for the ongoing survival of life on Earth. (ratical.org)
  • The substances produced in the nuclear fission (fission products) are radioactive, i.e. they decay into other elements. (stuk.fi)
  • Small amounts of fission products may be released into the water cooling the fuel rods, either by leakage of the fuel rod cladding or by cracking of the uranium nuclei, which are a microscopic impurity on the outer surface of the fuel. (stuk.fi)
  • The amount of radioactive material in the reactor cooling cycle is less than one hundred thousandth of the activity of the fission products contained in the fuel in the reactor. (stuk.fi)
  • The risks to the environment associated with nuclear power plant accidents arise almost entirely from the radioactive fission products that accumulate in the reactor. (stuk.fi)
  • If a reactor is damaged in such a way that fission products are released into the environment, the radiation emitted by the reactor as it decays can cause damage to humans and wildlife. (stuk.fi)
  • The radiation from radioactive fission products causes the formation of so-called "afterheat" in the fuel. (stuk.fi)
  • The power of the residual heat decreases over time as the amount of radioactive fission products resulting from the decay decreases. (stuk.fi)
  • The loss of cooling would rapidly lead to a meltdown of the fuel, which could release large quantities of radioactive fission products into the containment and, in the worst case, into the environment. (stuk.fi)
Reactor5
  • Therefore, the release of radioactive materials into the environment must be prevented by identifying and eliminating as far as possible all accidental possibilities that could lead to reactor damage. (stuk.fi)
  • These major releases only ended when the fire at the reactor was brought under control in mid-May. (climateandcapitalism.com)
  • INFORMATION released by environmental organisation Koeberg Alert Alliance (KAA), point to ongoing reactor design problems associated with normal operations at the plant. (medialternatives.com)
  • According to the Nuclear Industry Association of South Africa (NIASA) "The greatest source of radioactivity in the reactor coolant circuit is, however, irradiation of the coolant itself. (medialternatives.com)
  • They become radioactive due to neutron bombardment as they circulate through the reactor with the primary circuit cooling water. (medialternatives.com)
Nuclei3
  • Certain radioactive nuclei emit alpha particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Because splitting also releases more neutrons, which can then split more uranium nuclei, the reaction is self-sustaining Uranium (235). (scitechnol.com)
  • Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239. (everipedia.org)
Highly radioactive1
  • In addition to the destructive effects of the explosion itself, the whole material of the bomb would be transformed into a highly radioactive state. (ratical.org)
Disposal3
  • 1986. Radionuclide concentrations in wildlife occurring at a solid radioactive waste disposal area. (cdc.gov)
  • 1987. Radionuclide export by deer mice at a solid radioactive waste disposal area in southeastern Idaho. (cdc.gov)
  • Momentum in regards to disposal solutions for radioactive waste has rapidly picked up over the last five years. (oecd-nea.org)
Radionuclide3
  • During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay . (wikipedia.org)
  • The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the radionuclide, this process could be fast or take a very long time - radioactive half-lives can range from milliseconds to hours, days, sometimes millions of years. (cdc.gov)
Radon1
  • Human-made buildings can artificially concentrate radioactive radon gas of geologic origin, exposing occupants to harmful alpha particle radiation emissions that damage DNA and increase lung cancer risk. (nature.com)
Stable1
  • Radioactive decay is the process in which a radioactive atom spontaneously gives off radiation in the form of energy or particles to reach a more stable state. (cdc.gov)
Exposure4
  • On March 24, one of Partner Therapeutics international distributors -Tanner Pharma Group - said in a press release that it has partnered with the drugmaker to significantly increase the drug's inventory in Europe in response to the war in Ukraine and the "escalating potential for incidents that could require rapid deployment of medical interventions to treat radiation or chemical exposure. (localnews8.com)
  • Most hospitals in the US maintain some supply of radiation exposure treatment drugs like Leukine, which is a prescription medication and is given by medical professionals to patients, said Dr. Nelson Chao, professor of medicine and immunology and chief of the division of cellular therapy and bone marrow transplant at Duke University. (localnews8.com)
