AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCell Cycle ProteinsEukaryotic CellsCheckpoint Kinase 2Cell Cycle CheckpointsMitosisGenes, cdcDNA DamageM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG2 PhaseS PhaseProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMolecular Sequence DataSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsG1 PhaseProtein KinasesG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsDNA ReplicationSpindle ApparatusAmino Acid SequenceNuclear ProteinsPhosphorylationMutationDNA-Binding ProteinsAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesS Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsHeLa CellsKinetochoresCDC2 Protein KinaseCell DivisionHydroxyureaSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsCyclinsFungal ProteinsCell LineBase SequenceModels, BiologicalCyclin BDNA RepairSignal Transductioncdc25 PhosphatasesNocodazoleProtein BindingTumor Suppressor Protein p53ApoptosisCell NucleusTumor Suppressor ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21Cell Line, TumorDNASequence Homology, Amino AcidChromosome SegregationCell ProliferationCdc20 ProteinsG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsTranscription, GeneticRNA, MessengerProtein Structure, TertiaryCyclin B1Retinoblastoma ProteinDNA, FungalCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Carrier ProteinsUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesHistonesAnaphaseTranscription FactorsGenes, FungalAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeRecombinant Fusion ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, FungalFlow CytometryMenstrual CycleCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27EukaryotaCells, CulturedTime FactorsMicrotubulesEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2ChromatinIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneMetaphaseGenomic InstabilityGene Expression RegulationSequence AlignmentInterphaseUltraviolet RaysCloning, MolecularGamma RaysCyclin ABlotting, WesternRNA, Small InterferingRepressor ProteinsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4ECell SurvivalRNA InterferenceProtein Transport
ProteinsUnderstanding of eukaryotic replicationKinaseMitosisRegulationSpindle checkpointLiving organismsProgressionProteinPathwaysEukaryotesRegulateChromosomesYeastMolecularBiologyCDKsInitiationArrestProliferationTranscriptionMoleculesKnown as binary fissionDownstreamNucleusGeneticGenePathwayIntegrityBinary fissionInhibitionAssembly checkpointNucleiDifferentiationLesionsFavorableMammalian cellsDivisionControlKinasesComplexesMachineryEmbryonicGenetically identical daughter cellsPhaseMathematical modelsApoptosisCancerChromosome segregationRolesBehaviorTumorCerevisiaeRepairMembraneBacteria
Proteins18
  • As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
  • The E2F gene family contains some proteins with activator mechanisms and some proteins with repressing mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is believed that this complex is important for the function of these three proteins in DNA repair as well as activation of cell cycle checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Several PAR-binding modules orchestrate the relocation of DDR-associated factors in addition to the accumulation of intrinsically disordered proteins through an intracellular liquid demixing mechanism 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • hTopBP1 and hMYH were involved in ATR-mediated Chk1 activation, moreover, both of them were associated with ATR and hRad9 which known as checkpoint-involved proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we investigated several cell cycle-related proteins and found that co-knockdown of hTopBP1 and hMYH significantly diminished cell cycle arrest due to compromised checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of ATR phosphorylates a number of downstream proteins that coordinate the cell cycle checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • It seems now clear that posttranslational modification of both DNA repair and checkpoint proteins is of importance for the regulation of their activities but how these modifications are regulated and how they affect the activity of the proteins only begins to be described. (cea.fr)
  • Interphase prepares cells for mitosis by promoting growth, synthesizing proteins and organelles, replicating DNA, and conducting thorough checks for DNA integrity. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • The cell ensures that it has adequate resources and components necessary for cell division, such as sufficient organelles and proteins involved in mitosis. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding of eukaryotic replication1
  • These results unify our understanding of eukaryotic replication initiation, implicate defective CMG assembly in microcephalic dwarfism, and illustrate how in silico protein-protein interaction screening accelerates mechanistic discovery. (bvsalud.org)
Kinase7
  • In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
  • The cell cycle delay was totally dependent on the Gcn2 kinase, a sensor of the nutritional status, and was accompanied by phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and by a general depression of translation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002020 ) now show that a critical function of these phosphatases in checkpoint silencing is removal of Polo kinase at kinetochores, which would otherwise autonomously sustain the checkpoint. (rupress.org)
  • 1) We first sought to characterize the positive timing mechanism that signals cytokinesis though a detailed investigation of Sid1p, a protein kinase essential for activation of ring constriction. (umassmed.edu)
Mitosis25
Regulation12
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • Cell cycle regulation. (vt.edu)
  • Why do we need stochastic models for cell cycle regulation? (vt.edu)
  • A model of yeast cell cycle regulation based on multisite posphorylation. (vt.edu)
  • The cellular response to DNA damage involves an intricate network of enzymes responsible for sensing, signaling, and repairing damaged DNA, as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints that collectively maintain genomic integrity 2 . (nature.com)
  • Natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The key interests lie within the field of genome integrity and variation, cell division, regulation of gene expression, protein turnover and signal transduction. (ki.se)
