• Regardless of the type or the physiological or pathological state of the originating cell, exosomes share common features as enriched with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our results suggest translation disrupting mechanisms relating uORF variation to reduced protein expression, and demonstrate that translation at uORFs is genetically constrained in 50% of human genes. (nature.com)
  • These similarites include introns, histones, several types of RNA polymerase, and methionine as the first amino acid in protein synthesis. (bartleby.com)
  • Endopeptidases break the amino acids' peptide bonds inside protein molecules. (herbs2000.com)
  • Structures of macromolecular drug targets, especially when bound to modulators, can reveal ligand-binding pockets and pinpoint protein-ligand interactions that influence the mechanism of action, potency, and specificity. (silverchair.com)
  • Moreover, at molecular level, each heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) consists of a core protein linked to one or more linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains composed of alternating D-glucosamine and uronic acids, leading to N - or O -sulfated glycan [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The active full-length CRYAA protein corresponding to amino acids 1-173 of CRYAA was recombined. (molvis.org)
  • In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)
  • N-linked glycosylation is the most prevalent posttranslational modification of plasma membrane and secretory proteins and participates in many important biological roles such as protein folding, intracellular targeting, immune response, cell adhesion, and protease resistance. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, the precise mechanism by which a high protein diet may mitigate dietary weight loss induced reductions in fat free mass has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The precise mechanism by which an increased dietary protein intake may mitigate weight loss induced reductions in FFM has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are a number of plausible mechanisms, several of them mediated by dietary protein that may provide some explanation for the negative net protein balance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Found upstream of the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), ORF10 (117 nt long) encodes for a protein that is 38 amino acids in length. (biorxiv.org)
  • Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Among the main mechanisms of this multidrug resistance is the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that mediate drug efflux, and, specifically, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1 are known to cause cancer chemoresistance. (nature.com)
  • High-resolution structures, biophysical and in silico studies have led to tremendous progress in understanding the mechanism of drug transport by these ABC transporters, and several promising therapies, including irradiation-based immune and thermal therapies, and nanomedicine have been used to overcome ABC transporter-mediated cancer chemoresistance. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, genetic modification of ABC transporters by CRISPR-Cas9 and approaches to re-engineer amino acid sequences to change the direction of transport from efflux to import are briefly discussed. (nature.com)
  • We suggest that current information regarding the structure, mechanism and regulation of ABC transporters should be used in clinical trials to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics for patients with cancer. (nature.com)
  • A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, the exosomal nucleic acids are usually accurately quantified after the exosomes are isolated, and their profiles can accurately reflect a variety of physiological conditions and diseases [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are essential nucleic acid building blocks and serve as energy molecules for a wide range of cellular reactions. (bvsalud.org)
  • It seems that not until the technologies for working with nucleic acids and proteins are better integrated will their researchers be more connected than they are now. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The knockdown of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) by siRNA also enhanced GEF-induced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
  • have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
  • Ben-Yona A, Kanner BI (2013) Functional defects in the external and internal thin gates of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT-1 can compensate each other. (springer.com)
  • In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Proteins are made up of amino acid chains that are connected to one another by peptide bonds. (herbs2000.com)
  • Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
  • however, the genes encoding for these proteins are maintained in the coronavirus (CoV) genome, suggesting they might play important roles within the environment of the infected host. (biorxiv.org)
  • The ionizable amino acid side chains of proteins are usually located at the surface. (lu.se)
  • The mechanism for acetylation and deacetylation takes place on the NH3+ groups of lysine amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • To examine the role of water penetration, we have measured the 17O and 2H magnetic relaxation dis- persions (MRD) for the V66E and V66K mutants of staphylococcal nuclease, where glutamic acid and lysine residues are buried in predominantly apolar environments. (lu.se)
  • At neutral pH, where these residues are uncharged, we find no evidence of buried water molecules near the mutation site. (lu.se)
  • HTP use was also associated with glutamate metabolism, indicating that HTP use may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease through mechanisms similar to those in cigarette use. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oxidative stress defences, DNA repair, intermediate metabolism, cell wall modification, and cofactor and fatty acid biosynthesis were all up-regulated in this earlier study (Tessema et al. (postingat.com)
  • general stress resistance, flagella formation, and metabolism were all expressed in response to hydrochloric acid exposure (Bowman et al. (postingat.com)
  • Further work is now needed to investigate the exact molecular mechanisms behind the activation of p63. (elifesciences.org)
  • We are using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches to better define the normal function of sialin and to determine how loss of sialin function leads to neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegeneration associated with the lysosomal free sialic acid storage disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • Multidrug resistance in cancer: understanding molecular mechanisms, immunoprevention and therapeutic approaches. (nature.com)
  • In this article, we have reviewed several recently identified natural products with potential antiaging properties and have highlighted their cellular and molecular mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • This includes exploring molecular mechanisms related to longevity and investigating safe and effective interventions for aging, which can systematically reveal the intrinsic mechanisms underlying aging and the influence of external environments on aging, promoting healthy aging. (frontiersin.org)
  • The effects of ginseng oligosaccharides (GSOs) on neuronal oxidative injury induced by glutamate (GLU) and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated. (sdbonline.org)
