Mechanism of resistance tetracycline resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis , and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species are several examples of species that have developed an antibiotic resistance but are still affected by tigecycline (Greer 2006). (kenyon.edu)
Furthermore, the main difference between tigecycline and minocycline is the addition of an N,N-dimethylglycylamido group which actually causes the molecule to bind to the ribosome up to five times more tightly and decreases the probability that resistance will develop. (kenyon.edu)
Biochemical experiments have shown that the tigecycline binds to the same site on 16S rRNA as tetracycline but in a different orientation and with greater affinity. (kenyon.edu)
TYGACIL (tigecycline) is tetracycline class antibacterial for intravenous infusion. (drugcentral.org)
Additionally, MDR efflux pumps like AcrAB-TolC in Enterobacteriaceae and MexAB-OprM in P. aeruginosa are able to extrude tetracyclines (including tigecycline) as part of their contribution to multidrug resistance. (jrespharm.com)

In addition to the intrinsic mechanisms of resistance, bacterial pathogens can acquire genes and mutations that mediate resistance to antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. (mcmaster.ca)
The data suggest that the mucoid phenotype could be associated with extrachromsomal element(s) carrying resistance genes to antibiotics and that these extrachromosomal elements may not harbour resistance determinants to chloramphenicol. (scirp.org)
Erava exhibited excellent in vitro activity (MIC 50 ≤ 0.25 mg/L) against MRSA and MSSA, including isolates harboring Tet specific resistance genes. (biomedcentral.com)
We developed a DNA microarray for strain typing and detection of major antimicrobial resistance genes of clinically relevant enterobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Illumina whole genome sequencing identified the genes msr(E) and mph(E)encoding macrolide resistance, tet(R)-tet(H) or tet(Y) encoding tetracycline resistance, and blaROB-1 encoding ampicillin/penicillin resistance in all isolates exhibiting a corresponding resistant phenotype. (edu.au)
It is known that more than 20 different tet genes cause tetracycline resistance. (jrespharm.com)
Evidence is growing that extensive horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes occur in nature between clinical and nonclinical bacteria [2]. (helpmyessay.com)
Hence the commensal reservoir bacteria may be important players in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. (helpmyessay.com)
Since triclosan disrupts the microbial cell membrane, it is important to examine whether triclosan affects the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. (helpmyessay.com)
Plasmids carrying marker genes such as those coding for tetracycline and kanamycin resistance will be introduced into several hosts (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). (helpmyessay.com)
Another clonal group (MLST ST1901) possessed seven unique PBP2 patterns, and it shared common mutations in other genes associated with cephalosporin resistance. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)

Data of stool specimens yielding growth of non-O1 and non-O139 V. cholerae isolated at a national referral laboratory from 1999 to 2012 were retrospectively analysed and evaluated for resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and ofloxacin. (who.int)
We are studying the overexpression of the transcription factors rpoF and rpoH.154N in E. coli in combination with chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tetracycline. (oberlin.edu)
The new mBio study finds that when bacteria, specifically Salmonella and E. coli, are exposed to the herbicides described above, they responded differently to the common antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline. (enewspf.com)

The classes of antibiotics most commonly used are sulphonamide and trimethoprim, β-lactam antibiotics, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolides and fluoroquinolones. (slu.se)
For example drugs affected by this mechanism include tetracycline (Tet[M] and Tet[O]), fluoroquinolones (Qnr) and fusidic acid (FusB and FusC) during target protections. (jrespharm.com)
β-lactams, tetracyclines and some fluoroquinolones are particularly affected by changes in permeability of the outer membrane. (jrespharm.com)
The E. coli isolate from the patient was also resistant to antibiotics in at least five additional antibiotic classes, including cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. (cdc.gov)
N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to to front-line antibiotics triggered a global action plan from first-line antibiotics such as sulfonamides, penicil ins, WHO to control the spread and impact of gonococcal tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and early resistance and a call for international col aborative ac- cephalosporins. (who.int)