  • The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss how co-operativity allows simple static motifs to perform the conditional regulation that underlies decision-making in higher eukaryotic biological systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Main focus: Cell cycle regulation in budding yeast. (unt.edu)
  • My lab works on cell cycle regulation in budding yeast. (unt.edu)
Spindle checkpoint3
  • and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2) Secondly, we sought to define how cells negatively regulate cytokinesis through investigation of Dma1p, a spindle checkpoint protein implicated in inhibition of cytokinesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Furthermore, we found that aberrant SIN activation can override a microtubule-damage-induced spindle checkpoint arrest. (umassmed.edu)
Living organisms1
  • All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)
Progression18
  • Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
  • Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • Eukaryotic cells have developed exquisite mechanisms that monitor and coordinate cell cycle progression with repair of DNA damage to maintain genome integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first is a stochastic model of the progression of cell cycle states, which is applied to experimental data for two synchronized isogenic MMR + and MMR − colon cancer cell lines treated with and without IUdR. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Increased levels of polyamines in cells are considered to be involved in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we find that SET8 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen through a conserved motif, and SET8 is required for DNA replication fork progression. (rupress.org)
  • In particular we are interested in regulatory pathways that drive cell division and in surveillance mechanisms, also known as checkpoint pathways, that stop cell cycle progression when cellular components malfunction or become damaged. (unt.edu)
  • At the same time, many of the processes that drive cell cycle progression are conserved throughout evolution. (unt.edu)
  • In the course of my postdoctoral work I came to appreciate the beauty and sophistication of the intricate regulatory mechanisms that drive cell cycle progression in general, and chromosome segregation in particular, and I decided to continue this line of research in my own lab. (unt.edu)
Protein18
  • ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
  • The Rad1 protein, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, exists in cells as monomer as well as a component in the 9-1-1 protein complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The S. cerevisiae checkpoint protein Rad17, the orthologue of human Rad1, forms a homocomplex in response to treatment with DNA damaging agents, and the complex is required for yeast survival after exposure to genotoxic agents [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • O'Donnell's laboratory studies these DNA metabolic mechanisms with the goal of understanding how the protein gears of DNA duplication act together with signal processes that function with repair and recombination factors to ensure genomic integrity. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) plays an important role in DNA replication and the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The accumulation of hTopBP1 on chromatin and its subsequent interaction with hRad9 lead to cell cycle arrest, a process mediated by Chk1 phosphorylation and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) signaling cascade is an important pathway involved in the checkpoint control mechanism [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) and its orthologs play important roles in DNA replication and checkpoint control [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint involves two protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A-B56, that are thought to extinguish checkpoint signaling through dephosphorylation of a checkpoint scaffold at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
  • Resection is accompanied by the binding of replication protein A (RPA) to the 3' single-stranded overhangs, which helps recruiting the checkpoint complexes. (cea.fr)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathways6
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • The lab's findings also provide insights into how replisomes achieve the asymmetric inheritance needed for development, and how they participate in DNA damage checkpoint control pathways. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Zhang and Matunis 2009), a member of the kinesin-7 family involved in chromosome alignment and checkpoint signaling pathways (Yao et al. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • E. The cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways. (biologybrain.com)
  • In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotes2
  • It has also been shown that although this organism contains sequence homologs of genes which are known to control the cell cycle of most eukaryotes, these genes may be structurally altered and their equivalent function yet to be demonstrated in amoeba. (ias.ac.in)
  • Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
Regulate3
  • The available information suggests that surveillance mechanisms or 'checkpoints' which are known to regulate the eukaryotic cell cycle may be absent or altered in E. histolytica . (ias.ac.in)
  • CDKs show their action by interacting with cyclins and different CDK-cyclin complexes regulate the cell cycle in the G1, S and G2/M phases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The goal of this thesis was to characterize how cells regulate signaling of cytokinesis, both positively and negatively, during cell division using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism. (umassmed.edu)
Chromosomes16
  • As long as there are mechanisms to prevent division across uncopied chromosomes, or fix the situation in the unlikely event that does happen, everything is fine. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
  • However, the most important role of the G 2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged. (openstax.org)
  • Microtubule capture, however, is inherently error prone, and several cycles of attachment/detachment are often required before chromosomes achieve biorientation. (rupress.org)