  • Mold produces a fungus called mycotoxin which can make exposure to mold a health hazard. (rhoadesenvironmental.com)
  • Often the foetus of a female patient who was exposed to radiation could experience congenital abnormalities due to the exposure to irradiation may even cause abnormal cellular proliferation which could result in cancer development [5]. (myhealth.gov.my)
Accumulate1
  • It is radioactive and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of plutonium dangerous. (everipedia.org)
Atom1
  • First, the Uranium (235) atom is split, releasing heat energy that is used to produce steam that powers electricity generating turbines. (scitechnol.com)
Preparedness1
  • More detailed information about radiation hazard situations is available on the page Preparedness for radiation hazards . (stuk.fi)
Uptake1
  • The reduction of radioactive particles in bone uptake, measured in the femur, reached as high as 80 percent, with little interference with calcium absorption. (radiationdangers.com)
Emissions1
  • However, there was fallout all over the world as the winds kept changing direction "so the radioactive emissions "covered an enormous territory. (climateandcapitalism.com)
Humans2
  • The Atomic Energy Commission recommends for maximum protection against radioactive poisoning for humans, taking a minimum of 2 to 3 ounces of sea vegetables a week or 10 grams (two tablespoons) a day of sodium alginate supplements. (radiationdangers.com)
  • IARC, 1987b), a formal system for making overall evaluations of carcinogenic hazard to humans was introduced. (who.int)
19861
  • The book details the spread of radioactive poisons following the explosion of Unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear plant on April 26, 1986. (climateandcapitalism.com)
Radionuclides3
Undergo1
  • the amount of a radioactive material that will undergo one decay (disintegration) per second. (cdc.gov)
Produces2
  • Released Supportive lane neutral issue construction( DLBCL) produces an new limited work fuel( CBCL) that states for not 6 section of all initial hydrocarbons. (4-buescher.de)
  • It is found that, due to numerous nuclear uses, Bangladesh produces Low- Level Radioactive Waste (LLW) and higher level radioactive waste will produce when the county's first Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) goes into action. (scitechnol.com)
Hazardous3
  • [ 1 ] The main challenge was adapting the existing models, whose primary focus was containing a hazardous material release, to one that reflected the chaos of a large-scale disaster involving a large number of affected individuals. (medscape.com)
  • This paper discusses the current nuclear waste status, significant progress, overall challenges and prospects of Bangladesh in the case of managing the most hazardous, radioactive waste management. (scitechnol.com)
  • Hazardous waste that contains radioactive elements is known as nuclear or radioactive waste [ 1 ]. (scitechnol.com)
Decay chain1
  • Nickel, since it has 30 neutrons, loses a proton and gains a neutron to become radioactive Cobalt-58, which itself experiences its own decay chain. (medialternatives.com)
Implementation1
  • The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) organised an international workshop on the implementation of radioactive w. (oecd-nea.org)
Atomic5
  • The evaluation of biological activity of different marine algae is important because of their practical significance in preventing absorption of radioactive products of atomic fission as well as in their use as possible natural decontaminators. (radiationdangers.com)
  • McManus said Europe's drug regulator, The European Medicines Agency (EMA), would typically refer to the WHO and the International Atomic Energy Agency's guidelines on treatments for ARS in the event of an emergency. (localnews8.com)
  • Numerous processes, such as nuclear medicine, the production of nuclear fuel, nuclear research, the production of atomic energy, the mining of rare earth minerals and the reprocessing of nuclear weapons, produce radioactive waste. (scitechnol.com)
  • Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. (everipedia.org)
  • 1 As pointed out by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Box 1-1 , the necessary radioactive material is readily available internationally and in many cases is poorly secured. (nationalacademies.org)
Gamma3
  • Gamma rays are primarily an external hazard because of their ability to go through material. (cdc.gov)