This analysis does not include mutations that may result in antibiotic resistance or resistance determinants added to newer versions of used database or other antimicrobial resistance gene databases. (cdc.gov)
New use of the participates_in and has_part relationships in place of formerly incorrect usage of the part_of relationship for association of resistance determinants with their mechanism of action. (mcmaster.ca)
We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
The multilocus sequence type, multiantigen sequence type, presence of determinants of antimicrobial resistance and relatedness among the isolates were all derived from the sequence data. (who.int)

There are many different types of these enzymes which have different activities against antibiotics from many different classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols and lincosamides. (futurelearn.com)
Other antibiotics in the market are either tetracyclines, glycopeptides or aminoglycosides. (biotechandmoney.com)
The mechanism of action of Bac-Off® is distinct from that of penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracyclines. (cell-systems.com)

Five P. multocida isolates (3.6%), all obtained from NSW in 2019, exhibited dual resistance to macrolides and tetracycline, and a further two Queensland isolates from 2019 (1.4%) exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype to ampicillin/penicillin, tetracycline, and tilmicosin. (edu.au)

This report describes the first isolation of VISA from a patient in the United States, which may be an early warning that S. aureus strains with full resistance to vancomycin will emerge. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations are under way to assess the risk for person-to-person transmission of VISA and to determine the mechanism(s) by which these strains develop resistance. (cdc.gov)
This report documents the emergence of VISA in the United States and may signal the eventual emergence of S. aureus strains with full resistance to vancomycin. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial susceptibility data revealed increasing resistance to co-trimoxazole and ampicillin, but strains remained highly susceptible to ofloxacin. (who.int)
Because many strains of the following groups of microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended. (rxlist.com)
Up to 44 percent of strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 74 percent of Streptococcus faecalis have been found to be resistant to tetracycline drugs. (rxlist.com)
The two strains mediate adhesion by different mechanisms and, when combined, synergically induce the expression of Caco-2 tight junction proteins. (frontiersin.org)
The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index shows the themucoid strains with a high MAR index range of 0.7 - 1.0 with a median MAR index of 0.8, while the non-mucoid strains had a MAR index of 0.2 - 0.8 with a median MAR index of 0.35. (scirp.org)
Furthermore, the extrachromosomal elements bearing the mucoid phenotype and the resistance elements in the mucoid strains do not significantly impact on the fitness of the cognate strain. (scirp.org)
Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
Understanding the mechanisms of resistance acquisition by the bacterial strains is therefore essential to prevent and overcome resistance. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
The aim of this review is to provide a new perspective on the possible ways by which resistance is acquired by the bacterial strains within the patient, with a special emphasis on the adaptive response of the infecting bacteria to the administered antibiotic. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
This defense mechanism seeks to rid the bacteria of toxins and is non-specific, which means while it builds resistance to the toxic effects of the herbicides, it also builds resistance to the antibiotics, creating antibiotic-resistant strains that otherwise may not have occurred. (enewspf.com)
A strain of antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria may seem innocuous to humans, but the documented fact that its resistance can be transferred into human bacterial strains reveals that the use of antibiotics in agriculture can have disastrous and deadly consequences. (enewspf.com)
However, resistance zole-resistant strains of H. pylori . (who.int)

Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of bacteria to quickly develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics is a huge hurdle in the path of disease treatment. (kenyon.edu)
Derived from tetracycline, glycylcyclines have added substituents that interfere with the mechanisms bacteria employ to resist tetracycline, such as tetracycline-specific efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins. (kenyon.edu)
Since tetracycline has been in wide use since the mid-1900s for treatment of many human and animal infections and as growth promoters in agriculture, many bacteria have since developed these mechanisms to prevent the harmful effects of tetracycline (Greer 2006). (kenyon.edu)
In some cases, bacteria may acquire multiple mechanisms of resistance to the same antibiotic, and in multidrug resistant bacteria, they acquire resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
Two other mechanisms of resistance are mediated by bacteria acquiring enzymes. (futurelearn.com)
A common mechanism that bacteria use to become resistant to antibiotics is by modifying the target of the antibiotic. (futurelearn.com)
TetK is a tetracycline efflux protein found in both Gram-negative (Haemophilus and Gallibacterium) and Gram-positive (many species, including mycobacteria) bacteria. (mcmaster.ca)
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics, effective against many common gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain types of anaerobic and atypical bacteria. (osmosis.org)
Whether these phenotype and resistances that had no fitness cost to the bacterium could significantly affect the virulence of the bacteria in vivo remains to be investigated. (scirp.org)
The development of heteroresistance in bacteria under antibiotic pressure often leads to antimicrobial treatment failure, and vancomycin heteroresistance in S. aureus in particular has become a serious threat for the induction of resistance that can make treatment difficult [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The development of antibiotic resistance in periodontopathogens is a major issue given that these bacteria may migrate from the oral cavity to other organs where they may cause infections or transfer their antibiotic resistances to other bacterial species. (nature.com)
Besides the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, the use of antibiotics also have other negative effects. (slu.se)
one well-studied mechanism is the growth of biofilm, a sedentary state of bacteria surrounded by a hydrated and protective extracellular matrix. (oberlin.edu)
Antibiotic resistance occurs when the response of bacteria to medicines. (jrespharm.com)
Normally, antibiotic resistance happens when microorganisms like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. (jrespharm.com)
Iclaprim works via a different mechanism to these and thus it can maintain efficacy in bacteria that have developed resistance to other mechanisms. (biotechandmoney.com)
Resistance to antibiotics represents a worldwide healthcare problem that affects therapy of infectious diseases caused by a large variety of organisms including Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria or mycobacteria. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
Last week, following the World Health Organization's (WHO) declaration that glyphosate is carcinogenic to humans based on animal studies, a new study was published in the American Society of Microbiology's journal, mBio, linking glyphosate, 2,4-D and dicamba to antibiotic resistance after testing the sub-lethal effects of these pesticides in certain bacteria. (enewspf.com)
When the bacteria are exposed to the herbicides and the antibiotics at the same time, the exposure to the herbicides trigger a defense mechanism that otherwise would not have been triggered solely by the antibiotics. (enewspf.com)
We also know that it is not just the residues of the chemicals, but also the residues of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to which people are exposed that affects the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria in the gut of people. (enewspf.com)
This "horizontal gene transfer" means that a pool of resistant soil bacteria can then transfer the genetic material for resistance in human pathogens. (enewspf.com)
Bacteria with this resistance mechanism have now been identified from humans, food, environmental samples, and food animals in at least 20 countries around the world. (cdc.gov)
The presence of the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid means that colistin resistance can be shared with other more resistant bacteria such as CRE, raising the possibility that untreatable bacteria could develop. (cdc.gov)
CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), will continue to look for mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, retail meat, and food animals. (cdc.gov)

Penicillin: May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving tetracycline-class drugs in conjunction with penicillin. (pediatriconcall.com)
One of the first mechanisms of resistance to be discovered was resistance to penicillin (a β-lactam antibiotic). (futurelearn.com)
Most plasmid-mediated resistance is to penicillin and tetracycline. (pediagenosis.com)
Ten of 21 isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, due mainly to the presence of the bla TEM gene, the S91F mutation in the gyrA gene and the tetM gene, respectively. (who.int)

Tetracyclines remain especially useful in the management of infections by certain obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia. (wikipedia.org)
Home / Healthcare & Medicine / Antimicrobial & Antibiotic Resistance / Bacterial Genomes: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens / What are the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance? (futurelearn.com)
Sukhum KV, Diorio-Toth L, Dantas G. 2019 Genomic and Metagenomic Approaches for Predictive Surveillance of Emerging Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance. (wustl.edu)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring of BRD pathogens is critical to promote appropriate antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine for optimal treatment and control. (edu.au)
Unfortunately nowadays the emergence of resistance among bacterial pathogens is a major public worldwide health problem. (jrespharm.com)
First results of the comprehensive surveillance of the antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens, campylobacter spp and salmonella spp in three different populations. (bvsalud.org)

Resistance amongst Staphylococcus spp. (wikipedia.org)
The tetracycline efflux protein encoded by the tet(K) gene from Staphylococcus aureus is a metal-tetracycline/H+ antiporter. (mcmaster.ca)
The methicillin resistance seen in Staphylococcus aureus due to replacement of an exogenous PBP (PBP2a) and vancomycin resistance in enterococci is an example of replacement or bypass of the original target. (jrespharm.com)
Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus or Mycobacteria tuberculosis are due to failure in therapy caused by resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)

