• The study of the nervous system and its elements such as neurons and neural pathways, and how these mechanisms mediate behaviour is called neurobiology. (sabanciuniv.edu)
  • Using unique animal models coupled with behavioral analysis and optogenetics, we aim to delineate important neurons and neural pathways that underscore interactive regulation of feeding and emotion. (uth.edu)
  • Such a large dynamic range is achieved by segregating signals into contrasting pathways and utilizing excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits. (umd.edu)
  • and (3) other molecular pathways that are involved in neural response to acupuncture. (hindawi.com)
  • They explore the science behind sound healing, revealing how self-created sounds can literally rearrange molecular structure and how humming not only helps with stress levels, sleep, and blood pressure but also increases lymphatic circulation and melatonin production, releases endorphins, creates new neural pathways in the brain, and releases nitric oxide, a neurotransmitter fundamental to health and well-being. (simonandschuster.com)
  • A wealth of research has begun to identify the genetic, epigenetic, neural, and environmental underpinnings of resilience, and has indicated that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes encompassing several environmental factors, neural circuits, numerous neurotransmitters, and molecular pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • The first part of this review focuses on recent findings regarding the genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial , and neurochemical factors as well as neural circuits and molecular pathways that underlie the development of resilience. (cdc.gov)
  • Existing treatment strategies lead sooner or later to resistance to therapy where the fundamental molecular mechanisms have been only partially understood, if at all, for most of the procedures generally regarded as standard. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • To that effect, they have already been able to elucidate important molecular and cellular mechanisms. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Brain tumors may originate from neural elements within the brain, or they may represent spread of distant cancers. (medscape.com)
  • The data offered vital insight into the underlying neural pathways involved in these brain changes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A​ recent rodent study examined how cocaine and alcohol impact specific pathways in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers found that cocaine and alcohol likely inhibit particular pathways in the brain, impairing the ability to adapt to changes in circumstances. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Looking at the brain pathways affected by cocaine, they found that cocaine aids in inhibiting specific neurons called striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It can open a pathway to the part of your brain that has fantastic abilities and can act as a conduit to universal energy. (newsblaze.com)
  • Greenfield says brain mechanisms involved in video game addiction are similar to the brain mechanisms involved in other addictions. (webmd.com)
  • Brain mechanism for energy sensing and food preference. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Recent research has identified the gut-brain axis as a key mechanistic pathway and potential therapeutic target in depression. (mdpi.com)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are responsible for controlling the microenvironment within neural tissues in humans. (hindawi.com)
  • Here's what happens: when you engage in movement of any kind, your brain communicates with your muscles along neural pathways. (saveourbones.com)
  • Your muscles, joints, and tendons have sensors called proprioceptors, and these send messages back along the pathways to your brain. (saveourbones.com)
  • Even if you take a long break from a particular exercise or movement, your brain will remember the pathways, and you will be able to pick up the exercise again with little trouble. (saveourbones.com)
  • Study reports in the short term, astrocytes regulate caloric intake by controlling the signaling pathway between the gut and brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The researchers, from Penn State College of Medicine in the United States, suggest that calorie intake is regulated in the short-term by cells called astrocytes (large star-shaped cells in the brain that regulate many different functions of neurons in the brain) that control the signaling pathway between the brain and the gut. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This was combined with pharmacological and specialist genetic approaches (both in vivo and in vitro) to target distinct neural circuits, enabling the researchers to specifically inhibit astrocytes in a particular region of the brainstem (the posterior part of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord) so they could assess how individual neurons behaved as they studied the rats' behavior while they were awake. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Later, neurophysiologists discovered a neural pathway and mechanism whereby input from the heart to the brain could inhibit or facilitate the brain's electrical activity (5). (elephantjournal.com)
  • These afferent nerve pathways enter the brain at the area of the medulla, and cascade up into the higher centers of the brain, where they may influence perception, decision making and other cognitive processes (7). (elephantjournal.com)
  • When heart rhythm patterns are coherent the neural information sent to the brain facilitates cortical function. (elephantjournal.com)
  • Brain reorganization takes place by mechanisms such as 'axonal sprouting' in which undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed. (labroots.com)
  • Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)
  • In addiction, "you're piggy-backing onto these ancient neural pathways and hijacking the reward mechanism that dopamine is responsible for," he says. (webmd.com)
  • So, when this is combined with the tendency of users to seek out content or individuals that have similar values, as well as reinforced by the addictive algorithmic mechanisms that target dopamine release, users are banded into tribes (both by choice and by design). (carolinajournal.com)