  • The cell synthesizes a copy of its genetic material to ensure that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)
  • In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
  • This checkpoint determines if all of the copied chromosomes are arranged appropriately to be separated to opposite sides of the cell. (pressbooks.pub)
  • If this doesn't happen correctly, incorrect numbers of chromosomes can be partitioned into each of the daughter cells, which would likely cause them to die. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
  • A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)
  • The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
Yeast8
  • The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • His recent work centers around humans and budding yeast, and understanding the dynamic behavior of the eukaryotic replisome components. (rockefeller.edu)
  • 1. The cell cycle of budding yeast. (vt.edu)
  • Modeling the cell cycle engine and checkpoints in yeast cells. (vt.edu)
  • Modeling cell growth, diviions and morphology in fission yeast. (vt.edu)
  • Ultraviolet irradiation of fission yeast cells in G1 phase induced a delay in chromatin binding of replication initiation factors and, consistently, a transient delay in S-phase entry. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)
  • I then sought a eukaryotic experimental system that would allow me to combine genetics and biochemistry, and the obvious choice was budding yeast. (unt.edu)
Molecular15
  • Molecular biologists aim to understand the actual events within individual living cells, not just the behavior of the mythical "average" cell. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Studies the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, recombination, and repair. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Cell physiology, molecular biology and modeling. (vt.edu)
  • Thus, hTopBP1 constitutes an important part of the ATR signaling pathway and acts as a molecular bridge that associates the independently recruited 9-1-1 and ATR-ATRIP complexes, thereby leading to checkpoint activation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The molecular replicative machinery utilized by the Plasmodium parasite, as well as whether the parasite uses local and global checkpoints to control the timing of DNA replication and nuclear division, remain a major gap of knowledge in the biology of the parasite. (iu.edu)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Many of the included examples are characterised by highly complex, nonlinear, and supercomplex mechanisms, as it is being increasingly recognised that the result of such interactions may only be understood through a combination of mathematical, logical, physical/chemical, molecular and computational models. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We had also found that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi at the G2 to M phase transition, but the molecular mechanism underlying this recruitment remains unknown. (biologists.com)
  • In this study, we narrowed the translocation timing to prophase and prometaphase, and elucidated its molecular mechanism. (biologists.com)
  • Through detailed characterization of fundamental molecular mechanisms of normal and perturbed cells, the theme strives to unravel information that increases the understanding of various diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. (ki.se)
  • Thus the theme encloses expertise within bioinformatics, biophysics, biochemistry, molecular cell biology and genetics. (ki.se)
  • The stem cell and developmental biology program at CMB is engaged in a broad range of basic research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying diverse aspects of embryonic development and tissue regeneration. (ki.se)
  • Basic genetic and molecular biology methodologies are combined with complementary bioinformatic and genome-wide approaches, allowing investigation global molecular changes in cells in various differentiation processes. (ki.se)
  • The coordinated transcription of the genome is the fundamental mechanism in molecular biology. (mdpi.com)
Biology3
  • Petra Levin, the George William and Irene Koechig Freiberg Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University, an author of the new paper, has a keen interest in single-cell biology. (scitechdaily.com)
  • CMB is comprised of more than 30 independent research groups organized in three themes: Cell Biology, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology and Infection and Cancer. (ki.se)
  • The central aim of the research within the Cell Biology theme is to gain a deeper understanding of the biology of the eukaryotic cell. (ki.se)
CDKs1
Initiation7
  • His lab studies how the replisome interacts with DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery, how initiation of replication is directed by nucleosomes, and how replication forks perform nucleosome inheritance, the process by which nucleosomes (the fundamental structural unit of chromosomal DNA) are passed down from parental to daughter DNA during replication. (rockefeller.edu)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)
  • Assembly of the CMG (CDC-45-MCM-2-7-GINS) helicase is the key regulated step during eukaryotic DNA replication initiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase assembly is the central event in eukaryotic replication initiation. (bvsalud.org)
Arrest3
  • The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • Purvalanol is a purine-derived CDKI that binds with a high selectivity and competitively to the ATP binding side of CDK1/2 and leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Proliferation10
  • The effects of heterozygous deletion of Mrad1 on proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes is different from those resulted from Mrad9 heterozygous deletion (from our previous study), suggesting that Mrad1 also functions independent of Mrad9 besides its role in the Mrad9-Mrad1-Mhus1 complex in mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is likely that increased Rad9 expression is needed for proliferation of tumor cells by mechanisms such as getting beyond (tolerating) oncogene-induced replicative stress and enhancing DNA repair capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, a function for SET8 in mammalian cell proliferation has not been determined. (rupress.org)