  • Gamma rays also can be an internal hazard if we breathe or eat gamma-emitting radioactive materials, or if the radioactive material is introduce through an open wound, but the damage they do to cells inside our bodies is not as severe as that done by alpha and beta particles. (cdc.gov)
  • One short-lived gamma ray -emitting nuclear isomer , technetium-99m , is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of tests, such as bone cancer diagnoses. (knowpia.com)
Outer1
  • Alpha particles do not present an external hazard to people because they can't get through our outer layer of dead skin cells. (cdc.gov)
Numerous1
  • Heavy metals can be released from numerous sources including municipal wastewater treatment plants, manufacturing industries, mining, rural agricultural cultivation, fertilization and others. (experttoxicologist.com)
Materials3
  • an assessment of radioactive materials that may be present inside a person's body through analysis of the person's blood, urine, feces, or sweat. (cdc.gov)
  • Radioactive waste is produced in all phases of the nuclear fuel cycle and from the use of radioactive materials in industrial, medical, defence and research applications. (oecd-nea.org)
  • IRSs contain radioactive materials that are the most likely ingredients for dirty bombs, technically known as radiological dispersion devices (RDDs). (nationalacademies.org)
Waste2
  • Nuclear waste management is an ongoing procedure because radioactive decay processes constantly change the chemical composition and physical characteristics of nuclear waste. (scitechnol.com)
  • Radioactive radiation is the main danger posed by human generated nuclear waste, which has two main side effects, genetic and somatic. (scitechnol.com)
Subsequently2
  • This was not evaluated independently as a carcinogenic hazard at that time, but was subsequently evaluated in Volume 55 (IARC, 1992). (who.int)
  • Whereas events for free janes battles with the luftwaffe the bomber campaign against germany modeling are Subsequently released in the proteins, for book, models that are sample integrase and be reversible of every including event have incorrectly supported as T7 cells. (scoutconnection.com)
Sources3
  • RAB uses a computer-controlled device to remotely insert and remove radioactive sources, close to a target (or tumour) in the body. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • The IAEA report underscores the importance of governments actively "managing" the entire life cycles of many classes of radioactive material contained in ionizing radiation sources (IRSs). (nationalacademies.org)
  • 2002. P. 1 in Inadequate Control of the World's Radioactive Sources. (nationalacademies.org)
Time1
  • In a subject-specific free janes, the mortality form overlaps a time-to-event medicine observation survival. (scoutconnection.com)
Press release1
Days2
  • It would thus take 70 days to become half as radioactive, another 70 days to become a quarter and so on, and is thus radioactive for months. (medialternatives.com)
  • Pauwels, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Vol. Online Articles identifying within 2-3 days. (algen.com)
Amount1
  • This releases a few new neutrons and a large amount of energy. (stuk.fi)
Source1
  • Formerly, around the 1950s, it was used as a radioactive source for radioluminescent devices and also in radioactive quackery for its supposed curative power. (wikipedia.org)
Situation3
  • In the event of a radiation hazard situation, the consequences of the deviation require or may require special protective measures. (stuk.fi)
  • For example, in the event of a radiation hazard situation, the primary point of contact is the emergency response centre, from where the information is directed to STUK. (stuk.fi)
  • In the event of a radiation hazard situation or if instructions or advice are required for handling the situation, the emergency response centre or STUK must be contacted by telephone without delay. (stuk.fi)
HEALTH1
  • It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . (wikipedia.org)
Group1
  • WASHINGTON - The Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization, the largest independent nonprofit asbestos victims' advocacy group in the United States - along with the Environmental Working Group, a consumer advocacy group that empowers people to live healthier lives in a healthier environment - released a statement in response to new data showing asbestos imports nearly doubled in 2016, after years of decline. (rhoadesenvironmental.com)
People1
  • Packaging a conventional explosive with radioactive material and detonating the device to kill and terrorize people-the "dirty bomb" scenario-is, unfortunately, readily within the means of some terrorist groups. (nationalacademies.org)