  • A number of mechanisms of action hae been proposed, which, though not yet proven, do not include the dopamine pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Yet, the relationship between conscious and non-conscious emotion processing in healthy and pathological populations remains unclear as for the possibility that implicit and explicit emotion processing depends on partially independent cortical and subcortical neural pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • The anatomy and physiology of the speech mechanism, and the anatomy of the ear and neural pathway of hearing. (nicholls.edu)
  • In addition, virus based tracing is used to map specific neural projections and their implications in physiology and behaviors. (uth.edu)
  • To further elucidate the amygdala-independent mechanisms leading to aversive emotional experiences, we retested two of these patients (B.G. and A.M.) to examine whether triggering palpitations and dyspnea via stimulation of non-chemosensory interoceptive channels would be sufficient to elicit panic anxiety. (jneurosci.org)
  • The goal of this study was to elucidate subcellular mechanisms responsible for shaping dendritic computation and reciprocal inhibition within the retinal circuitry. (umd.edu)
  • However, using multi-disciplinary approaches, we have uncovered multiple mechanisms which underlie dendritic integration and synaptic transmission in A17 that allow it to respond with a high degree of synapse specificity. (umd.edu)
  • Emerging and exciting areas of research and novel methodological approaches, including genome-wide gene expression studies, immune, endocannabinoid, oxytocin, and glutamatergic systems, are explored to help delineate innovative mechanisms that may contribute to resilience. (cdc.gov)
  • In vivo assessment of microstructrual topographies in the human corticospinal pathways. (cmu.edu)
  • Their activation triggers the release of gliotransmitters, chemicals (including glutamate and ATP) that excite nerve cells and enable normal signaling pathways to stimulate neurons that control how the stomach works. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They focus on changes in nerve cells and nerve pathways. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Undamaged axons can also sprout nerve endings and connect with other undamaged nerve cells, forming new neural pathways to accomplish a needed function. (labroots.com)
  • These barriers are fundamental to all neurological processes as they provide the extreme nutritional demands of neural tissue, remove wastes, and maintain immune privileged status. (hindawi.com)
  • In Collaborative Research Centre "From nociception to chronic pain: structure-function properties of neural pathways and their reorganization" (CRC 1158) the scientists involved examine how acute pain turns into chronic pain. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Understanding the brain's role and the complex mechanisms that lead to overeating, a behavior that can lead to weight gain and obesity, could help develop therapies to treat it. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. (labroots.com)
  • In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)
  • GRs in hippocampal and prefrontal pyramidal cells increase surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and strengthen glutamatergic signaling through pathways partly overlapping with those involved in long-term potentiation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Researchers knew from previous data that continued exposure to addictive substances makes the activity of direct-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) more potent. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The data provides insight into some of the potential mechanisms behind why addictive substances inhibit cognitive flexibility. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, although there are a large number of mechanistic reports on the mechanism of acupuncture in the literature, we still have a poor knowledge on how acupuncture works [ 29 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, multiple other NMDA receptor antagonists have failed to demonstrate antidepressant efficacy, suggesting additional neural pathways are involved. (kevinmd.com)
  • Much of what we know about the central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms of pain is derived from animal studies, and they will continue to be important in increasing our understanding of pain mechanisms in both humans and animals (Kitchell et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In recent years, the application of functional neuroimaging, microarray technology, proteomic analysis, and metabolomics analysis has significantly improved our understanding of the mechanism of acupuncture [ 25 - 28 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The research studies in the Collaborative Research Centre/Transregio "Losing and regaining control over drug intake" (CRC/TRR 265) aim for a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for people losing control over their drug consumption. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Understanding the mechanisms involved in guiding at least under homeostatic or physiological conditions. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, these mechanisms work in concert with post-synaptic mechanisms to extend the dynamic range of reciprocal inhibition in the inner retina. (umd.edu)
  • Additionally, we understand that the neural pathways created and reinforced by internet usage favor shallow thinking and brevity. (carolinajournal.com)
  • Which are the neural networks involved in explicit and implicit emotion processing? (frontiersin.org)
  • Do mechanisms of explicit and implicit emotion processing share the same features for different modalities and input materials? (frontiersin.org)
  • This project seeks to understand the neural substrates involved in implicit associative processes through the imaging of alcohol-relevant implicit associations that have been shown to consistently correlate with and predict levels of alcohol use. (cgu.edu)
  • Research at this department has been investigating the balance between both precipitation mechanisms, with theoratical and numerical modeling approaches. (lu.se)