  • To determine molecular mechanism involved in the anti-cancer effect of dung beetle GAG, its origin N-glycan under 3KD Dalton was assayed for melanoma cell cytotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maintenance of the intracellular level of amino acids is crucial for cellular homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Amino acids are essential for cellular homeostasis, growth and proliferation via their contribution to a diverse range of cellular processes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Activation follows a spring-loaded mechanism not requiring further translation of other cellular factors in oocytes and is associated with unfolding of the inhibitory structure that blocks the tetramerization interface. (elifesciences.org)
  • The isolate's superior amino acid profile is enriched with essential amino acids for cellular repair and glutathione production (Marshall, 2004)[2]. (leanfactor.com)
  • Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • The mechanisms of cellular excitability and propagation of electrical signals in the cardiac muscle are very important functionally and pathologically. (bvsalud.org)
  • The authors isolated a causative cyanobacterium ( Pseudanabaena yagii ) from the water supply source, analyzed its whole genome, and investigated the mechanism that induces a high concentration of 2-MIB odor at low water temperature. (mdpi.com)
  • Also, the comparison of nucliec acid sequences shows greater similarity between archaea and eukaryotes. (bartleby.com)
  • As a model for LSDs we are studying the lysosomal free sialic acid storage disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • As an example, Wood and colleagues (pp. 2695-2710) present the sialic acid gene repressor NanR (PDB-6WFG), where cryo-EM revealed the DNA-binding mode. (silverchair.com)
  • When a tert-butanesulfinyl moiety is present on the nitrogen atom, these electrophilic substitution reactions occur with good levels of chiral induction, paving the way to enantioenriched β2-amino acids and β2,2-amino acids. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • At present, the mechanism for the formation and regulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment remains unclear. (hindawi.com)
  • Between an excess of omega-6 fatty acids, a lack of omega-3 fatty acids, and inadequate intake of antioxidants," Holtby concludes, "the body's pro-inflammatory reaction goes out of control, leading to chronic inflammation and pain. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • These changes in the glutamate pathway may partly explain the mechanism by which cigarette smoking causes cardiovascular disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endopeptidase, also known as endoproteinase, is basically proteolytic peptidases that split peptide bonds in the molecules of non-terminal amino acids. (herbs2000.com)
  • Gout is another joint disorder, wherein excess deposits of uric acid, especially in the foot, cause intense pain, Pande says. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Highly bioavailable natural turmeric extract is available in formats offering instant water-dispersibility, neutral taste, appealing color, and stability throughout shelf life. (preparedfoods.com)
  • A diet that favors omega-6 fatty acids over omega-3s is one reason, he says, as is a lack of the antioxidants that can neutralize pro-inflammatory compounds like cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • In living organisms, if the temperature exceeds the normal range (thermo-neutral zone), it disturbs the normal physiological functioning and induces cell injury. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nucleosomes are formed as a beginning step for DNA compaction that also contributes to structural support as well as serves functional roles. (wikipedia.org)
  • These functional roles are contributed by the tails of the histone subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • The benefits of integrating cross-species systems genetics platforms to advance knowledge in the underlying mechanisms that drive cardiometabolic diseases have been investigated. (elifesciences.org)
  • Several studies have reviewed the effects of individual natural compounds on aging and aging-related diseases along with the underlying mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, these results indicate that the structure of the rhodopsin N terminus must be maintained by an appropriate amino acid sequence surrounding N2 and may require a carbohydrate moiety at N15. (jneurosci.org)
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Germ cells - from which egg cells and sperm cells develop - are particularly vulnerable as they contain sensitive quality control mechanisms that kill any cell that contain damaged DNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2015) between the proto-mitochondrion and the host cell which lacked the necessary control mechanisms to restrict their spread. (bartleby.com)
  • This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
  • Cells use a number of mechanisms to sense and maintain their homeostatic levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • As proteases play a wide assortment of roles in the normal functioning of the cells, the medical community has expressed much interest in the activities of endopeptidase. (herbs2000.com)
  • B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
  • the internal concentration of hydrogen ions are all involved in the acid response of Listeria (Sleator and Hill, 2005). (postingat.com)
  • Based on 3-d structures of APC superfamily members, Rudnick ( 2011 ) has proposed the pathway for transport and suggested a 'rocking bundle' mechanism of transport. (tcdb.org)
  • Although they possess many valuable roles this does not explain the ubiquity of introns within eukaryotic genomes. (bartleby.com)
  • The compounds that are found in some spices and produced by herbs act as self-defense mechanisms to protect the plant against infectious organisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • For instance, one family of endopeptide belongs to the serine family, which contain an amino acid called serine at the protease's active site. (herbs2000.com)
  • One of the amino acids in carob helping it garner this renewed interest is that it is a plant-based source of hydroxyproline, an amino acid form linked to collagen production, making it an excellent "beauty from within" ingredient. (preparedfoods.com)
  • a mechanism consistent with the high levels of GpII in some α-proteobacteria (Robart & Zimmerly, 2005) and the ability of yeast mitochondrial GpII to insert themselves into double stranded genomic DNA (Zimmerly et al. (bartleby.com)
  • RNA obtained from L. monocytogenes strain F2365 was used to examine changes in transcript levels in both aerobic and anaerobic settings after exposure to 0 and 1 per cent bile at acidic and neutral pH. (postingat.com)
  • ATSDR has invited a cross-section of scientific experts in the fields of toxicology, epidemiology, pulmonology/pathology, and medicine to participate in 12 days of discussions on a variety of topics, including depositional patterns of fibers in the lung and mechanisms of toxic action, the relationship of fiber size to toxicity, irritant effects of fibers, relationships between measured fiber levels and observed adverse health outcomes, and recommendations for future research. (cdc.gov)
  • Using NADPH and O 2 as cosubstrates, the enzyme inserts one atom of oxygen into the substrate in a complex catalytic mechanism that involves the formation of a flavin-peroxide and Criegee intermediate. (acs.org)
  • We conduct a large variety of studies, all aimed at better understanding psychedelic mechanisms of action, and their clinical applications. (psychopharmacologymaastricht.com)
  • the presence of organic acids, according to transcriptome analysis. (postingat.com)