Avoid use in patients with known hypersensitivity to tetracyclines. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

During September-December 2011, CDC and five external GISP principal investigators, each with N. gonorrhoeae -specific expertise in surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, treatment, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, reviewed antimicrobial susceptibility trends in GISP through August 2011 to determine whether to update CDC's current recommendations ( 2 ) for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. (cdc.gov)

An example of this is the erm (erythromycin ribosomal methylation) gene that provides resistance against macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin. (futurelearn.com)
Tetracycline also stops the protein synthesis but act on 30S ribosomal unit of cells. (askmicrobiology.com)
Tetracycline resistance is thought to mainly occur through antibiotic efflux and ribosomal protection. (wustl.edu)

The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and are thought to exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. (pediatriconcall.com)
Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30s subunit of their ribosomes and preventing tRNA from binding. (osmosis.org)
The contributors describe the mechanisms by which the agents disrupt cell wall assembly and maintenance, membrane synthesis and integrity, DNA and RNA metabolism, protein synthesis, and the folate cycle. (cshlpress.com)

As it is known the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are modifications of the antimicrobial target, Enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics, changes in important metabolic pathways, activation of efflux mechanism. (jrespharm.com)

Vibramycin I.V. ( doxycycline hyclate) is a tetracycline antibiotic used to treat many different bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections acne gonorrhea and chlamydia periodontitis (gum disease) and others. (rxlist.com)
Tetracyclines are not the drugs of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infections. (rxlist.com)
For complicated infections, identification most appropriately should be based on C&S in order to identify the target, to detect resistance and to design the dosing regimen for the patient. (vin.com)
In order to combat with antibiotic resistance one should protect him or herself and also his or her family.As it is known infections caused by multi-drug antibiotic-resistant germs are quiet difficult, and sometimes impossible to treat. (jrespharm.com)
Acquisition of resistance is one of the major causes of failure in therapy of bacterial infections. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)

Because the entire genome of a laboratory strain of H influenzae has been sequenced, additional insights into its molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis will undoubtedly be gained in the near future. (medscape.com)

There are a tenfold of different classes of antibiotics, each with different mechanisms of action and antimicrobial spectra. (slu.se)

However, acquired (as opposed to inherent) resistance has proliferated in many pathogenic organisms and greatly eroded the formerly vast versatility of this group of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
The tetracyclines, including minocycline , have similar antimicrobial spectra of activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. (pediatriconcall.com)
Cross-resistance of these organisms to tetracyclines is common. (pediatriconcall.com)

Because of this, there is an ever-present need to develop new antibiotics that are use novel mechanisms to overcome multidrug-resistance and prevent microbial growth. (kenyon.edu)

Minocycline, a second-generation semi-synthetic tetracycline, has better pharmacokinetic characteristics than the first-generation tetracycline. (biomedcentral.com)
In-vitro sensitivity studies have also shown that the sensitivity of H. pylori to minocycline is similar to that of tetracycline [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In November 2015, a report from China first described plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance caused by the mcr-1 gene. (cdc.gov)

4 The interpretation of resistant is due to intrinsic resistance for this species-drug combination rather than the MIC. (cdc.gov)
The patients were diag- resistance is believed to result from clonal nosed with ulcer (9), oesophagitis (18), Bar- selection of resistant variants rather than rett's oesophagus (15) and gastritis (28). (who.int)

The risk of developing the syndrome varies between different antibiotic drugs, partly because of their different antimicrobial spectra and mechanisms of action. (slu.se)

No virulence factors were detected for any strain and only the non-transferable erm(49) gene, which confers resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, was identified in the genome of B. longum KABP042. (frontiersin.org)

During the 1990s and 2000s, fluoroquinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae emerged in the United States, becoming prevalent in Hawaii and California and among men who have sex with men (MSM) before spreading throughout the United States. (cdc.gov)