  • We show that small interfering RNA inhibition of SET8 expression leads to decreased cell proliferation and accumulation of cells in S phase. (rupress.org)
Transcription1
  • The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Molecules4
  • It accumulates energy, nutrients, and necessary molecules for DNA replication and cell division. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • The released free energy will be transferred to other molecules to make unfavorable reactions in a cell to get favorable. (biologybrain.com)
  • This research aims at characterizing molecules and signals involved in controlling the undifferentiated state and self-renewal capacity of stem cells, and to develop methods to direct the differentiation of stem cells into clinically relevant cell types. (ki.se)
  • Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)
Known as binary fission2
  • Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Downstream2
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
  • Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
Nucleus2
  • How does each nucleus cycle independently? (iu.edu)
  • During the last decade, the non-random spatial arrangement of the genome into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as emerged as a key regulator of genome functions and notably of the propagation of a stable genome. (cea.fr)
Genetic3
  • This ensures that each daughter cell will have the correct genetic information. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • It is an integral part of any living bodies and surrounded by a cell membrane and contains genetic material as well as organelles that conduct particular functions. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • The accurate transmission of the genetic information from mother to daughter cells constitutes a crucial event in the life cycle of all eukaryotic cells (Morgan 2006). (uni-konstanz.de)
Gene6
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Unrepaired DNA lesions can lead to cell death, gene mutation and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
Pathway1
  • In general, NHEJ is the preferred pathway in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while HR is favored in S and G2 phases. (cea.fr)
Integrity2
Binary fission1
Inhibition1
  • It was also recently shown that PARP-1 is a sensor of unligated Okazaki fragments during DNA replication 16 and cells deficient in ribonucleotide excision repair are sensitized to PARP inhibition 17 . (nature.com)
Assembly checkpoint1
  • Silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint: Let's play Polo! (rupress.org)
Nuclei1
Differentiation6
  • Polyploidy is often witnessed in cells prior to differentiation, in embryonic cells or in diseases such as cancer. (ias.ac.in)
  • Cell Fate Determination in T Cell Differentiation. (vt.edu)
  • Use bifurcation analysis to study T cell differentiation. (vt.edu)
  • A simple theoretical framework for understanding heterogeneous differentiation of CD4+ T cells. (vt.edu)
  • A mathematical model for the reciprocal differentiation of T helper 17 cells and induced regulatory T cells. (vt.edu)
  • Extensive emphasis is also made on tissue differentiation and growth during embryogenesis, and deciphering mechanisms underlying the establishment cellular diversity in developing tissues and organs. (ki.se)
Lesions2
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • One of the oxidative DNA lesions frequently generated upon exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Favorable1
Mammalian cells2
  • When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)
  • In mammalian cells the inactivation of these surveillance mechanisms can lead to cancer. (unt.edu)
Division25
  • Researchers have utilized single-cell data to develop a revised framework for comprehending the link between cell growth, DNA replication, and division in bacterial systems. (scitechdaily.com)
  • They wanted to figure out how these "whimsical" individual bacterial cells - or, as a more typical physicist might say, these stochastic cells - manage to exquisitely coordinate DNA replication with growth and division, so that overall events happen in the right sequence despite the "noisiness" of each process. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Based on average cell behavior, others had come to view the basic cell cycle steps of DNA replication and cell division as dependent on each other. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Cell division is critical to creating and sustaining life. (rockefeller.edu)
  • During the asexual stage of the life cycle, Plasmodium falciparum replicates via schizogony, a division mode that can be divided into a growth phase and a budding phase. (iu.edu)
  • A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. (openstax.org)
  • Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. (openstax.org)
  • Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cell also monitors its internal and external environment to ensure that conditions are favourable for division. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • During G2 phase, the cell undergoes additional growth and prepares for division. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. (biologists.com)
  • Cytokinesis is the final event of the cell division cycle and results in physical and irreversible separation of a mother cell into two daughter cells. (umassmed.edu)
  • It is absolutely crucial that cytokinesis is tightly coordinated with the cell cycle in order to preserve the fidelity of cell division. (umassmed.edu)
  • This checkpoint is the point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell-division process. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction - an entire new organism is created. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division in eukaryote is much more complicated than prokaryote. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A primitive form of cell division is also found which is called amitosis. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)
Control4
  • Rad1 plays crucial roles in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, but its contribution to carcinogenesis is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad1 +/- mice had significantly more spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, proliferated slower and had slightly enhanced spontaneous apoptosis than Mrad1 +/+ control cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We hypothesized that to achieve such tight control of cytokinesis, cells may utilize both promotional and inhibitory signals, however how cells maintained this control was poorly understood. (umassmed.edu)