  • Human studies must be carried out to confirm whether the same mechanism occurs in humans. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Cannabidiol has behavioral and neural effects distinct from those of tetrahydrocannabinol, and previous studies in both animals and humans have indicated that cannabidiol may have antipsychotic potential. (medscape.com)
  • We do not yet understand the central processing pathways in the olfactory system, especially regarding these disorders. (researchsquare.com)
  • We aimed to compare the resting-state structural and functional connectivity (FC) of olfactory neural pathways in patients with nIHH and KS. (researchsquare.com)
  • The results may indicate that a specific structural-functional asymmetry exists in the olfactory cortex pathways in KS patients. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, we do not yet fully understand the olfactory system processing pathways in IHH patients. (researchsquare.com)
  • On this basis, we explored the olfactory neural pathways through both rsFC and DTI to examine the olfactory processing mechanism of IHH patients. (researchsquare.com)
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
  • Here we provide biochemical and cellular evidence that artemisinins are potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PfPI3K), revealing an unexpected mechanism of action. (nature.com)
  • NMDA receptor antagonism causes complex "downstream" effects and is believed to be the mechanism of action underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine. (kevinmd.com)
  • Our results support the existence of an auditory pursuit system (APS), and we discuss its implications for the neural mechanisms that represent and track moving sounds. (eneuro.org)
  • T​his study utilized mice and rats to look at the influence of cocaine and alcohol on cognitive flexibility and then look at the underlying mechanisms involved. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The mechanisms underlying reinforcement-induced reduction of cognitive flexibility is not clear. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Which are the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms characterizing conscious and unconscious emotion processing? (frontiersin.org)
  • The goal of this project is to evaluate key neural pathways involved in control and more automatic processes (dual processes) related to decisions about food consumption. (cgu.edu)
  • Recent studies have revealed that a group of miRNAs are involved in the neural mechanism of acupuncture treatment in hypertensive rats [ 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Corticosteroids alter neural activity via two receptor types, mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). These receptors regulate gene transcription but also, as we now know, act nongenomically. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The discovery of these mechanisms may be useful in developing therapeutics to treat substance use disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Overview of Voiding Voiding disorders affect urine storage or release because both are controlled by the same neural and urinary tract mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Via genomic mechanisms, corticosteroid actions in the basolateral amygdala and ventral-most part of the cornu ammonis 1 hippocampal area are generally excitatory, providing an extended window for encoding of emotional aspects of a stressful event. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Determining these additional systems could provide key neural modulation targets for future anxiolytic treatments. (jneurosci.org)
  • Interestingly, the damping coefficient systematically increased with trial number, suggesting the presence of an adaptive mechanism in the auditory pursuit system (APS). (eneuro.org)
  • The term "mode involves soil fumigation at the beginning of the growing sea- of action" is contrasted with "mechanism of action," which son, and its physical-chemical properties. (cdc.gov)
  • The neural mechanisms responsible for selecting which motor program should be recruited at a given instant are the focus of this review. (nih.gov)
  • A number of factors may contribute to the pain in chronic pancreatitis, and the principal mechanisms of pain may change with the duration of disease. (medscape.com)
  • The authors show how sound can act as a triggering mechanism for the manifestation of your conscious intentions. (simonandschuster.com)
  • There's a fascinating mechanism scientists call muscle memory that explains this. (saveourbones.com)
  • Sound-motion perception has typically been studied with the head stationary, inspired by studies of visual-motion mechanisms. (eneuro.org)
  • Dr. Browning said, "We have yet to find out whether the loss of astrocyte activity and the signaling mechanism is the cause of overeating or that it occurs in response to the overeating. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Via nongenomic pathways, MRs enhance and GRs suppress neural activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It plays a vital role in strengthening neural pathways, which helps in better delivery & performance. (newsblaze.com)
  • Role of N-formyl peptide receptor 2 in germinal matrix hemorrhage: an intrinsic review of a hematoma resolving pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • This mechanism is thought to play a key role in the sensation of flavor during eating and drinking. (medscape.com)
  • The combination of feedforward and feedback mechanisms results in strong, maximal duration, granule cell inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • We found that a brief exposure (three to five days) of high-fat/calorie diet has the greatest effect on astrocytes, triggering the normal signaling pathway to control the stomach. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The first part of the course covers neuroanatomy and essential neurocellular signalling pathways, including chemical and electrical signalling and neurotransmission. (sabanciuniv.edu)
  • Journal of Neural Engineering. (lu.se)
  • I propose that (1) the midbrain DA system is organized in a similar manner, with different groups of DA neurons corresponding to these parallel neural pathways (NPs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Taken together, our data support the existence of a pursuit system for auditory head-tracking, which would suggest the presence of a neural representation of a spatial auditory fovea (AF). (eneuro.org)