Our focus on the alterations in the efficiencies of gene transfer mechanisms upon exposure to triclosan may elucidate novel physiological effects. (helpmyessay.com)
The mcr-1 gene exists on a plasmid, a small piece of DNA that is capable of moving from one bacterium to another, potentially spreading antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species. (cdc.gov)

which display intrinsic resistance. (wikipedia.org)

Tetracyclines are a vital class of antibiotics, but increasing resistance threatens their efficacy. (wustl.edu)
The long-term goal for this proposal is to better understand the evolutionary origins and structural features of tetracycline destructases in order to rationally design better diagnostics and inhibitors to re-store efficacy of this vital class of antibiotics before they become a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality. (wustl.edu)
This study compared the in vitro efficacy of furazolidone with metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin and tetracycline in 70 H. pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients. (who.int)

citation needed] Since tetracycline is absorbed into bone, it is used as a marker of bone growth for biopsies in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue due to antibiotic over prescription, indiscriminate use in livestock consumed by humans, and natural evolution of various bacterial species. (oberlin.edu)
Antibiotic resistance development in humans. (helpmyessay.com)
A high resistance to nitrofurantoin of 73% was observed in poultry feces,55% in foods and 19.4% in humans. (bvsalud.org)
that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)

Phenotypic tests confirmed the array-based typing results and corroborate that the selected probes allowed correct typing and prediction of major antibiotic resistances of clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae , including the subspecies level, e.g. the reliable distinction of different E. coli pathotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Chlamydia trachomatis ) and reflecting concern about emerging gonococcal resistance, CDC's 2010 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) treatment guidelines recommended combination therapy for gonorrhea with a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone 250 mg intramuscularly or cefixime 400 mg orally) plus either azithromycin orally or doxycycline orally, even if nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for C. trachomatis was negative at the time of treatment ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Gonorrhea treatment has been complicated by the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment. (cdc.gov)
There are no reported instances of cross-resistance between Bac-Off® and other classes of antimicrobials. (cell-systems.com)
Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveil ance Programme has antimicrobials representing four different classes, namely operated in the Western Pacific and South-East Asian penicil in (PEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TCY), regions since 1992, but surveil ance of gonococcal anti- ceftriaxone (CRO) and cefixime (CFX), by disc diffusion microbial resistance (AMR) remains limited in the Asia- and gradient diffusion (Etest, BioMerieux). (who.int)

Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)

Presence of Efflux Pump may not be associated with resistance. (cdc.gov)

4 While men and women, 2 with higher rates of 7.7% and 10.8% resistance to azithromycin has also increased global y, 1 among men who have sex with men at two different sites resistance to the dual therapy remains low. (who.int)

Tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillins. (medscape.com)
Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of penicillins if concomitantly used with a tetracycline. (medscape.com)

1. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has risen dramatically in Escherichia coli from food animals. (who.int)

These enzymes, known as tetracycline destructases, are now widely recognized as a clinically-relevant resistance mechanism. (wustl.edu)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells adapted to benzalkonium chloride show resistance to other membrane-active agents but not to clinically relevant antibiotics . (helpmyessay.com)

Umar, U. , Anagor, S. , Aliyu, A. and Suleiman, A. (2016) Hypermucoviscosity in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae Correlates with High Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index. (scirp.org)
Criteria for resistance to cefixime and ceftriaxone have not been defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (cdc.gov)
Increasingly, resistance to late-generation tetracyclines, including antibiotics of last-resort, through enzymatic inactivation is being detected in environmental and clinical samples. (wustl.edu)
Diorio-Toth L, Irum S, Potter RF, Wallace MA, Arslan M, Munir T, Andleeb S, Burnham CD, Dantas G. 2022 Genomic Surveillance of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Reveals an Additive Effect of Carbapenemase Production on Carbapenem Resistance. (wustl.edu)
However, tetracycline has been gradually withdrawn from clinical application. (biomedcentral.com)
Second-generation tetracyclines have been widely used in clinical practice instead of tetracycline. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance to tetracycline was found in foods (42%),5% in clinical samples and 9% in cloacal feces. (bvsalud.org)
A resistance of 72% was observed inanimals and 53% in clinical samples for nalidixic acid. (bvsalud.org)

No additional resistance was found in the isolate from the second pig. (cdc.gov)

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