  • Considering the conservation of cell cycle regulators in the eukaryotic kingdom, it is likely that similar mechanisms to control cytokinesis exist in humans. (umassmed.edu)
Kinases2
  • Additionally, the checkpoint kinases modify the chromatin surrounding DNA damages through phosphorylation of the H2A histone (H2AX in mammals). (cea.fr)
  • Change in localisation depends on the checkpoint kinases Tel1ATM and Mec1ATR and has a positive effect on spontaneous recombination. (cea.fr)
Complexes1
  • The team employs strategies such as super resolution microscopy to observe individual replisomes in real time during DNA replication in living cells, and cryo-electron microscopy of DNA-replisome and other replisome-associated complexes. (rockefeller.edu)
Machinery1
  • Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
Embryonic1
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
Genetically identical daughter cells2
  • Cytokinesis then completes the process by dividing the cell's cytoplasm in two, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • The ultimate goal is to generate two genetically identical daughter cells, a crucial mechanism that drives multicellular animals' development, tissue repair, and cellular reproduction. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Phase12
  • This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell to spend in each phase of the cell cycle, while at the same time it also responds to information received from the processes it controls. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies on the protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica suggest that in its proliferative phase, this organism may accumulate polyploid cells. (ias.ac.in)
  • The budding phase occurs when the multi-nucleated syncytium is subjected to an asynchronous round of karyokinesis, coinciding with the segmentation of dozens of daughter cells known as merozoites. (iu.edu)
  • There is also variation in the time that a cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
  • In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G 1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G 2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. (openstax.org)
  • A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not be allowed to progress into the S phase. (openstax.org)
  • The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
  • During this phase, the cell undergoes growth and carries out normal cellular functions. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • At the end of the S phase, the cell contains two complete sets of DNA. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not be released into the S phase. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The second checkpoint bars the entry to the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (pressbooks.pub)
  • SET8 depletion causes DNA damage specifically during replication, which induces a Chk1-mediated S-phase checkpoint. (rupress.org)
Mathematical models1
  • The present study uses the integration of probabilistic mathematical models and experimental data on MMR − versus MMR + cells to describe the effects of IUdR incorporation upon the cell cycle for the purpose of increasing IUdR-mediated radiosensitivity in MMR − cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Apoptosis1
  • Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer10
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
  • Previous studies in our laboratory have described increased and preferential radiosensitization of mismatch repair-deficient (MMR − ) HCT116 colon cancer cells with 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Dynamic modelling of oestrogen signalling and cell fate in breast cancer cells. (vt.edu)
  • In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
  • Moreover, the identification of fork protection as a key mechanism of resistance to chemo- and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer further increases the priority that should be accorded to the development of strategies targeting replicative stress. (bmj.com)
  • 13 Genome Plasticity and B Cell, University of Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cancer Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (jci.org)
  • The surviving cells become cancer cells, which are capable both of dividing indefinitely and maintaining telomere length (usually with the aid of telomerase). (actanaturae.ru)
Chromosome segregation1
Roles1
Behavior4
  • These methods characterize the behavior of an idealized "average" cell and form the basis of current models for bacterial growth. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The models counted on the behavior of an "average" cell within a population. (scitechdaily.com)
  • These population-level approaches describe the behavior of idealized average cells, and they serve as the foundation for prevailing models of bacterial growth. (wustl.edu)
  • It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)
Tumor2
  • Knockdown of Rad9 in prostate tumor cells correlates with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These are extremely hazardous for a cell, because if left unrepaired, DSBs can have pathological consequences, such as cell death, or drive cells to genomic instability and tumor development. (nature.com)
Cerevisiae1
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)
Repair6
  • DNA damage caused by these genotoxins can be efficiently fixed by DNA repair in cooperation with cell cycle checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies can be expected to provide new insights into eukaryotic replication, repair, and epigenetic inheritance. (rockefeller.edu)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
  • In all organisms, two different mechanisms are used to repair DSBs: Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). (cea.fr)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
  • 5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane1
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
Bacteria1
  • Cells can be prokaryotic (like bacteria and archaea) or eukaryotic (like plants, mammals, fungi, and protists), and they are in charge of all necessary processes for an organism's existence and reproduction. (bloggerscafe.com.au)